Jones v. Fed. Election Comm'n, 444 U.S. 1074 (1980). · Go Syfert
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Jones v. Fed. Election Comm'n, 444 U.S. 1074 (1980). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
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cited 3× by 1 distinct case · “Absent some indication that the antagonism between co-defendants misled or confused the jury, the mere fact that co-defendants attempt to blame each other does not compel severance.”
cited 3× by 1 distinct case · “Absent some indication that the antagonism between co-defendants misled or confused the jury, the mere fact that co-defendants blame each other does not compel severance”
356 citation events (15 in the last 25 years) across 68 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Jedonna Young v. Tekla Miller (ca6, 1989-08-29) · Strongest negative: United States v. MacDonald Julius Jackson (ca9, 1989-08-16)
Treatment trajectory · 1980 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1980 2003 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers.
discussed Cited "but see" United States v. MacDonald Julius Jackson (2×)
9th Cir. · 1989 · signal: but see · confidence high
But see United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149, 155-56 (6th Cir.1979) (holding there was no error in refusing to allow cross-examination of a government witness about a prior scheme to bribe the defendant, in prosecution for bribery), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980). 13 The trial court properly could have admitted evidence of Laura Speidel's participation in the fraud.
discussed Cited "but see" United States v. Glen McCullah Willard Petrey, James Tankersley, and Ewell Scott (2×)
6th Cir. · 1984 · signal: but see · confidence high
But see United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149, 153 (6th Cir.1979) (to avoid prejudice, judge should not inform jury of preliminary finding of conspiracy), cert, denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980).
examined Cited "but see" State v. Phelps (4×) also: Cited "see"
N.J. · 1984 · signal: but see · confidence high
Cir.1980); United States v. Petersen, 611 F. 2d 1313, 1330 (10th Cir.1979); United States v. Rosales, 584 F. 2d 870, 872 (9th Cir.1978); United States v. Ziegler, 583 F. 2d 77, 79-80 (2d Cir.1978); United States v. Santiago, 582 F. 2d 1128 , 1133 n. 11 (7th Cir.1978); United States v. Bell, 573 F. 2d 1040, 1044 (8th Cir.1978); But see United States v. Vinson, 606 F. 2d 149, 153 (6th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 *528 L.Ed. 2d 756 (1980); United States v. Martorano, 557 F. 2d 1, 11-12 (1st Cir.1977), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 922 , 98 S.Ct. 1484 , 55 L.Ed. 2d 515 (19…
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Jedonna Young v. Tekla Miller
6th Cir. · 1989 · signal: see · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
absent some indication that the antagonism between co-defendants misled or confused the jury, the mere fact that co-defendants attempt to blame each other does not compel severance.
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Paisey v. Vitale
11th Cir. · 1986 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
henry ii
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Paisey v. Vitale
11th Cir. · 1986 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
henry ii
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) United States v. Delmer E. Day (84-5797, 84-5872), Johnny A. Pack (84-5803, 84-5888)
6th Cir. · 1986 · signal: see, e.g. · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
absent some indication that the antagonism between co-defendants misled or confused the jury, the mere fact that co-defendants blame each other does not compel severance
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Thurman
W.D. Ky. · 2013 · signal: see · confidence high
See, United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149, 155 (6th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980) (admission of alleged bribery envelopes bearing the name of the defendant sheriff did not violate the prohibition against hearsay where the envelopes were not introduced to establish a true statement of fact but rather to explain a past event in the form of the investigating agent’s preparation and delivery of the envelopes).
cited Cited "see" Marchiano v. National Ass'n of Securities Dealers, Inc.
D.D.C. · 2001 · signal: see · confidence high
See First Jersey Securities, Inc. v. Bergen, 605 F.2d 690, 694-95 (3d Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980) (discussing NASD review procedures).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Floyd Mayweather, Carlos Montoya, Angel Miyares, Marcus Manning, and Duncan Martin
6th Cir. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149, 153 (6th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 (1980).
cited Cited "see" Singleton v. Alabama
M.D. Ala. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
See Henry v. First Nat’l Bank of Clarksdale, 595 F.2d 291, 300 (5th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Thomas Kennedy
6th Cir. · 1994 · signal: accord · confidence high
Enright, 579 F.2d at 986 ; accord United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149, 152 (6th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" State v. Hutchison (2×)
Tenn. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149, 153 (6th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 , reh’g denied, 445 U.S. 972 , 100 S.Ct. 1668 , 64 L.Ed.2d 251 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" Lyndon H. Larouche and Democrats for Economic Recovery-Larouche in 92 v. Federal Election Commission (2×)
D.C. Cir. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See Committee to Elect Lyndon LaRouche v. FEC, 613 F.2d 834, 841, 842 (D.C.Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1019 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980) (CTEL): We are not faced with the permissibility of the Commission’s consideration of a criminal conviction for a direct violation of federal election laws, which I consider a separate and open question.
discussed Cited "see" Peter W. Schellenbach v. Securities and Exchange Commission
7th Cir. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See First Jersey Securities, Inc. v. Bergen, 605 F.2d 690, 696 (3d Cir.1979), certiorari denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980); Butz v. Economou, 438 U.S. 478, 515 , 98 S.Ct. 2894, 2915 , 57 L.Ed.2d 895 (“An agency official, like a prosecutor, may have broad discretion in deciding whether a proceeding should be brought and what sanctions should be sought”).
discussed Cited "see" United States of America, Cross-Appellant v. Alberto Gessa, Cross-Appellee (2×)
6th Cir. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149 (6th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980); United States v. Enright, 579 F.2d 980 (6th Cir.1978).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Jimmie Elvis Blankenship (90-6417), and Billy Hoyt Blankenship (90-6461)
6th Cir. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149, 152 (6th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Gatto
D.N.J. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149, 153 (6th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" McLaughlin, Piven, Vogel, Inc. v. National Ass'n of Securities Dealers, Inc.
S.D.N.Y. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See First Jersey Securities, Inc. v. Bergen, 605 F.2d 690, 695 (3d Cir.1979), cert. denied 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980); Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. v. National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc., 616 F.2d 1363, 1369 (5th Cir.1980), and Mister Discount Stockbrokers v. S.E.C., 768 F.2d 875 , 877 *697 (7th Cir.1985).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Mary Louise Carter Johnson
6th Cir. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149, 153 (6th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 445 U.S. 904 and 444 U.S. 1074 (1980). 18 As noted above, the evidence against the defendant is overwhelming.
cited Cited "see" United States v. Timothy B. McCarty
6th Cir. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149, 154 (6th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 (1980).
cited Cited "see" Monahan's Marine, Inc. v. Boston Whaler, Inc.
1st Cir. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See Phillips v. Crown Central Petroleum Corp., 602 F.2d 616, 629 (4th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1021 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Sheldon L. Horton
6th Cir. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See Bourjaily v. United States, — U.S. —, 107 S.Ct. 2775 , 97 L.Ed.2d 144 (1987), and United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149 (6th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" Bacardi v. Bacardi Corp.
D. Del. · 1988 · signal: accord · confidence high
Accord First Jersey Securities, Inc. v. Bergen, 605 F.2d 690, 694 (3d Cir.1979), ce rt. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980); Puma v. Marriott, 348 F.Supp. 18, 21 (D.Del.1972).
discussed Cited "see" Cahill v. Board of Education
Conn. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
“The primary purpose of the [exhaustion] doctrine is to avoid premature interruption of the administrative process. . . . [It] allows the agency to use its expertise and discretion, to correct its own error. . . .” First Jersey Securities, Inc. v. S.E.C., 553 F. Sup. 205, 208 (D.N.J. 1982); see First Jersey Securities, Inc. v. Bergen, 605 F.2d 690, 695 (3d Cir. 1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S. Ct. 1020 , 62 L.
cited Cited "see" United States v. Azad Troy Lucassian
6th Cir. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149 (6th Cir. 1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 (1980); and United States v. Enright, 579 F.2d 980 (6th Cir. 1978).
discussed Cited "see" United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit
6th Cir. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Green, 548 F.2d 1261, 1267-68 (6th Cir.1977) 5 Although this circuit does not require an evidentiary hearing or specific findings by the district court before the admission of statements pursuant to Fed.R.Evid. 801(d)(2)(E), see United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149, 152-53 (6th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980), we are disturbed that the court held no hearing and made no findings in the instant case where the admissibility of the statements is not at all obvious.
cited Cited "see" First Jersey Securities, Inc. v. SEC
N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. · 1984 · signal: see · confidence high
See First Jersey Securities, Inc. v. Bergen, 605 F. 2d 690 (3 Cir.1979), cert. den. 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed. 2d 756 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Robert Coe, Jr., Dennis M. Korenak, Michael Joseph (2×)
7th Cir. · 1984 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149, 153 (6th Cir. 1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" Martha M. Menzel Mary B. Rice, and Barbara G. Racine and Virginia W. Grubbs v. County Utilities Corporation
4th Cir. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Frezzo Brothers, Inc., 602 F.2d 1123, 1128 (3d Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980); National Resources Defense Council, Inc. v. Train, 510 F.2d 692, 696 (D.C.Cir.1975).
cited Cited "see" Albert E. Price, Inc. v. Metzner
E.D. Pa. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See Phillips v. Crown Central Petroleum Corp., 602 F.2d 616 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1021 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1979).
discussed Cited "see" Zell-Aire of New England, Inc. v. Zell-Aire Corporation, Zell-Aire of New England, Inc. v. Zell-Aire Corporation, and Electro Energy Systems, Inc.
1st Cir. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See Phillips v. Crown Central Petroleum Corp., 602 F.2d 616, 629 (4th Cir. 1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1021 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980); Cromar Co. v. Nuclear Materials & Equipment Corp., 543 F.2d 501, 511 (3d Cir. 1976).
discussed Cited "see" City of West Chicago v. United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission
N.D. Ill. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See First Jersey Securities, Inc. v. Bergen, 605 F.2d 690 (3d Cir. 1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980); San Luis Obispo Mothers for Peace v. Hendrie, 502 F.Supp. 408 (D.D.C.1981).
discussed Cited "see" McGrath v. State (2×)
Minn. · 1981 · signal: see · confidence high
See First Jersey Securities, Inc. v. Bergen, 605 F.2d 690, 697 (3d Cir. 1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Anthony Lamar
6th Cir. · 2012 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149, 152 (6th Cir.1979) (“A trial judge must have considerable discretion in controlling the mode and order of proof at trial ....”), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Richmond v. Wampanoag Tribal Court Cases
D. Utah · 2006 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Henry v. First Nat’l Bank of Clarksdale, 595 F.2d 291, 300 (5th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980); 17 C.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Philip Barbara v. New York Stock Exchange, Inc.
2d Cir. · 1996 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See e.g., First Jersey Sec., Inc. v. Bergen, 605 F.2d 690 , 696 (3d Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980); Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. v. National Ass’n of Sec.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Lawrence Houston
6th Cir. · 1994 · signal: see also · confidence low
United States v. Tilton, 714 F.2d 642, 645 (6th Cir.1983); see also United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149, 154 (6th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 (1980) (fact that jury believed government witnesses instead of defense witnesses not a basis for reversal).
cited Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Carlton Howard Petway, Jr.
6th Cir. · 1991 · signal: see also · confidence low
Bourjaily v. United States, 483 U.S. 171, 175 (1987); see also United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149, 152 (6th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 (1980).
cited Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Alberto Castro (89-1528), Ignacio Forte (89-1530), Guillermo Rocha (89-1531), Jaime Giraldo (89-1893), Norberto Giraldo (89-1894)
6th Cir. · 1990 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149 (6th Cir.1979), ce rt. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." In Re Richard Thornburgh
D.C. Cir. · 1989 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also First Jersey Securities, Inc. v. Bergen, 605 F.2d 690, 700 (3d Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980) (having established that district court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, petitioner "faces the additional hurdle of showing that mandamus is the appropriate remedy"); Bancohio Corp. v. Fox, 516 F.2d 29, 33 (6th Cir.1975) ('Issuance of the writ is appropriately denied where the question of [subject-matter] jurisdiction is factually and legally difficult.”); Belcher v. Grooms, 406 F.2d 14, 16-17 (5th Cir.1968) (refusing to issue writ because …
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Johnny Ray Graham (2×)
6th Cir. · 1988 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149 (6th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980); United States v. Young, 567 F.2d 799 (8th Cir.1977), ce rt. denied, 434 U.S. 1079 , 98 S.Ct. 1273 , 55 L.Ed.2d 786 (1978); Hug v. United States, 329 F.2d 475 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 379 U.S. 818 , 85 S.Ct. 37 , 13 L.Ed.2d 30 (1964).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Bourjaily v. United States (2×)
SCOTUS · 1987 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also United States v. Vinson, 606 F. 2d 149, 153, n. 8 (CA6 1979), cert. denied, 444 U. S. 1074 (1980); United States v. Enright, 579 F. 2d 980, 985, n. 4 (CA6 1978).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Westheimer v. Commodity Exchange, Inc.
S.D.N.Y. · 1987 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., First Jersey Securities, Inc. v. Bergen, 605 F.2d 690, 696 (3rd Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980). 2.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Shannon N. Mahar (85-1411), Inner-City Medical Services, Inc. (85-1413), Riley Mahar (85-1466)
6th Cir. · 1986 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also United States v. Howard, 770 F.2d 57, 59 (6th Cir.1985), ce rt. denied, — U.S. -, 106 S.Ct. 1213 , 89 L.Ed.2d 325 (1986). *1494 United States v. Vinson, 606 F.2d 149, 152 (6th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980), sets forth "alternative" procedures that a district court may adopt in "structur[ing] conspiracy trials." It is not clear which of the three procedures the trial judge sought to follow in this case, although it appears the court may have attempted to conform to the third, in which the judge "may admit the hearsay statements subjec…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." ca9 1986
9th Cir. · 1986 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Jones v. Unknown Agents of the Federal Election Commission, 613 F.2d 864, 877-78 (D.C.Cir.1979) (upholding questioning of campaign contributors regarding illegal contributions), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1019 , 62 L.Ed.2d 755 (1980); LaRouche, 566 F.Supp. at 418 ("As long as reasonable cause to investigate exists, the mere asking of material questions does not constitute a First Amendment violation."). 101 For all of the above reasons, I would affirm the judgment of the district court.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Olagues v. Russoniello
9th Cir. · 1986 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Jones v. Unknown Agents of the Federal Election Commission, 613 F.2d 864, 877-78 (D.C.Cir.1979) (upholding questioning of campaign contributors regarding illegal contributions), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1019 , 62 L.Ed.2d 755 (1980); LaRouche, 566 F.Supp. at 418 (“As long as reasonable cause to investigate exists, the mere asking of material questions does not constitute a First Amendment violation.”).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Olagues v. Russoniello (2×)
9th Cir. · 1985 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Jones v. Unknown Agents of the Federal Election Commission, 613 F.2d 864, 877-78 (D.C.Cir.1979) (reasonable questioning by Commission agents about campaign contributions does not chill first amendment rights), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1019 , 62 L.Ed.2d 755 (1980).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." ca9 1985 (2×)
9th Cir. · 1985 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Jones v. Unknown Agents of the Federal Election Commission, 613 F.2d 864, 877-78 (D.C.Cir.1979) (reasonable questioning by Commission agents about campaign contributions does not chill first amendment rights), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1019 , 62 L.Ed.2d 755 (1980). 37 Reporters Committee involved two newspapers which sought injunctive and declaratory relief from a telephone company policy of providing toll call records to law enforcement officials, claiming first and fourth amendment violations.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Johnson & Towers, Inc., Jack W. Hopkins and Peter Angel
3rd Cir. · 1984 · signal: see also · confidence low
See United States v. Park, 421 U.S. 658, 672-73 , 95 S.Ct. 1903, 1911-1912 , 44 L.Ed.2d 489 (1975); Smith v. California, 361 U.S. 147, 152 , 80 S.Ct. 215, 218 , 4 L.Ed.2d 205 (1959); United States v. Dotterweich, 320 U.S. 277, 280-81, 284-85 , 64 S.Ct. 134, 136-137, 138 , 88 L.Ed. 48 (1943); United States v. Balint, 258 U.S. 250, 251-52 , 42 S.Ct. 301, 302 , 66 L.Ed. 604 (1922); see also United States v. Frezzo Brothers, Inc., 602 F.2d 1123, 1128 (3d Cir.1979), cert, denied, 444 U.S. 1074 , 100 S.Ct. 1020 , 62 L.Ed.2d 756 (1980).
Jones
v.
Federal Election Commission
No. 79-799.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Feb 19, 1980.
444 U.S. 1074
Published
3 passages pin-cited by 4 cases
Pinpoint authority: bottom 92%
Citer courts: Eleventh Circuit (2) · Sixth Circuit (2)

C. A. D. C. Cir. Certiorari denied.