— Some time prior to the year 1893 Electa J. Pond, an unmarried woman, built a one-room shanty on a quarter section of land in O’Brien county, intending to perfect her title to it under the homestead laws of the United States. About the same time John B. Boyington, with a similar intention, erected a, similar shanty on another tract of land not far distant in the same county. Each claim was contested. Boyington, who had occupied his shanty but two or three nights, moved it onto the land claimed by Miss Pond, and annexed it to her shanty in such form that together the two constituted one residence [*469] of two rooms; and Boyington, who was a widower, lived continuously thereafter on the land claimed by Miss To-ncl. Whether she occupied this combined residence continuously with Boyington from that time, or whether she temporarily, after his coming there to live, stayed with her sister, Emily P. Jones, and her husband, who lived not far away, is a matter of. some controversy, but Miss Pond claimed to have had a permanent residence on the land from the time she first built thereon, and it is conceded that from the fall of 1894, when a new house was erected on the land, both she and Boyington lived in that house until her death in 1907. At the time when-they thus began unequivocally to live in the same house, Boyington was about fifty-nine years of age and Miss Pond about fifty-five. In 1896 Miss Pond’s claim to the land under the homestead laws was approved by the Secretary of the Interior on the finding that she, as an unmarried citizen of the United States, had held possession thereof under her homestead entry. At the same time the claim of Boyington to the land which he had attempted to pre-empt was disallowed. In prosecuting these two claims each of the parties testified to being unmarried. In 1901 a patent was issued to Electa J. Pond for the land claimed by her, and duly recorded in the same year. The controversy in this case is as to the relation of these parties to each other from the time that Boyington commenced to live on Miss Pond’s land. It is conceded that there was no evidence of any ceremonial marriage between them, nor of a written contract of marriage; but the claim of Boyington is that he and Miss Pond during their joint occupancy of the premises cohabited as husband and wife, were reputed to be living ás husband and wife, and held themselves out as occupying that relation to each other, and that from these circumstances a presumption of present intent to be husband and wife is established so as to entitle him now to the rights of. surviving husband; while the contention for the other [*470] side is Ihat '•» common law marriage is not established by the evidence, and that Boyington resided on the land only in pursuance of some arrangement by which he was to carry on the farm in the joint interest of himself and Miss Bond.

i. Marriage and divorce: common law marriage. There is no substantial controversy between the parties as to the law in this state relating to common law marriages. It is well settled that, while cohabitation and the reputed relation of husband and wife may be shown as tending to give color to the relation of the parties and the recognition each by the other of the existence of a marriage between them, the fundamental question is whether their minds have met in mutual consent to the status of marriage which will be sufficiently established if it appears that they have lived together, intending thereby to be husband and wife. Neither such intention nor consent can be inferred from cohabitation alone, and reputation is of no significance, save as it has a bearing on the question of intent. Supporting this statement of the law as it has been recognized by this court, see Brisbin v. Huntington, 128 Iowa, 166; State v. Rocker, 130 Iowa, 239; McFarland v. McFarland, 51 Iowa, 565; Pegg v. Pegg, 138 Iowa, 572. It will be important, therefore, to examine the evidence relied upon for appellant, first, as to cohabitation; second, as to the general conduct of the parties toward each other in their relations with the public bearing upon the question of whether they held themselves out to the world as being husband and wife; and, third, as to the'general repute in the community with reference to whether they were living together as husband and wife or in some other relation.

z. Same: evidence. The evidence for the appellant tended to show that these parties cohabitated — that is, that they lived together in a manner which would be unlawful if they were not husband and wife — and, in the view which we take of the case, discussing it solely with [*471] reference to the evidence for the appellant, we may concede that cohabitation is established. We may concede, also, that in their business relations with others they acted in some respects as husbands and wives usually act. No distinction was systematically maintained as to liability for debts incurred by either of them. They frequently consulted together in the making of purchases, not only of machinery and improvements for the farm, but also of articles of clothing; and apparently all expenses were met out of some common fund into which all the income from the farm operations was turned. With the consent of each merchants credited the produce of the farm when disposed of to the account of one or the other as they saw fit, and no objection was made by either to charges entered on his or her account for purchases intended for the other. Boyington was allowed to make sales of the produce of the. farm and of the stock kept upon it according to his own judgment, but usually as the result of a consultation with Miss Pond. Nevertheless Miss Pond continued until the time of her death to transact business in her maiden name, and all instruments requiring her signature appear to have been signed by her in that name, either personally or by Boyington, purporting to act for her and under her authority. In 1897 a. tract of land in Dakota was conveyed by warranty deed to “E. J. Pond.” In 1902, a deed of the same land was executed by “E. J. Pond” to a purchaser. On various dates between 1894 and the time of her death receipts, checks, and notes were signed by “E. J. Pond,” individually or with that name “per John Boyington.” Promissory notes payable to “E. J. Pond” were signed by J. B. Boyington; one of such notes being secured by chattel mortgage .on certain animals. These instruments are referred to simply as showing that in this respect, at least, neither of the parties was announcing to the world the existence of the relation between them of husband and wife. So far as we can discover, Electa J. Pond never,. [*472] by any written signature or in any business transaction, indicated that she was or claimed to be Mrs. Boyington.

In social matters the apparent relations of these parties remained throughout somewhat ambiguous. Boyington took Miss Pond on a few occasions to places of public resort such as lectures, dances, and church sociables, and, when they were thus seen together, the conduct of Boyington seemed to be such as to indicate a desire on his part to be agreeable to Miss Pond. But they practically never made or received visits, and the only persons who appeared to have ever eaten meals with them were hired helpers and people who came on business errands. To those who came to the house occasionally without knowing anything about the nature of the relations of these parties to each other they seemed to act as husband and wife might, but no one testifies to their addressing each other as husband or wife, or in any way definitely indicating that relation. Boyington called Miss Pond, “Electa,” and she called him “John” or “Boyington.” On two occasions, 'explaining to strangers the presence of Miss Pond in the- house, he said “this is my woman,” and the stranger in each instance, inferring the words to indicate that they were husband and wife, addressed her as Mrs. Boyington without protest on her part. But she was not thus addressed by neighbors and business people who were familiar with the situation. When addressed as Miss Pond, she never made any effort to deny the imputation that she was not married. Not long before her death, Boyington spoke of her to a woman who came to help about the house as “Miss Electa Pond,” and that woman raised a question as to their relations without receiving any assurance that they considered themselves to be husband and wife. Another witness testified that as a-lawyer he was consulted by the parties jointly, not long before the death of decedent, as to a proposed disposition of their property by which the survivor should have all; but on this occasion Boyington introduced the woman to this [*473] witness as Miss Pond. We find no evidence that he ever introduced her as Mrs. Boyington or as his wife. Witnesses were interrogated as to whether these parties used terms of endearment to each other, or terms indicating relationship such as husband and wife would be likely to use, but no such fact was developed, save in one instance of a neighbor who testified that Boyington came to his house when intoxicated, having lost his way, and, when the witness took him home, Miss Pond met them with the exclamation, “John, you are drunk again,” to which Boyington replied, “Now, dear Electa, I will never do it again.” This witness testifies that he had been at their house frequently, and neither of them ever in his presence addressed the other as husband or wife, and that, although he himself sometimes addressed her as Mrs. Boyington and sometimes as Miss Pond, Boyington himself never addressed her as Mrs. Boyington. It is also significant that when Boyington’s daughter by a former marriage, whom he had abandoned in Illinois twenty years before, when she was but seven years of age, her mother being then deceased, came to visit her father, and found him living with Miss Pond in ambiguous relations, Miss Pond said they were not married, and explained that “on account of the land” they had never been married, though they had been living as man and wife, sharing equally in the profits of the place. Just how far the testimony of this witness on cross-examination as to declarations of Miss Pond was competent we need not determine. We regard it as significant that this witness for appellant, though testifying on direct examination that Miss Pond negatived any marriage, did not speak of any mutual recognition of an existing marital relation.

3' ’ In the matter of repute there was a divided opinion in the community. It seems to have been generally assumed that there had never been any regular marriage. Some people thought that they were living in illicit relations. It was generally conceded by the [*474] witnesses that the circumstances under which they wére living were suspicious, and were so regarded by all who knew them. As already indicated, reputation is important only as bearing upon the intention o'f the parties in living together, Cross v. Cross, 55 Mich. 280 (21 N. W. 309), and a divided reputation has no probative force. Eldred v. Eldred, 97 Va. 607 (34 S. E. 477; Taylor v. Taylor, 10 Colo. App. 303 (50 Pac. 1049); Jackson v. Jackson, 80 Md. 176 (30 Atl. 752); Williams v. Herrick, 21 R. I. 401 (43 Atl. 1036, 79 Am. St. Rep. 809); McKenna v. McKenna, 180 Ill. 577.(54 N. E. 641).

It is contended for appellant that the division in general repute as to the relations of these parties was duo to a mislmderstanding as to what was meant by marriage; those who thought that the parties were not married believing that a ceremonial marriage was necessary. But the record does not adequately sustain this contention. It appears without substantial controversy that there was a well-founded belief in the community that these parties were living together in illicit relations; that is, although cohabiting, they were not husband and wife.

The term “cohabiting as husband and wife” is ambiguous. It may mean cohabitation under the assumption of the relation of husband and wife, or it may as well mean, without regard to any such actual relation, in the manner of cohabitation as between husband and wife. As already indicated, the fact of cohabition alone, no matter how continuous, is not sufficient in itself to give rise to the presumption of marriage. There is an attempt, also, to explain the failure to enter into a formal marriage by reference to the fact that Miss Pond could not, as she was advised, perfect her homestead claim in her own name or otherwise if she became a married woman before obtaining complete title to the land. In other, words, it is the contention of the appellant that, while marriage in fact existed between him and Miss Pond while she occupied the [*475] land as a homesteader, she concealed that fact, and falsely testified in the proceedings before the Land Department in order to perfect her claim.. This theory would be more plausible if, after she obtained title to the land, five years subsequently to the recognition of her right as homesteader by the Land Department, she had asserted to the whole world in some unmistakable manner that she was the wife of Boyington in pursuance of a prior marriage, though clandestine, or had then entered into a formal marriage with him. In view of the doubt which she must have known to exist in the community with reference to her relations with Boyington, arising, if in no other manner, from her knowledge of the fact that, though living continuously with him in the same house, she was using her maiden name, we think it would have been in accordance with the promptings of a woman’s instinct to either declare in' some public way, by the subsequent use of her married name in business instruments, if not otherwise, that she was in fact Boyington’s wife, if. that was the fact, or to make that fact clear by a formal marriage, to which there was no impediment whatever. No excuse is suggested for the failure on the part of these parties to make clear their marital relations,'if any such existed; on the contrary, for five or six years after every reason for concealment had ceased, they continued as before their, ambiguous relationship.

The purpose and intention of Boyington in his relations with Miss Pond were of the greatest importance as bearing on the fact of a marriage. No doubt as a witness he would have been incompetent to testify to any transactions or communications with the deceased amounting to a mutual agreement to marry, but he was not incompetent to testify as to his own purposes and intentions and the circumstances under which their cohabitation was begun and continued, yet as a witness he failed to give any explanation whatever of their ambiguous relations. He tes [*476] tilled as to Ms going to live on the land in 1893, and to living alone there with Miss Pond in 1894, and continuously thereafter until her death; to his managing the farm and contracting in regard to the improvements thereon; to going with Miss Pond in a single wagon to South Dakota where she owned land; to the absence of any legal impediment to a marriage between them; to the value of his services in such management, and to his personal care of her in the sickness which preceded her death; but he nowhere testifies that he lived on the place with the assumption or in the belief that he was the husband of Miss Pond, or that he held her out publicly as his wife, or that she was generally regarded as his wife by the community, and he nowhere testifies that either at the beginning or during the continuance of his relations with her was there any assumption on his part of marriage. He does testify that with Miss Pond he consulted lawyers as to the effect which marriage would have on the validity of her homestead claim, and that while riding with another witness on the return from South Dakota he and Miss Pond talked about getting married, and in this he is corroborated by such other witness; but he gives no explanation of the failure to carry out this intention. The same witness testifies that on another occasion on a train they spoke of an intention to get married.

4. Same: cohabitation. But it is well settled that, where cohabitation is in its beginning illicit, affirmative proof of a subsequent present intention to change that relation into the legitimate relations of husband and wife is essential to establish a marriage. Henry v. Taylor, 16 S. D. 424 (93 N. W. 641); Terry v. White, 58 Minn. 268 (59 N. W. 1013); Grimm’s Appeal, 131 Pa. 199 (18 Atl. 1061, 6 L. R. A. 717, 17 Am. St. Rep. 796); Weidenhoft v. Primm, 16 Wyo. 340 (94 Pac. 453).

To our minds the evidence introduced in behalf of the appellant, disregarding entirely the evidence offered for [*477] the appellee, falls far short of affording a satisfactory basis from which to infer that there was at any time a present intention on the part of Boyington and Miss Pond to assume toward each other the relations of husband and wife, and we reach the conclusion, therefore, that the finding of the trial court that no such relation existed was correct.

The decree is, therefore, — Affirmed.