Allen v. Michigan Bell Tel. Co., 171 N.W.2d 689 (Mich. Ct. App. 1969). · Go Syfert
Search
Allen v. Michigan Bell Tel. Co., 171 N.W.2d 689 (Mich. Ct. App. 1969). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
G Cite
cited 3× by 2 distinct cases, last quoted 2005 · …there are then two inquiries in a case such as this: (1) what is the relative bargaining power of the parties, their relative economic strength, the alternative sources of supply, in a word, what are their options?; (2) is the challenged term substantively reasonable? at p. 692 ✓
373 citation events (114 in the last 25 years) across 42 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Jacada Ltd v. Intl Mktg Strategies (ca6, 2005-03-18)
Treatment trajectory · 1968 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1968 1997 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 38 distinct citers. How cited ↗
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Jacada Ltd v. Intl Mktg Strategies (3×) also: Cited "see"
6th Cir. · 2005 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
there are then two inquiries in a case such as this: (1) what is the relative bargaining power of the parties, their relative economic strength, the alternative sources of supply, in a word, what are their options?; (2) is the challenged term substantively reasonable?
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Jacada (Europe), Ltd. F/k/a Client/server Technology (Europe), Ltd. v. International Marketing Strategies, Inc. (6×) also: Cited "see"
6th Cir. · 2005 · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence high
there are then two inquiries in a case such as this: (1) what is the relative bargaining power of the parties, their relative economic strength, the alternative sources of supply, in a word, what are their options?; (2) is the challenged term substantively reasonable?
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Lozada v. Dale Baker Oldsmobile, Inc.
W.D. Mich. · 2000 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
implicit in the principle of freedom of contract is the concept that at the time of contracting each party has a realistic alternative to acceptance of the terms offered
cited Cited as authority (rule) 7-Eleven, Inc. v. CJ-Grand, LLC
E.D. Mich. · 2021 · confidence medium
Co., 18 Mich. App. 632, 638 , 171 N.W.2d 689, 692 (1969).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Braswell Egg Company, Inc. v. Poultry Management Systems, Inc.
E.D.N.C. · 2020 · confidence medium
Co., 18 Mich. App. 632, 638 , 171 N.W.2d 689, 692 (1969) (““[M]erely because the parties have different options or bargaining power, unequal or wholly out of proportion to each other, does not mean that the agreement of one of the parties to a term ofa contract will not be enforced against him; ifthe term is substantively reasonable it will be enforced.”).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Home Owners Insurance v. ADT LLC
E.D. Mich. · 2015 · confidence medium
Co., 18 Mich.App. 632 , 171 N.W.2d 689, 692 (1969).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Whirlpool Corporation v. The Grigoleit Company (2×)
6th Cir. · 2013 · confidence medium
A court interpreting Michigan law must answer two questions when determining whether contracts are unconscionable: “(1) What is the relative bargaining power of the parties, their relative economic strength, the alternative sources of supply, in a word, what are their options?; and (2) Is the challenged term substantively reasonable?” Allen v. Mich. Bell Tel., 18 Mich.App. 632 , 171 N.W.2d 689, 692 (1969).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Joseph Ozormoor v. T-Mobil USA, Inc.
6th Cir. · 2009 · confidence medium
Co., 18 Mich.App. 632 , 171 N.W.2d 689, 692 (1969).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Anaheim Industries, Inc., Frank Gilchrist, Inc., D/B/A Texas Stagecoach of Houston v. General Motors Corporation
Tex. App. · 2007 · confidence medium
Co. , 18 Mich. App. 632 , 637–38, 171 N.W.2d 689, 692 (1969), and Gillam v. Mich. Mtg.-Inv.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Aul v. Golden Rule Insurance (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 2007 · confidence medium
Id. at 601 (quoting Allen v. Michigan Bell Telephone Co., 171 N.W.2d 689, 692-94 (Mich. App. 1969)). ¶ 56.
examined Cited as authority (rule) Piche v. Ameritech Interactive Media Services, Inc. (5×) also: Cited "see"
W.D. Mich. · 2006 · confidence medium
Co., 18 Mich.App. 632 , 171 N.W.2d 689, 692 (Mich.Ct.App.1969); Northwest Acceptance Corp. v. Almont Gravel, Inc., 162 Mich.App. 294 , 412 N.W.2d 719, 723 (1987).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Andersons, Inc. v. Horton Farms, Inc.
6th Cir. · 1998 · confidence medium
The test inquires: “ ‘(1) What is the relative bargaining power of the parties, their relative economic strength, the alternative sources of supply, in a word, what are their options?;[ 23 ] [and] (2) Is the challenged term substantively reasonable?’ ” Rehmann, Robson & Co. v. McMahan, 187 Mich.App. 36 , 466 N.W.2d 325, 329 (Mich.Ct.App.1991) (quoting Allen v. Michigan Bell Telephone Co., 18 Mich.App. 632 , 171 N.W.2d 689, 692 (Mich.Ct.App.1969)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Andersons, Inc. v. Horton Farms, Inc.
6th Cir. · 1998 · confidence medium
The test inquires: " '(1) What is the relative bargaining power of the parties, their relative economic strength, the alternative sources of supply, in a word, what are their options?; 23 [and] (2) Is the challenged term substantively reasonable?' " Rehmann, Robson & Co. v. McMahan, 187 Mich.App. 36 , 466 N.W.2d 325, 329 (Mich.Ct.App.1991) (quoting Allen v. Michigan Bell Telephone Co., 18 Mich.App. 632 , 171 N.W.2d 689, 692 (Mich.Ct.App.1969)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Intergraph Corp. v. Intel Corp.
N.D. Ala. · 1998 · confidence medium
Id. 171 N.W.2d at 692 (emphasis added).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Pettit v. Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Co.
Stafford Cir. Ct. · 1992 · confidence medium
Co., 18 Mich. App. 632, 637-640 , 171 N.W.2d 689, 692-694 (1969): “The only case from all courts considering the merits of the telephone company’s exculpatory clause to find it to be against public policy.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Datronic Rental Corp. v. DeSol, Inc.
Wis. Ct. App. · 1991 · confidence medium
Co., 171 N.W.2d 689, 692-94 (Mich. Ct. App. 1969), the court approved the following language to assist courts grappling with questions of unconscionability: There are then two inquiries in a case such as this: (1) What is the relative bargaining power of the parties, their relative economic strength, the alternative sources of supply, in a word, what are their options?; (2) Is the challenged term substantively reasonable?
cited Cited as authority (rule) Gertsch v. International Equity Research
Wis. Ct. App. · 1990 · confidence medium
The court quoted at length from Allen v. Michigan Bell Telephone Company, 171 N.W.2d 689, 692-94 (Mich. Ct. App. 1969).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) In Matter of Estate of Katze-Miller
Wis. Ct. App. · 1990 · confidence medium
Because the heirs did not object on appeal, we also treat this as a rescission issue. [16] The court quoted at length from Allen v. Michigan Bell Telephone Company, 171 N.W.2d 689, 692-94 (Mich. Ct. App. 1969). [17] IER argues that sec. 807.01 applies generally without identifying specific subsections.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Thomas Beaver v. Figgie International Corporation, and Third Party the Detroit Board of Education, Third Party
3rd Cir. · 1988 · confidence medium
A contract is not procedurally unconscionable, under Michigan law, if "at the time of contracting each party has a realistic alternative to acceptance of the terms offered." Almont Gravel, 162 Mich.App. at 304 , 412 N.W.2d at 723 (quoting Allen v. Michigan Bell Telephone Company, 18 Mich.App. 632, 637 (1969) lv. den. 383 Mich. 804 (1970)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Tannock v. New Jersey Bell Telephone Co.
N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. · 1988 · confidence medium
Also, Allen v. Michigan Bell Telephone Co., 18 Mich. App. 632 , 171 N.W. 2d 689, 692 (Ct.App.Mich. 1969), appeal after remand, 61 Mich. App. 62 , 232 N.W. 2d 302 (Ct.App.Mich. 1975), which was relied upon by the trial court, recognized that the limitation of liability clause should not be voided based on unconscionability "if the term is substantively reasonable." Whether the remedy provided by contract was adequate or "substantively reasonable" is a mixed question of fact and law which should not be decided in a summary fashion unless there is no genuine dispute as to the amount of damages so…
cited Cited as authority (rule) Laux v. Juillerat
S.D. Ohio · 1987 · confidence medium
Allen v. Michigan Bell Telephone Company, 18 Mich.App. 632, 637-38 , 171 N.W.2d 689, 692 (1969).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Devalk Lincoln Mercury, Inc. v. Ford Motor Company
7th Cir. · 1987 · confidence medium
But gross inequality of bargaining power, together with terms unreasonably favorable to the stronger party, may confirm indications that the transaction involved elements of deception or compulsion, or may show that the weaker party had no meaningful choice, no real alternative, or did not in fact assent or appear to assent to the unfair terms. 32 Restatement (Second) of Contracts Sec. 208 comment d (1979); Muscat v. Lawyers Title Insurance Corp., 135 Mich.App. 26 , 351 N.W.2d 893, 896 (1984); Allen v. Michigan Bell Telephone Co., 18 Mich.App. 632 , 171 N.W.2d 689, 692 (1969). 33 Plaintiffs se…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) DeValk Lincoln Mercury, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co.
7th Cir. · 1987 · confidence medium
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 208 comment d (1979); Muscat v. Lawyers Title Insurance Corp., 135 Mich.App. 26 , 351 N.W.2d 893, 896 (1984); Allen v. Michigan Bell Telephone Co., 18 Mich.App. 632 , 171 N.W.2d 689, 692 (1969).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Discount Fabric House of Racine, Inc. v. Wisconsin Telephone Co.
Wis. · 1984 · confidence medium
The case of Allen v. Mich. Bell Telephone Co., 18 Mich. App. 632, 637-40 , 171 N.W.2d 689, 692-94 (1969), is the only case from all courts considering the merits of the telephone company’s exculpatory clause to find it to be against public policy. 7 The reasoning of that case is valid and persuasive.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Schlobohm v. Spa Petite, Inc. (2×)
Minn. · 1982 · confidence medium
Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Co., 291 Minn. 97, 100 , 189 N.W.2d 404, 407 (1971); Speltz Grain & Coal Co. v. Rush, 236 Minn. 1, 7 , 51 N.W.2d 641, 644 (1952); Pettit Grain & Potato Co. v. Northern Pacific Railway Co., 227 Minn. 225, 229-31 , 35 N.W.2d 127, 130 (1948). [5] See also Rogow v. United States, 173 F.Supp. 547 (S.D.N.Y.1959) (applying New York law); Barker v. Colorado Region-Sports Car Club of America, Inc., 35 Colo.App. 73, 79-82 , 532 P.2d 372, 376-78 (1974); Checkley v. Illinois Central Railway Co., 257 Ill. 491 , 100 N.E. 942 (1913); Lee v. Allied Sports Associates, Inc., 349 M…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Funding Systems Leasing Corp. v. King Louie International, Inc. (2×)
Mo. Ct. App. · 1979 · confidence medium
Allen v. Michigan Bell Telephone Company, 18 Mich.App. 632 , 171 N.W.2d 689, 692 [5] (1969).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Gas House, Inc. v. Southern Bell Telephone & Telegraph Co.
N.C. Ct. App. · 1975 · confidence medium
The same rules apply to innkeepers and public warehousemen." Prosser, Law of Torts § 67 (3d ed. 1964), quoted in Allen v. Michigan Bell Telephone Co., supra, 18 Mich.App. at 639 , 171 N.W.2d at 693 (Emphasis supplied).
cited Cited "see" Shaunte Johnson v. Best Buy Company Inc
Mich. Ct. App. · 2025 · signal: see · confidence high
See Allen v Mich Bell Tel Co, 18 Mich App 632, 637-638 ; 171 NW2d 689 (1969).
discussed Cited "see" MOORE v. KATIN-BORLAND (2×)
E.D. Mich. · 2020 · signal: see · confidence high
See Allen v. Mich. Bell Tel., 18 Mich. App. 632, 638 , 171 N.W.2d 689, 692 (1969) (A finding of unconscionability requires “an absence of meaningful choice on the part of one of the parties”); St.
discussed Cited "see" Moore v. Katin-Borland (2×)
S.D.N.Y. · 2020 · signal: see · confidence high
See Allen v. Mich. Bell Tel., 18 Mich. App. 632, 638 , 171 N.W.2d 689, 692 (1969) (A finding of unconscionability requires “an absence of meaningful choice on the part of one of the parties”); St.
discussed Cited "see" Chrysler Corp. v. Skyline Industrial Services, Inc.
Mich. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
See Allen v Michigan Bell Telephone Co, 18 Mich App 632 ; 171 NW2d 689 (1969) (suggesting that unconscionability and vast inequalities in bargaining may justify abrogating a specific contractual provision); see also Moses v Business Card Express, Inc, 929 F2d 1131, 1139 (CA 6, 1991) (citing comment c to 1 Restatement Conflict of Laws, 2d, § 201, p 642, for the view that a choice of law will be denied enforcement if misrepresentation, undue influence, or mistake were responsible for a party’s adherence).
cited Cited "see" Benson v. Department of Management & Budget
Mich. Ct. App. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See Allen v Michigan Bell Telephone C o, 18 Mich App 632 ; 171 NW2d 689 (1969), lv den 383 Mich 804 (1970).
discussed Cited "see" Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. Public Service Commission (2×)
Wyo. · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See Allen v. Michigan Telephone Company, 18 Mich.App. 632 , 171 N.W.2d 689 (1969); Videon Corporation v. Burton, Mo., 369 S.W.2d 264 (1963).
discussed Cited "see" PK's Landscaping, Inc. v. New England Telephone & Telegraph Co. (2×)
N.H. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See Allen v. Michigan Bell Telephone Company, 18 Mich. App. 632 , 171 N.W.2d 689 (1969); Allen v. Michigan Bell Telephone Company, 61 Mich. App. 62 , 232 N.W.2d 302 (1975) (decided on law of the case); Discount Fabric House v. Wis. Telephone Co., 117 Wis. 2d 587 , 345 N.W.2d 417 (1984).
cited Cited "see" Arnold v. Crestwood Board of Education
Mich. Ct. App. · 1978 · signal: see · confidence high
See Allen v Michigan Bell Telephone Co, 18 Mich App 632 ; 171 NW2d 689 (1969), lv den 383 Mich 804 (1970), 61 Mich App 62, 66 ; 232 NW2d 302 (1975).
cited Cited "see" Reed v. Kaydon Engineering Corp.
Mich. Ct. App. · 1972 · signal: see · confidence high
See Allen v Michigan Bell Telephone Co, 18 Mich App 632, 638 (1969).
discussed Cited "see" City of Detroit v. Bridgeport Brass Co.
Mich. Ct. App. · 1970 · signal: see · confidence high
No issue of adhesion is presented; see Allen v. Michigan Bell Telephone Company (1969), 18 Mich App 632 . 7 In stating that “the city shall be subrogated to the rights of the said person against such third party,” the charter says in effect that the injured employee transfers whatever rights he may have against the third party to the city “to the extent of benefits which the city pays or becomes liable to pay”. 8 See, generally, 58 Am Jur, Workmen’s Compensation, § 358, pp 817, 818; 2 Larson, Workmen’s Compensation Law, § 74.11, p 226.78; City of Evansville v. Byers (1964), 136 I…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." BLUE CROSS & BLUE SHIELD OF MICH. v. Insurance Comm'r
Mich. · 1978 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Allen v Michigan Bell Telephone Co, 18 Mich App 632 ; 171 NW2d 689 (1969) (unconscionable terms of a contract); 13 Am Jur 2d, Carriers, § 175, p 702; 40 Am Jur 2d, Hotels, Motels and Restaurants, § 62, p 942 (common-law duty of carriers and innkeepers to carry and receive the public).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Allen
v.
Michigan Bell Telephone Company
Docket 3,500.
Michigan Court of Appeals.
Oct 31, 1969.
171 N.W.2d 689
Andrew J. Transue, for plaintiff., Gault, Davison & Bowers, for defendant.
Quinn, Kavanagh, Levin.
Cited by 128 opinions  |  Published
1 passage pin-cited by 1 case
Pinpoint authority: bottom 72%
Citer courts: W.D. Michigan (1)

Lead Opinion

T. Gr. Kavanagh, J.

Plaintiff, an insurance agent, contracted to place several advertisements in the Flint classified telephone directory. The defendant, Michigan Bell Telephone Company, accepted the order and agreed to publish the listings in its 1963 Yellow Pages — but failed to do so. Upon plaintiff’s suit for damages, the defendant Bell Telephone asserted the following clause of their contract as an affirmative defense:

“Telephone company (a) will not be bound by any verbal agreements or (b) will not be liable to advertiser for damages resulting from failure to include all or any of said items of advertising in the directories or from errors in the advertising printed in the directories, in excess of the agreed prices for such advertising for the issue in which the error or omission occurs.”

Then the defendant moved for, and was granted, a summary judgment of no cause of action.

The plaintiff’s appeal questions the trial court’s application of this clause in g-ranting the motion for summary judgment and, further, challenges the legality of such a clause on the grounds of public policy.

He argues that the clause in question limits the liability of the telephone company only as it pertains to damages for breach of contract, and that such a contracted disclaimer may not be read as a limitation of its liability for its own negligence. He cites as authority two Michigan cases: Harbaugh v. Citizens [*635] Telephone Co. (1916), 190 Mich 421 and Muskegon Agency, Inc. v. General Telephone Company of Michigan (1954), 340 Mich 472 and (1957), 350 Mich 41. Both the Harbaugh and General Telephone cases involved actions for an asserted breach of duty by a public utility in the area of its public service and they did not involve, as the present case does, a breach of duty by a public utility in its private service.

The defendant asserts that it is not required to provide the Yellow Pages and therefore it is to be treated as a private party and not a public utility when soliciting and contracting advertisements. The defendant further contends, that, since this is an area of private contract, it may lawfully require those who desire to advertise in the Yellow Pages to agree to a limitation of liability in the event of an omission or error in the Yellow Pages.[1]

[*636] We cannot properly resolve the questions presented by adopting the position of either of the parties without qualification. We cannot say with the plaintiff that all provisions for limiting one’s liability for negligence are void as against public policy. Nor can we say with the defendant that public policy is not concerned with private contract, and therefore, a person is free to exculpate himself from liability as he may see fit.

The principle of freedom to contract does not carry a license to insert any provision in an agreement which a party deems advantageous. The public is concerned with the legality of contracts and limits the contractual freedom of private parties to legal undertakings. This public concern is manifest in the statutes and decisions of this state.[2]

Nor can we say it is against public policy for the defendant to limit its liability for its own negligence in all circumstances.[3] Such a limitation may take[*637] the form of a disclaimer of liability beyond a certain amount or it may take the form of a provision for stipulated or liquidated damages.[4] But in all this, public policy does insist that this, as every other term of a contract, not be unconscionable.

Implicit in the principle of freedom of contract is the concept that at the time of contracting each party has a realistic alternative to acceptance of the terms offered. Where goods and services can only be obtained from one source (or several sources on noncompetitive terms) the choices of one who desires to purchase are limited to acceptance of the terms offered or doing without. Depending on the nature of the goods or services and the purchaser’s needs, doing without may or may not be a realistic alternative. Where it is not, one who successfully exacts agreement to an unreasonable term cannot insist on the courts enforcing it on the ground that it was “freely” entered into, when it was not. He cannot in the name of freedom of contract be heard to insist on enforcement of an unreasonable contract term against one who on any fair appraisal was not free to accept or reject that term.

There are then two inquiries in a case such as this: (1) What is the relative bargaining power of the parties, their relative economic strength, the alternative sources of supply, in a word, what are their options?; (2) Is the challenged term substantively reasonable?

“Unconscionability has generally been recognized to include an absence of meaningful choice on the part of one of the parties together, .with contract[*638] terms which are unreasonably favorable to the other party.” Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Company (1965), 121 App DC 315 (350 F2d 445, 449,18 ALR3d 1297).

Thus, merely because the parties have different options or bargaining power, unequal or wholly out of proportion to each other, does not mean that the agreement of one of the parties to a term of a contract will not be enforced against him; if the term is substantively reasonable it will be enforced. By like token, if the provision is substantively unreasonable, it may not be enforced without regard to the relative bargaining power of the contracting parties.[5]

Where the contract is affected with a “public interest” a court is more likely to refuse enforcement to an exculpatory provision.[6] Prosser has observed:

[*639] “The courts have refused to uphold such agreements, however, where one party is at such obvious disadvantage in bargaining power that the effect of the contract is to put him at the mercy of the other’s negligence. Thus it is generally held that a contract exempting an employer from all liability for negligence toward his employees is void as against public policy. The same is true as to the efforts of public utilities to escape liability for negligence in the performance of their duty of public service. A carrier who transports goods or passengers for hire, or a telegraph company transmitting a message, may not contract away its public responsibility, and this is true although the agreement takes the form of a limitation of recovery to an amount less than the probable damages. It has been held, however, that the contract will be sustained where it represents an honest attempt to fix a value as liquidated damages in advance, and the carrier graduates its rates according to such value, so that full protection would be open to the plaintiff upon paying a higher rate. The same rules apply to innkeepers and public ware-housemen.” Prosser, Law of Torts (3d ed), § 67, pp 457, 458.

It is not enough to say that “freedom of contract” is the founding principle of our economy, for freedom of contract is directly related to another basic principle of our economy — “freedom of enterprise”. It must be recognized that freedom of enterprise became severely restricted as the giants in our industries and services overwhelmed their competition. It is neither rational nor just to contend that freedom of contract must remain static and immutable as freedom of enterprise inexorably recedes. Both concepts must adjust and adapt to the times.

The parties to this suit are not in positions of equal bargaining power. It is common knowledge that defendant’s Yellow Pages is the only directory of classified telephone listings freely distributed to[*640] all the telephone subscribers in the Flint area. It is not disputed that the contract signed by the parties was a form prepared by the defendant and used by the defendant in all subscriptions for advertising in the Yellow Pages. Nor is it argued by the defendant that the plaintiff could have bargained for different terms in the contract. It was strictly a “take it or leave it” proposition.

Under the circumstances the plaintiff had the option of agreeing to the offered terms or doing without advertising in the Yellow Pages. There being no competing directory or means of communicating with the same audience of potential customers except possibly at prohibitive (and by comparison totally disproportionate) cost, doing without in this case was not a realistic alternative. Clearly the challenged term is substantively unreasonable. It relieves the defendant from all liability' — its only obligation is to return the agreed contract price paid for the service it did not perform. We have concluded that this provision is unreasonable and, accordingly, we decline to enforce it.

We believe the law in Michigan to be that, where goods or services used by a significant segment of the public can be obtained from only one source, or from limited sources on no more favorable terms, an unreasonable term in a contract for such goods or services will not be enforced as a matter of public policy.

Reversed and remanded for trial on the merits. Costs to appellant.

Levin, J., concurred.
1

There are several eases in other jurisdictions wherein exculpatory clauses identical or similar to that involved here have been upheld. In none of these cases however, have the courts given consideration to the issue we regard as crueial viz. the problem of unconscionability. Several cases correctly point out that the Yellow Pages are not part of the telephone company’s public duty but then go on to assume without further inquiry that the limitation clause is automatically valid under general contract law, Baird v. Chesapeake & Potomac Telephone Company (1955), 140 Md 448 (117 A2d 873) ; Georges v. Pacific Telephone and Telegraph Company (D Ore, 1960) 184 F Supp 571; Smith v. Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company (1962), 51 Tenn App 146 (364 SW2d 952). Others emphasize the traditional sanctity of free contract without questioning whether that eoneept is applicable in the particular case, Wilson v. Southern Bell Telephone & Telegraph Company (La App, 1967), 194 So 2d 739, or rely on the lack of definite proof of lost profits, with only passing mention of the limitation of liability clause, Mitchell v. Southwestern Bell Telephone Company (Mo App, 1957), 298 SW2d 520; Wade v. Southwestern Bell Telephone Company (Tex Civ App, 1961), 352 SW2d 460. Many eases simply state the conclusion, that the limitation is valid, citing other eases which have done the same, Russell v. Southwestern Bell Telephone Company ED Tex, 1955), 130 F Supp 130; Neering v. Southern Bell Telephone and Telegraph Company (SD Fla, 1958), 169 F Supp 133; Advance Service, Inc. v. General Telephone Company of Florida (Fla App, 1966), 187 So 2d 660; Federal Building Service v. Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Company (1966), 76 NM 524 (417 P2d 24).

[*636] In only one ease was mention made of the question of relative bargaining positions. In McTighe v. New England Telephone and Telegraph Company (CA 2, 1954), 216 F2d 26, Judge Medina devoted most of his opinion to discussion of the white pages aspeet of the case. After pointing out that the yellow pages involve no sueh public duty as is connected with the white pages, Judge Medina observed:

“If there be some disparity in the bargaining power of the contracting parties it is no more than may be found generally to exist; and the courts follow the general rule that the parties are free to contract according to their own judgment and the reasonableness of their engagements will not be entered into.”

This indicates that he was aware of the unequal bargaining power argument but does not disclose what considerations or facts moved him to reject it out-of-hand.

We must conclude, therefore, that the factor of unequal bargaining power between the parties to the contract has never been fairly considered in connection with the standard limitation of liability clause in a Yellow Rages advertisement contract.

2

E.g., MCLA § 691.991 (Stat Ann 1969 Cum Supp § 26.1146[1]) and CIj 1948, § 256.545 (Stat Ann 1968 Eev § 9.1725). Weaver v. Ann Arbor R. Co. (1905), 139 Mich 590; see Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc., 32 NJ 358 (161 A2d 69, 75 ALR2d 1), adopted in Browne v. Fenestra, Inc. (1965), 375 Mich 566, 571.

3

Mann v. Pere Marquette R. Co. (1903), 135 Mich 210; Weaver v. Ann Arbor R. Co., supra; Blazic v. Ford Motor Company (1968), 15 Mich App 377, 380.

4

Although the trial court referred to this provision as one for “liquidated damages” and the briefs of both parties eite eases involving liquidated or stipulated damages, inasmuch as the provision does not even purport to anticipate or- compute aetual damages we do not regard.it as a valid attempt to do so. See Jaquith v. Hudson (1858), 5 Mich 123.

5

See Ellinghaus, In Defense of Unconscionability, 78 Yale L J 757, 766, 767 (1969) ; Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors, Inc. (1960), 32 NJ 358 (161 A2d 69, 84-96), and cases therein cited; and also Richmond v. Robinson (1864), 12 Mich 193; Jaquith v. Hudson, supra.

6

“In placing particular contracts within or without the category of those affected with a public interest, the eourts have revealed a rough outline of that type of transaction in which exculpatory provisions will be held invalid. Thus the attempted but invalid exemption involves a transaction which exhibits some or all of the following characteristics. It concerns a business of a type generally thought suitable for publie regulation. The party seeking exculpation is engaged in performing a service of great importance to the public, which is often a matter of practical necessity for some members of the publie. The party holds himself out as willing to perform this service for any member of the publie who seeks it, or at least for any member coming within certain established standards. As a result of the essential nature of the service, in the economic setting of the transaction, the party invoking exculpation possesses a decisive advantage of bargaining strength against any member of the public who seeks his services. In exercising a superior bargaining power the party confronts the publie with a standardized adhesion contract of exculpation, and makes no provision whereby a purchaser may pay additional reasonable fees and obtain protection against negligence. Finally, as a result of the transaction, the person or property of the purchaser is placed under the control of the seller, subject to the risk of carelessness by the seller or his agents.” Tunkl v. Regents of the University of California (1963), 60 Cal 2d 92 (32 Cal Rptr 333, 383 P2d 441, 444-446, 6 ALR3d 693).

Dissent

Quinn, P. J.,

(dissenting). Being an appellate judge and not an appellate advocate, I must dissent.. The majority opinion is based on a theory not plead[*641] ed by plaintiff nor raised before tbe trial court. Furthermore, the theory adopted by the majority opinion was neither briefed nor argued by plaintiff before this Court.

If this Court does not consider theories not presented to the trial court, Kirby v. Monroe Paper Products Company (1965), 1 Mich App 680, we could not properly reach the result of-the majority opinion had plaintiff briefed or argued on appeal the theory adopted by the majority opinion. When the additional fact that plaintiff neither briefed nor argued such theory on appeal is considered, it appears to me that the majority opinion has exceeded the appellate jurisdiction’of this Court.

On this record, the grant of defendant’s motion for summary judgment was proper and legally correct. I vote to affirm.