The City of New York appeals from an order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Scheindlin, /.) awarding Thomas P. Puccio attorney’s fees pursuant to section 216(b) of the Fair Labor Standards Act. Puccio cross-appeals. Because the district court did not explain the basis on which Puccio was excepted from the requirement that attorneys submit contemporaneous time records with their fee applications, we are unable to divine whether the court abused its discretion in granting such an exception. Accordingly, the order of the district court granting those attorneys fees is VACATED and the case is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

I. Background

A. Introduction

Plaintiffs, current and former employees of the New York City Police Department, sued the department and the City of New York (“City”) alleging violations of the Fair Labor Standards Act (“FLSA”), 29 U.S.C. §§ 201-219 (2006). They sought over $700 million in damages.

The case proceeded to trial, and the plaintiffs were ultimately awarded $900,000 for the City’s willful violation of FLSA’s overtime compensation requirements. Afterward, the plaintiffs petitioned the court for attorney’s fees pursuant to section 216(b) of the FLSA.

Among plaintiffs’ counsel seeking fees was Thomas P. Puccio. Puccio applied for $2,035,867.50 in fees. He based this number on an hourly rate of between $750 and $1,000 and a 96-page attachment of time entries totaling 2,090.87 hours of compensable time.

The City opposed Puccio’s fee application on the grounds that Puccio’s proposed hourly rates were too high and that the entries in his attachment were insufficient to support the number of hours he claimed he had devoted to the case. The City argued, inter alia, that: (1) “a significant number of entries, identical in punctuation, spacing, and even in typographical errors, appeared as many as four times in cyclical patterns”; (2) the entries showed an excessive amount of time devoted to reviewing e-mails; (3) some entries appeared to pertain to issues unrelated to the FLSA litigation; (4) some entries referred to reviewing a summary judgment decision on dates before the decision was issued; and (5) some entries referred to preparation and attendance at trial for dates when there was no trial, including dates after the jury had rendered its verdict. (Appellant-Cross-Appellee’s Br. 4-5 (alterations omitted).)

Puccio responded to the City’s opposition by filing a supplemental declaration in support of his application for fees. In it he admitted he did not make the time entries at the time he did the work memorialized in the entries. He stated that the entries were prepared instead “by my office working with outside paralegal assistance under my general supervision.” (J.A. 1498.) He asserted that the paralegals based the entries on “an extensive database of incoming emails maintained in by [sic] my law firm in a computer folder.” Id.

B. District Court Order and Judgment

The district court awarded Puccio $515,179.28 in attorney’s fees; or, roughly twenty-five percent of the fees that he originally sought. Relevant to this appeal,[*132] the court calculated Puccio’s fees based on an hourly rate of $550 per hour — a rate higher than that applied to any of Puccio’s co-counsel, and reduced his overall fees by twenty percent for “suspicious multiple entries and to sanction Puccio, in part, for not submitting contemporaneous time records.” ^[1] Scott v. City of New York, 2009 WL 2610747, at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Aug.25, 2009). Both parties appealed. ^[2]

The City appeals the district court’s order to the extent that it awards Puccio any fees at all. It asserts that in the Second Circuit failure to keep contemporaneous time records serves as a complete bar to recovery of attorney’s fees available under federal law.

Puccio cross-appeals, challenging the hourly rate set by the district court to calculate his fees. He maintains that the court should have relied on his declaration that he is “generally paid at the rate of $750.00 and $1,000.00 per hour.” (Appellee-Cross-Appellant’s Br. 16.)

II. Discussion

This court reviews awards of attorney’s fees for abuse of discretion. McDaniel v. Cnty. of Schenectady, 595 F.3d 411, 416 (2d Cir.2010); see also City of Riverside v. Rivera, 477 U.S. 561, 586, 106 S.Ct. 2686, 91 L.Ed.2d 466 (1986) (Powell, J., concurring in judgment). A district court has abused its discretion when the award rests on an error of law or a clearly erroneous factual finding, or “cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions.” McDaniel, 595 F.3d at 416 (internal quotation marks omitted).

The City and Puccio both agree that the controlling case in this Circuit is New York State Ass’n for Retarded Children, Inc. v. Carey, 711 F.2d 1136 (2d Cir.1983). Carey requires that all applications for attorney’s fees be supported by contemporaneous records, a rule that the City contends leaves “no room for ambiguity.” (Appellant-Cross-Appellee’s Br. 16.) According to the City, Carey precludes the district court from awarding any fees to Puccio. Not surprisingly, Puccio advocates a more flexible reading of Carey.

Carey concerned an application for attorney’s fees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988. 711 F.2d at 1140. The issue was whether the hours that plaintiffs’ counsel claimed they devoted to the case were excessive. Although we ultimately accepted the district court’s determination with respect to compensable hours, id. at 1148, plaintiffs’ lack of contemporary records hindered review. We stated:

It is hard to weigh claims of overstaffing and duplication against the plaintiffs’ estimates of hours expended. Without a detailed record of how plaintiffs’ attorneys spent their time, we have little choice but to show considerable deference to the District Court’s conclusion as[*133] to how many hours were reasonably compensable. In light of the difficulties that can be traced to the failure of plaintiffs’ attorneys to keep contemporaneous time records, we are tempted to accept the State’s proposal that plaintiffs be denied all attorney’s fees. There is no excuse for the sparse documentation that accompanied at least portions of plaintiffs’ original application for attorney’s fees.

Id. at 1147. We continued:

However unfair it would be to rule retroactively that plaintiffs’ attorneys should have kept better records in the past, the difficulties raised by the lack of contemporaneous records in this case convince us of the need to announce for the future that contemporaneous time records are a prerequisite for attorney’s fees in this Circuit. Now that Congress has enacted more than 120 statutes authorizing the award of attorney’s fees, and litigation over attorney’s fees has itself become a significant addition to the legal landscape, we think it appropriate to convert our previously expressed preference for contemporaneous time records into a mandatory requirement, as other Circuits have done. Hereafter, any attorney ... who applies for court-ordered compensation in this Circuit for work done after the date of this opinion must document the application with contemporaneous time records.

Id. at 1147-48 (citations and footnote omitted).

While this pronouncement supports the City’s position, Puccio is not without recourse to the text in Carey. He relies on language near the end of the opinion where we concluded:

To summarize our rulings for the guidance of the bar in future cases, we have ruled as follows: All applications for attorney’s fees, whether submitted by profit-making or non-profit lawyers, for any work done after the date of this opinion should normally be disallowed unless accompanied by contemporaneous time records indicating, for each attorney, the date, the hours expended, and the nature of the work done.

Id. at 1154 (emphasis added) (numbering omitted).

Admittedly there is a tension between these two passages. On the one hand, we are adamant that, after Carey, applications for attorney’s fees allowed by federal law “must” be accompanied by contemporaneous time records. Id. at 1148. We state that the records are “mandatory” and a “prerequisite” for the award of fees. Id. at 1147. The language implies a hard and unbending rule. On the other hand, our use of the word “normally” in the conclusion, id. at 1154, indicates that we intend to leave the district courts with some limited discretion to make exceptions to the hard-and-fast rule.

Thus read, Carey sets out unequivocally that absent unusual circumstances attorneys are required to submit contemporaneous records with their fee applications. The permissive language at the end of the opinion recognizes that exceptions to the rule may exist. The strength with which we articulated the general rule, however, signals that any possible exceptions are minimal and limited in scope. In other words, Carey establishes a strict rule from which attorneys may deviate only in the rarest of cases.

Indeed, after Carey there are few examples of this court permitting a district court to award fees in the absence of full contemporaneous records. Where we have allowed for such a recovery, counsel has always maintained at least some contemporaneous records. See Lewis v. Coughlin, 801 F.2d 570, 577 (2d Cir.1986)[*134] (affirming award of partial fees where contemporaneous records were maintained but not produced); Carrero v. N.Y.C. Hous. Auth., 685 F.Supp. 904, 908-09 (S.D.N.Y.1988), aff'd, in relevant part 890 F.2d 569, 582 (2d Cir.1989) (same); Nu-Life Constr. Corp. v. Bd. of Educ. of the City of New York, 795 F.Supp. 602, 606 (E.D.N.Y.1992) (allowing fees for hours supported by contemporaneous records, but denying recovery for unsupported hours), affd in relevant part sub nom. Terminate Control Corp. v. Horowitz, 28 F.3d 1335, 1343 (2d Cir.1994). While we can imagine rare circumstances where an award of fees might be warranted even in the total absence of contemporaneous records — such as where the records were consumed by fire or rendered irretrievable by a computer malfunction before counsel had an opportunity to prepare his application— the circumstances justifying such an exception would have to be found by the awarding court and laid out in sufficient detail to permit review of the justification on appeal.

Here, the district court did not make findings with respect to the facts justifying an exception. Although it determined that Puccio had no contemporaneous records — an omission that the court pointed out is “fatal” under Carey — it nevertheless decided to give him “the benefit of the doubt.” Scott, 2009 WL 2610747, at *6. The district court did not, however, attempt to explain why Puccio deserved the benefit of the doubt. On the contrary, it went on to detail the various flaws in Puccio’s fee application and ultimately concluded that the “identical entry” problem with Puccio’s submission “calls into doubt the veracity and accuracy of all of Puccio’s time records” and “highlights the problem of not preparing contemporaneous time records.” Id. (emphasis omitted). Fairly read, the district court’s opinion sets out the proper standard, but declines — without explaining the factual basis for its decision — to apply it. To the extent it does recount what it is taking into consideration, the district court points to a variety of factors that would appear to support strict application of the Carey rule. Nonetheless, because the district court allowed for an exception, we must assume that it had in mind factors that provided the necessary justification.

Suffice it to say, on review we are unable to divine whether the district court abused its discretion in awarding attorney’s fees under the narrow exception for which the rule in Carey provides. We remand this case to the district court so that it may explain why in its view Puccio’s circumstances warrant applying an exception to the general rule in Carey.

On remand, the district court may, as it sees fit, take evidence with respect to any problems with Puccio’s time entries — allegations regarding which Puccio did not address in his supplemental declaration— or on any other issue that will help it determine whether to award fees and why it should do so. Should the district court ultimately decide that an exception is warranted, it is free to revisit its prior rulings on Puccio’s compensable hours and hourly rates, although we note no problem with them on the record before us.

III. Conclusion

Accordingly, we VACATE the decision below as to Thomas P. Puccio’s fee application, and REMAND the case to the district court pursuant to the procedures set forth in United States v. Jacobson, 15 F.3d 19, 21-22 (2d Cir.1994), for clarification of its decision and additional findings of fact as necessary. The mandate shall issue forthwith. The parties are to inform the Clerk of the Court by letter within twenty-one days of the district court issuing its[*135] decision if either side wishes to continue this appeal. Following such notification, jurisdiction of this appeal will be automatically restored to this court without need for either party to file a new notice of appeal. After jurisdiction is restored, this panel will resume consideration of the case.