White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144 (4th Cir. 1989). · Go Syfert
White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144 (4th Cir. 1989). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
79 citation events (40 in the last 25 years) across 16 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Jules Gautier v. Tams Management, Inc. (ca4, 2026-01-02)
Treatment trajectory · 1989 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1989 2007 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 30 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jules Gautier v. Tams Management, Inc.
4th Cir. · 2026 · confidence medium
But “failure to bring any purported inconsistencies in the jury’s verdict to the attention of the court prior to the release of the jury will constitute a [forfeiture] of a party’s right to seek a new trial.” White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir. 1989).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Nazario v. Gutierrez
E.D. Va. · 2023 · confidence medium
Furthermore, for Plaintiff to have preserved the ability to contest the alleged error, the purported inconsistencies in the jury verdict should have been brought to the court’s attention prior to the dismissal of the jury; failure to do so “will constitute a waiver of a party’s right to seek a new trial.” White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir. 1989).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Modern Remodeling, Inc. v. Tripod Holdings, LLC
D. Maryland · 2022 · confidence medium
Counsel must “object to any asserted inconsistencies in the response to jury interrogatories prior to the discharge of the jury.” White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir. 1989), cert. denied 493 U.S. 964 (1989).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Vigilant Insurance Company v. McKenney's Inc (8×) also: Cited "see", Cited "see, e.g."
4th Cir. · 2013 · confidence medium
A district court abuses its discretion when it acts arbitrarily or irrationally, fails to consider judicially recognized factors 2 Regarding waiver, the district court looked to White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir. 1989), in which we interpreted Fed.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Rattray v. WOODBURY COUNTY, IOWA
N.D. Iowa · 2011 · confidence medium
“The purpose of such a Rule is plain, to promote the efficiency of trials by allowing the original deliberating body to reconcile inconsistencies without the need for another presentation of the evidence to a new body.” White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir.1989) (citing Skillin v. Kimball, 643 F.2d 19, 20 (1st Cir.1981)); see Lockard v. Missouri Pacific RR.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Radvansky v. Olmsted Falls
6th Cir. · 2007 · confidence medium
Co., 894 F.2d 299, 304 (8th Cir. 1990), and White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir. 1989)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Radvansky v. City of Olmsted Falls
6th Cir. · 2007 · confidence medium
Co., 894 F.2d 299 , 304 (8th Cir.1990), and White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir. 1989)).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Southern Management Corp. v. Taha (3×) also: Cited "see"
Md. · 2003 · confidence medium
Co., 894 F.2d 299, 304-05 (8th Cir.1990); White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir.1989); McIsaac v. Didriksen Fishing Corp., 809 F.2d 129, 134 (1st Cir.1987); Cundiff v. Washburn, 393 F.2d 505, 507 (7th Cir.1968).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Essex v. Prince George's Co.
4th Cir. · 2001 · signal: cf. · confidence medium
Cf. White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir. 1989) (per curiam) (holding 16 For the first time in this appeal Essex requests that we grant him a new trial on the ground that the verdicts are inconsistent.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Essex v. Prince George's County
4th Cir. · 2001 · signal: cf. · confidence medium
Cf. White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir. 1989) (per curiam) (holding failure to object to verdict prior to the discharge of jury waives new trial).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Inter Medical Supplies, Ltd. v. EBI Medical Systems, Inc. (2×)
3rd Cir. · 1999 · confidence medium
Co. v. Federated Dep’t Stores, Inc., 934 F.2d 1217, 1226 (11th Cir.1991) (party waived objection to any inconsistency in jury response to special interrogatories by failing to raise issue before jury was excused); White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir.1989) (same) Stancill v. McKenzie Tank Lines, Inc., 497 F.2d 529 (5th Cir.1974) (same).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Inter Medical Supplies, Ltd. v. Ebi Medical Systems, Inc. Electro-Biology, Inc. Biomet, Inc. v. Orthofix, Ltd. Orthofix International, N v. Orthofix, Inc. Orthofix S.R.L. v. Ebi Medical Systems, Inc. Electro-Biology, Inc. Biomet, Inc. Ebi Medical Systems, Inc. Electro-Biology, Inc. Biomet, Inc.
3rd Cir. · 1999 · confidence medium
Co. v. Federated Dep't Stores, Inc., 934 F.2d 1217, 1226 (11th Cir. 1991) (party waived objection to any inconsistency in jury response to special interrogatories by failing to raise issue before jury was excused); White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir. 1989) (same) Stancill v. McKenzie Tank Lines, Inc., 497 F.2d 529 (5th Cir. 1974) (same).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Combs v. Hahn
W. Va. · 1999 · confidence medium
R.R., 894 F.2d 299 , 304 (8th Cir.1990) (same); White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir.1989) (same); United States Football League v. National Football League, 842 F.2d 1335, 1367 (2nd Cir.1988) (same); Diamond Shamrock Corp. v. Zinke & Trumbo, Ltd., 791 F.2d 1416, 1423 (10th Cir.1986) (trial court erred in granting new trial because party’s failure to object to inconsistency in jury verdict under Fed.R.Civ.P. 49(b) before discharge of jury constituted waiver). 8 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Central on Line Data Systems, Inc., Cross-Appellee v. Filenet Corporation
6th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
Co., 894 F.2d 299, 304 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 847 (1990); White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 964 (1989).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Estate of Underwood v. National Credit Union Administration (5×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
D.C. · 1995 · confidence medium
R.R., 894 F.2d 299 , 304 (8th Cir.) (same), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 847 , 111 S.Ct. 134 , 112 L.Ed.2d 102 (1990); White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir.) (same), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 964 , 110 S.Ct. 406 , 107 L.Ed.2d 372 (1989); U.S. Football League v. National Football League, 842 F.2d 1335 , 1367 (2nd Cir.1988) (same); Diamond Shamrock Corp. v. Zinke & Trumbo, Ltd., 791 F.2d 1416, 1423 (10th Cir.) (trial court erred in granting new trial because party’s failure to object to inconsistency in jury verdict under Fed.R.Civ.P. 49(b) before discharge of jury constituted waiver), ce…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Rosemary J. Martin v. Cavalier Hotel Corporation, and Daniel P. Batchelor, Rosemary J. Martin v. Cavalier Hotel Corporation Daniel P. Batchelor
4th Cir. · 1995 · confidence medium
Similarly, Cavalier does not argue but mentions in passing that “arguably Martin's verdict should be set aside as inconsistent." In denying the motion for judgment n.o.v., the district court noted that the verdicts were not necessarily "inharmonious,” but rather reflected "a factor of pragmatism,” see Fairmount Glass Works v. Cub Fork Coal Co., 287 U.S. 474, 483-85 , 53 S.Ct. 252, 255 , 77 L.Ed. 439 (1933); City of Richmond, Va. v. Madison Management Group, Inc., 918 F.2d 438, 458 (4th Cir.1990), and that "defendants did not raise the issue of an inconsistent verdict ... at the time of t…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Manes v. Metro-North Commuter Railroad
D. Conn. · 1992 · confidence medium
The purpose for this rule “is to allow the original jury to eliminate any inconsistencies without the need to present the evidence to a new jury.” Lockard, 894 F.2d at 304 ; White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 964 , 110 S.Ct. 406 , 107 L.Ed.2d 372 (1989).
discussed Cited "see" Knight v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (2×)
S.D.W. Va · 2019 · signal: see · confidence high
See White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d. 144, 146 (4th Cir. 1989).
discussed Cited "see" Knight v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (2×)
S.D.W. Va · 2019 · signal: see · confidence high
See White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d. 144, 146 (4th Cir. 1989).
discussed Cited "see" James Hutcherson, Jr. v. Chae Lim
4th Cir. · 2014 · signal: see · confidence high
See White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144 , 146 & n. 2 (4th Cir.1989) (distinguishing special and general verdicts and holding that failure to object to purported inconsistencies in a Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 49(b) general verdict form prior to jury’s discharge constitutes waiver of right to seek a new trial on that basis); see also Austin v. Paramount Parks, Inc., 195 F.3d 715, 725-27 (4th Cir.1999) (concluding that district court properly denied motion for entry of judgment under Rule 49(b) because defendant did not object to alleged inconsistencies in general verdict prior to jury�…
cited Cited "see" In Re Outsidewall Tire Litigation
E.D. Va. · 2010 · signal: see · confidence high
See White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir.1989) (per curiam) (holding that the failure to object to verdict prior to the discharge of jury waives new trial); IV.
cited Cited "see" Warnock v. CSX Transportation, Inc.
N.C. Ct. App. · 2003 · signal: see · confidence high
Id. at 304 (citations ommitted); see White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144 , 146 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 964 , 107 L.
cited Cited "see" Bennett v. Yoakley
4th Cir. · 2000 · signal: see · confidence high
See White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir. 1989).
discussed Cited "see" Stephanie P. Austin v. Paramount Parks, Incorporated, D/B/A Kings Dominion, A/K/A Paramount Kings Dominion, Octavia Marie Eaton, Movant. Stephanie P. Austin v. Paramount Parks, Incorporated, D/B/A Kings Dominion, A/K/A Paramount Kings Dominion, Octavia Marie Eaton, Movant. Stephanie P. Austin v. Paramount Parks, Incorporated, D/B/A Kings Dominion, A/K/A Paramount Kings Dominion, Octavia Marie Eaton, Movant
4th Cir. · 1999 · signal: see · confidence high
See White, 878 F.2d at 146 (noting that the purpose of Rule 49(b) is"to promote the efficiency of trials by allowing the original deliberating body to reconcile inconsistencies without the need for another presentation of the evidence to a new body").
discussed Cited "see" Austin v. Paramount Parks, Inc.
4th Cir. · 1999 · signal: see · confidence high
See White, 878 F.2d at 146 (noting that the purpose of Rule 49(b) is “to promote the efficiency of trials by allowing the original deliberating body to reconcile inconsistencies without the need for another presentation of the evidence to a new body”).
cited Cited "see" Meharg v. Poznick
4th Cir. · 1997 · signal: see · confidence high
See White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir. 1989).
discussed Cited "see" Manildra Milling Corp. v. Ogilvie Mills, Inc.
D. Kan. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir.1989), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 964 , 110 S.Ct. 406 , 107 L.Ed.2d 372 (1989); Diamond Shamrock Corp. v. Zinke & Trumbo, Ltd., 791 F.2d 1416, 1422 (10th Cir.1986), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1007 , 107 S.Ct. 647 , 93 L.Ed.2d 702 (1986).
cited Cited "see" Lockard v. Missouri Pacific Railroad
8th Cir. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 110 S.Ct. 406 , 107 L.Ed.2d 372 (1989); Ludwig v. Marion Laboratories, Inc., 465 F.2d 114, 118 (8th Cir.1972).
cited Cited "see" Leland L. Lockard, Lynette Lockard v. Missouri Pacific Railroad Company, a Corporation, Rosella Ray D/B/A Rosella Ray's Boarding House. Leland L. Lockard, Lynette Lockard v. Missouri Pacific Railroad Company, a Corporation, Rosella Ray D/B/A Rosella Ray's Boarding House
8th Cir. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 110 S.Ct. 406 , 107 L.Ed.2d 372 (1989); Ludwig v. Marion Laboratories, Inc., 465 F.2d 114, 118 (8th Cir.1972).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Deborah E. Sabotka v. Theresa P. Sauter the Automobile Insurance Company of Hartford, Connecticut
4th Cir. · 1993 · signal: see also · confidence medium
P. 49(a); see also White v. Celotex Corp., 878 F.2d 144, 146 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 493 U.S. 964 (1989).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Maurice White Gladys White Clifton Hood John Wilfer Joan Wilfer Ernest Grace Petticrew Frederick Paff Gloria Paff Harry Vaughn
v.
Celotex Corporation Gaf Corporation Keene Corporation, and Johns-Manville Corporation Johns-Manville Sales Corporation Johns-Manville Products Corporation Owens-Illinois Glass Company Unarco Industries, Inc. Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc. Armstrong Cork Company Nicolet Industries
87-2196.
Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.
Jun 21, 1989.
878 F.2d 144
Published

878 F.2d 144

14 Fed.R.Serv.3d 380

Maurice WHITE; Gladys White; Clifton Hood; John Wilfer;
Joan Wilfer; Ernest; Grace Petticrew; Frederick
Paff; Gloria Paff; Harry Vaughn,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
CELOTEX CORPORATION; GAF Corporation; Keene Corporation,
Defendants-Appellees,
and
Johns-Manville Corporation; Johns-Manville Sales
Corporation; Johns-Manville Products Corporation;
Owens-Illinois Glass Company; Unarco Industries, Inc.;
Eagle-Picher Industries, Inc.; Armstrong Cork Company;
Nicolet Industries, Defendants.

No. 87-2196.

United States Court of Appeals,
Fourth Circuit.

Argued Oct. 6, 1988.
Decided June 21, 1989.

Antonio Douglas Pyle (Henderson & Goldberg, P.C., James J. Fabian, Pfeifer & Fabian, on brief), for plaintiffs-appellants.

F. Ford Loker (Andrew M. McDonald (Whiteford, Taylor & Preston, on brief), for defendants-appellees.

Before RUSSELL, HALL and WILKINSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

[*~144]1

This is a consolidated appeal by six insulation workers and their wives from a judgment of the district court in favor of the appellees, manufacturers and suppliers of asbestos-containing insulation products. After the jury was dismissed, appellants moved for a new trial on the grounds that the jury's response to the interrogatories submitted to it was inconsistent, illogical, and against the weight of evidence presented at trial. The district court denied the motion on the ground that such motion was not timely made and was therefore barred from consideration by Fed.R.Civ.P. 49(b). We affirm.

I.

2

Appellants are a group of insulation workers and their wives ("workers") who were employed as asbestos insulators for various companies in and around Baltimore, Maryland. Appellants brought these personal injury claims against both manufacturers and suppliers of asbestos-containing insulation products ("manufacturers"). The workers asserted that manufacturers, Celotex, GAF and Keene, were liable in negligence and in strict liability for placing defective and unreasonably dangerous products into the stream of commerce. These claims of the several workers were consolidated for trial.

3

At trial, the workers presented a number of expert medical witnesses who testified about the various medical conditions each suffered as a result of exposure to asbestos fibers. In order to demonstrate that such asbestos-related disease caused the workers no compensable harm, the manufacturers presented credible medical experts who demonstrated how other factors such as cigarette smoke, cardiovascular disease, lack of exercise and obesity could reasonably have caused the workers' physical condition.

4

The cases were submitted to the jury on special interrogatories, prepared and agreed upon by counsel for the litigants, pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 49(b). The jury considered each of the worker's cases individually, although the submitted interrogatories in each case were identical. The response by the jury to the submitted interrogatories was the same for each worker:

5

(1) Does the plaintiff presently have a condition that was caused by inhalation of asbestos fibres from insulation products? A: Yes.[1]

6

(2) Has the plaintiff been physically harmed by this condition? A: Yes.

7

(3) Has the plaintiff incurred any damages which were proximately caused as a result of the harm? A: No.

8

After the reading of the responses of the jury to the three interrogatories, the following colloquy between the district judge and counsel for the various parties took place:

9

JUDGE HOWARD: Any requests from the plaintiff?

10

MR. PYLE: [workers' counsel]: No, Your Honor.

11

THE COURT: Harken the verdict.

12

THE CLERK: Members of the jury harken to your verdict as the Court hath recorded it as to all plaintiffs, the written interrogatories and answers thereto having been read by the clerk and answered by your foreman, and so you say all? The jury finds in favor of the defendants against the plaintiffs.

13

THE COURT: Gentlemen, anything I should tell the jury before I make my comments?

14

MR. LOKER [manufacturers' counsel]: No, sir, I don't believe there is.

15

MR. PYLE: No, sir.

16

MR. PARKS [manufacturers' counsel]: No, sir. We thank you, Your Honor.

17

The jury was then discharged and judgment was entered for the manufacturers on July 27, 1984 without objection by counsel for the workers. Subsequently, on July 27, 1984, counsel for the workers filed a written motion for a new trial asserting that the jury's verdict should be set aside because of inconsistencies in the responses to the interrogatories. More specifically, the workers contend that the jury's answer to the third interrogatory was so inconsistent with the answers to interrogatories one and two as to render the verdict completely illogical.

18

Following a full hearing, in which the issue was briefed and argued, the district judge, relying on Rule 49(b), denied the workers' motion for failure to file a timely objection to the jury's verdict. This appeal followed.

II.

[*~145]19

The workers here argue that the trial court committed error in failing to grant their motion for a new trial. The manufacturers respond that such a motion was not timely filed under Fed.R.Civ.P. 49(b) or, in the alternative, that even if such a motion were timely filed, the jury's interrogatory answers were consistent, logical, and well supported by the evidence.

20

With regard to a general jury verdict, Rule 49(b) states in relevant part that:

21

When the answers [to interrogatories] are inconsistent with each other and one or more is likewise inconsistent with the general verdict, judgment shall not be entered, but the court shall return the jury for further consideration of its answers and verdict or shall order a new trial.

22

Inherent in such language is the imposition of an obligation upon trial counsel to object to any asserted inconsistencies in the response to jury interrogatories prior to the discharge of the jury. Fernandez v. Chardon, 681 F.2d 42, 58 (1st Cir.1982), Merchant v. Ruhle, 740 F.2d 86, 89 (1st Cir.1984).

23

Proper respect for the Rule mandates that failure to bring any purported inconsistencies in the jury's verdict to the attention of the court prior to the release of the jury will constitute a waiver of a party's right to seek a new trial. This conclusion accords with the application of the Rule adopted in the majority of the circuits which have considered this issue.[2] See e.g., Strauss v. Stratojac Corp., 810 F.2d 679 (7th Cir.1987); Diamond Shamrock Corp. v. Zinke & Trumbo, Ltd., 791 F.2d 1416 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1007, 107 S.Ct. 647, 93 L.Ed.2d 702 (1986); Fernandez v. Chardon, 681 F.2d 42 (1st Cir.1982), aff'd, 462 U.S. 650, 103 S.Ct. 2611, 77 L.Ed.2d 74 (1983); Stancill v. McKenzie Tank Lines, Inc., 497 F.2d 529 (5th Cir.1974); Ludwig v. Marion Laboratories, Inc., 465 F.2d 114 (8th Cir.1972); 5A Moore's Federal Practice p 49.04, pp. 49-62 (1988), but see, Schaafsma v. Morin Vermont Corp., 802 F.2d 629, 635 (2d Cir.1986); Los Angeles Nut House v. Holiday Hardware Corp., 825 F.2d 1351 (9th Cir.1987); 9 C. Wright & A. Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure Sec. 2513 at 527-28 (1971).

24

The purpose of such a Rule is plain, to promote the efficiency of trials by allowing the original deliberating body to reconcile inconsistencies without the need for another presentation of the evidence to a new body. Skillin v. Kimball, 643 F.2d 19, 20 (1st Cir.1981). In the case at bar, counsel for the workers waited until after the jury was excused before raising a claim of inconsistency. Counsel now argues that the workers' motion for a new trial reclaimed their right to appeal as to an alleged inconsistency with a general verdict under Rule 49(b). This is simply an attempt by counsel to make an end run around the plain meaning of the Rule. The workers' construction of Rule 49(b) "eliminates the rule's incentives for efficient trial procedure and opens the door to the possible misuse of the rule's procedures by parties anxious to circumvent an unsatisfactory jury verdict by procuring a new trial." United States Football League v. National Football League, 644 F.Supp. 1040, 1049 n. 8 (S.D.N.Y.1986), aff'd 842 F.2d 1335 (2d Cir.1988); Skillin v. Kimball, 643 F.2d at 20.

III.

25

In summary, we hold that timely objection under Rule 49(b) was a prerequisite to the grant of a new trial. Counsel for the workers did not timely object, accordingly the judgment of the district court is

[*~146]26

AFFIRMED.

1

Upon motion of the workers at the close of their case the court ordered that the interrogatory be answered in the affirmative by the jury

2

In Ladnier v. Murray, 769 F.2d 195, 198 n. 3 (4th Cir.1985), we stated that the legal error resulting from entry of judgment based on inconsistent answers to Rule 49 interrogatories may be an error of constitutional magnitude, infringing upon a litigant's Seventh Amendment right to a trial by jury by allowing the district court to usurp the jury's function. Ladnier, however, concerned the application of Rule 49(a) rather than Rule 49(b)