Arizona Revised Statutes

Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 41-1461 (2026)

Definitions

✓ current as of May 2026
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In this article, unless the context otherwise requires:

1. "Auxiliary aids and services" includes:

(a) Qualified interpreters or other effective methods of making aurally delivered materials available to individuals with hearing impairments.

(b) Qualified readers, taped texts or other effective methods of making visually delivered materials available to individuals with visual impairments.

(c) Acquisition or modification of equipment or devices.

(d) Other similar services and actions.

2. "Because of sex" and "on the basis of sex" includes because of or on the basis of pregnancy or childbirth or related medical conditions.

3. "Being regarded as having such a physical or mental impairment":

(a) Means an individual who establishes that the individual has been subjected to an action prohibited under this article because of an actual or perceived physical or mental impairment whether or not the impairment limits or is perceived to limit a major life activity.

(b) Does not mean an impairment that is transitory and minor.  For the purposes of this subdivision, "transitory impairment" means an impairment with an actual or expected duration of six months or less.

4. "Covered entity" means an employer, employment agency, labor organization or joint labor-management committee.

5. "Disability" means, with respect to an individual, except any impairment caused by current use of illegal drugs, any of the following:

(a) A physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life activities of the individual.

(b) A record of such a physical or mental impairment.

(c) Being regarded as having such a physical or mental impairment.

6. "Employee":

(a) Means an individual employed by an employer.

(b) Does not include an elected public official of this state or any political subdivision of this state, any person chosen by an elected official to be on the elected official's personal staff, an appointee on the policymaking level or an immediate adviser with respect to the exercise of the constitutional or legal powers of the office, unless the person or appointee is subject to the civil service laws of this state or any political subdivision of this state.

7. "Employer":

(a) Means a person who has fifteen or more employees for each working day in each of twenty or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar year and any agent of that person or a person who has one or more employees in the current or preceding calendar year and any agent of that person, to the extent that the person is alleged to have:

(i) Committed any act of sexual harassment.

(ii) Discriminated against anyone for opposing sexual harassment or making a charge, testifying, assisting or participating in any manner in an investigation, proceeding or hearing arising from sexual harassment.

(b) Does not include either:

(i) The United States or any department or agency of the United States, a corporation wholly owned by the government of the United States or an Indian tribe.

(ii) A bona fide private membership club, other than a labor organization, that is exempt from taxation under section 501(c) of the internal revenue code of 1954.

8. "Employment agency" means any person regularly undertaking with or without compensation to procure employees for an employer or to procure for employees opportunities to work for an employer and includes an agent of that person.

9. "Labor organization":

(a) Means a labor organization and any agent of a labor organization.

(b) Includes:

(i) Any organization of any kind, any agency or employee representation committee, group, association or plan in which fifteen or more employees participate and that exists for the purpose, in whole or in part, of dealing with employers concerning grievances, labor disputes, wages, rates of pay, hours or other terms or conditions of employment.

(ii) Any conference, general committee, joint or system board or joint council that is subordinate to a national or international labor organization.

10. "Major life activities" includes:

(a) Caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, seeing, hearing, eating, sleeping, walking, standing, lifting, bending, speaking, breathing, learning, reading, concentrating, thinking, communicating and working.

(b) The operation of a major bodily function, including functions of the immune system, normal cell growth and digestive, bowel, bladder, neurological, brain, respiratory, circulatory, endocrine and reproductive functions.

11. "Person" means one or more individuals, governmental agencies, political subdivisions, labor unions, partnerships, associations, corporations, legal representatives, mutual companies, joint-stock companies, trusts, unincorporated organizations, trustees, trustees in bankruptcy or receivers.

12. "Qualified individual" means a person with a disability who, with or without reasonable accommodation, is capable of performing the essential functions of the employment position that the individual holds or desires.

13. "Reasonable accommodation" includes:

(a) Making existing facilities used by employees readily accessible to and usable by individuals with disabilities.

(b) Job restructuring, part-time or modified work schedules, reassignment to a vacant position, acquisition or modification of equipment or devices, appropriate adjustment or modification of examinations, training materials or policies, the provision of qualified readers, taped texts or other effective methods of making visually delivered materials available to individuals with visual impairments, the provision of auxiliary aids and services or interpreters and other similar services and actions for individuals with disabilities.

14. "Religion" means all aspects of religious observance and practice, as well as belief.  Unlawful practices as prohibited by this article include practices with respect to religion unless an employer demonstrates that the employer is unable to reasonably accommodate an employee's or prospective employee's religious observance or practice without undue hardship on the conduct of the employer's business.

15. "Undue hardship":

(a) Means an action requiring significant difficulty or expense when considered in light of the factors set forth in subdivision (b) of this paragraph.

(b) When determining whether an accommodation would impose an undue hardship on a covered entity, factors to be considered include:

(i) The nature and cost of the accommodations needed under this article.

(ii) The overall financial resources of the facility or facilities involved in the provision of the reasonable accommodation, the number of persons employed at the facility, the effect on expenses and resources of the facility and any other impact of the accommodation on the operation of the facility.

(iii) The overall financial resources of the covered entity, the overall size of the business of the covered entity with respect to the number of its employees and the number, type and location of its facilities.

(iv) The type of operation or operations of the covered entity, including the composition, structure and functions of the workforce of the covered entity.

(v) The geographic separateness and the administrative or fiscal relationship of the facility to the covered entity.

Notes of Decisions
Cited in 45 cases (10 in the last 5 years), 1970–2025 · leading case: Whitmire v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc., 359 F. Supp. 3d 761 (D. Ariz. 2019).
Whitmire v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc., 359 F. Supp. 3d 761 (D. Ariz. 2019). · cites it 9× “" A.R.S. § 41-1461(2). Notably, however, the impairment must not be "transitory" or "minor.”
Taylor v. Graham Cnty. Chamber of Com., 33 P.3d 518 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2001). · cites it 8× “” § 41-1461. She contends the context here “requires an expansive definition of employer” because the EPA “applies to all employers” and “makes [them] liable for violations of public policy.”
Bogue v. Better-Bilt Aluminum Co., 875 P.2d 1327 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1994). · cites it 14× “his matter is governed by the ACRA provision which states that it is an unfair employment practice for an employer: To fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his *27 compensation, terms,…”
Broomfield v. Lundell, 767 P.2d 697 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1988). · cites it 12× “Broomfield later filed a charge of employment discrimination against CSA with the Civil Rights Division of the Arizona Department of Law pursuant to A.R.S. § 41-1461 et seq. On April 10, 1985 the division issued to Broomfield a “right-to-sue” letter pursuant to A.”
Goss v. United States, 353 F. Supp. 3d 878 (D. Ariz. 2018). · cites it 4× “§ 41-1464 does not include "any corporation wholly owned by the government of the United States or an Indian Tribe.”
Cronin v. Sheldon, 991 P.2d 231 (Ariz. 1999). · cites it 4× “See A.R.S. § 41-1461(2). It is undisputed that petitioners’ employers, Denny’s and Calvary, fall under ACRA’s definition of “employer,” and further, that Cronin’s and Finley’s complaints allege wrongs protected by ACRA.”
Amphitheater Unified Sch. Dist. 10 v. Harte, 624 P.2d 1281 (Ariz. 1981). · cites it 8× “" The same section defines the term "Person" to mean: "[O]ne or more individuals, governmental agencies, political subdivisions, labor unions, partnerships, associations, corporations, legal representatives, mutual companies, joint-stock companies, trusts, unincorporated…”
Matos v. City of Phoenix, 859 P.2d 748 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1993). · cites it 10× “Appellants filed suit against the city alleging that they had been discriminated against because of their ages and handi *128 caps in violation of the Arizona Civil Rights Act (ACRA), A.R.S. §§ 41-1461 through 41-1465. After cross-motions for summary judgment, the trial court…”
Shelley Savage v. Glendale Union High Sch., Dist. No. 205, Maricopa Cnty., 343 F.3d 1036 (9th Cir. 2003). “§ 794 , and the Arizona Civil Rights Act (“ACRA”), Ariz.Rev.Stat. §§ 41-1461 et seq. Savage seeks injunctive, compensatory and punitive relief.”
Higgins v. Assmann Elec., Inc., 173 P.3d 453 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2007). · cites it 2× “AR.S. § 41-1461(4)(a) (2004). The Ninth Circuit addressed a similar definition in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.”
Evelyn Bodett, Wife David Bodett, Husband v. Coxcom, Inc., a Delaware Corp., 366 F.3d 736 (9th Cir. 2004). “§§ 2000e to 2000e-17, the Arizona Civil Rights Act (“ACRA”), Ariz.Rev. Stat. §§ 41-1461 to -1467, and the Arizona Employment Protection Act (“AEPA”), 1 *740 Ariz.”
Nilsson v. City of Mesa, 503 F.3d 947 (9th Cir. 2007). “, the United States Constitution’s due process and equal protection clauses, and various Arizona state laws, including the Arizona Employment Discrimination Act (AEDA), Ariz.Rev.Stat. § 41-1461 et seq. 1 Because summary judgment in favor of Mesa was warranted, we affirm.”
— Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 41-1461(1) — 3 cases
Taylor v. Graham Cnty. Chamber of Com., 33 P.3d 518 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2001). “” § 41-1461. She contends the context here “requires an expansive definition of employer” because the EPA “applies to all employers” and “makes [them] liable for violations of public policy.”
Broomfield v. Lundell, 767 P.2d 697 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1988). “Broomfield later filed a charge of employment discrimination against CSA with the Civil Rights Division of the Arizona Department of Law pursuant to A.R.S. § 41-1461 et seq. On April 10, 1985 the division issued to Broomfield a “right-to-sue” letter pursuant to A.”
St. Luke's v. State, Dept. of Law, 884 P.2d 259 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1994).
— Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 41-1461(12) — 1 case
— Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 41-1461(2) — 8 cases
Cronin v. Sheldon, 991 P.2d 231 (Ariz. 1999). “See A.R.S. § 41-1461(2). It is undisputed that petitioners’ employers, Denny’s and Calvary, fall under ACRA’s definition of “employer,” and further, that Cronin’s and Finley’s complaints allege wrongs protected by ACRA.”
Broomfield v. Lundell, 767 P.2d 697 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1988). “Broomfield later filed a charge of employment discrimination against CSA with the Civil Rights Division of the Arizona Department of Law pursuant to A.R.S. § 41-1461 et seq. On April 10, 1985 the division issued to Broomfield a “right-to-sue” letter pursuant to A.”
Whitmire v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc., 359 F. Supp. 3d 761 (D. Ariz. 2019). “" A.R.S. § 41-1461(2). Notably, however, the impairment must not be "transitory" or "minor.”
Amphitheater Unified Sch. Dist. 10 v. Harte, 624 P.2d 1281 (Ariz. 1981). “" The same section defines the term "Person" to mean: "[O]ne or more individuals, governmental agencies, political subdivisions, labor unions, partnerships, associations, corporations, legal representatives, mutual companies, joint-stock companies, trusts, unincorporated…”
Taylor v. Graham Cnty. Chamber of Com., 33 P.3d 518 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2001). “” § 41-1461. She contends the context here “requires an expansive definition of employer” because the EPA “applies to all employers” and “makes [them] liable for violations of public policy.”
— Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 41-1461(2)(b) — 1 case
Whitmire v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc., 359 F. Supp. 3d 761 (D. Ariz. 2019). “" A.R.S. § 41-1461(2). Notably, however, the impairment must not be "transitory" or "minor.”
— Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 41-1461(4) — 6 cases
Bogue v. Better-Bilt Aluminum Co., 875 P.2d 1327 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1994). “his matter is governed by the ACRA provision which states that it is an unfair employment practice for an employer: To fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his *27 compensation, terms,…”
Whitmire v. Wal-Mart Stores Inc., 359 F. Supp. 3d 761 (D. Ariz. 2019). “" A.R.S. § 41-1461(2). Notably, however, the impairment must not be "transitory" or "minor.”
Francini v. Phoenix Newspapers, Inc., 937 P.2d 1382 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1996).
Sierra Tucson, Inc. v. Pima Cnty., 871 P.2d 762 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1994).
Burris v. City of Phoenix, 875 P.2d 1340 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1993).
— Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 41-1461(4)(a) — 1 case
Higgins v. Assmann Elec., Inc., 173 P.3d 453 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2007). “AR.S. § 41-1461(4)(a) (2004). The Ninth Circuit addressed a similar definition in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.”
— Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 41-1461(5) — 1 case
Amphitheater Unified Sch. Dist. 10 v. Harte, 624 P.2d 1281 (Ariz. 1981). “" The same section defines the term "Person" to mean: "[O]ne or more individuals, governmental agencies, political subdivisions, labor unions, partnerships, associations, corporations, legal representatives, mutual companies, joint-stock companies, trusts, unincorporated…”
— Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 41-1461(6)(b)(i) — 1 case
Goss v. United States, 353 F. Supp. 3d 878 (D. Ariz. 2018). “§ 41-1464 does not include "any corporation wholly owned by the government of the United States or an Indian Tribe.”
— Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 41-1461(7) — 4 cases
Matos v. City of Phoenix, 859 P.2d 748 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1993). “Appellants filed suit against the city alleging that they had been discriminated against because of their ages and handi *128 caps in violation of the Arizona Civil Rights Act (ACRA), A.R.S. §§ 41-1461 through 41-1465. After cross-motions for summary judgment, the trial court…”
Kelley v. City of Mesa, 873 F. Supp. 320 (D. Ariz. 1994).
Burris v. City of Phoenix, 875 P.2d 1340 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1993).
Rent a Ctr. v. Indus. Comm'n, 956 P.2d 533 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1998).
— Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 41-1461(8) — 1 case
Bogue v. Better-Bilt Aluminum Co., 875 P.2d 1327 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1994). “his matter is governed by the ACRA provision which states that it is an unfair employment practice for an employer: To fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his *27 compensation, terms,…”
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