delivered .the opinion of the Court as follows:

This cause depends on the lalul law of Virginia, whicb is .also the land law of Kentucky, that state having formed a part of Virginia when the act was passed in which the titles of both Plaintiff and Delendant originated. Both parties claim the land in controversy by virtue of improvements made previous to •the first day of'January, 1778, which improvements were recognized by the act generally termed “ the previous title law,” and gave the persons malting them pre-emption of one thousand acres of land, to include the improvement, on paving therefor the price at whidh the state sold its vacant lands, “ provided they respec- “ tively demand am! prove their right to such pre-emp- “ tión before the commissioners for the county to be ap- « pointed by virtue of this act, within .eight months.” *

In the year 1781 an act passed which, after reciting that, by the discontinuance of the commissioners in the district of Kentucky, many good people of the commonwealth were prevented from pioving their rights of settlement and pre-emption, in due time, owing to their being engaged in the public service of this country, on-acts that the county Courts in which such laiids may lie bo empowered and required to hear and determine such disputes, and that the register of the land office be empowered and directed to grant titles on the deter-initiations of such Courts, in the samé manner as if the commissioners liad determined the same.

It appears that,.in the year 1773, John Finley, the Plaintiff in the cause, marked and improved the land in controversy. He entered into the continental in the year 1776, and continued therein throughout the war. His claim was not made-before the commissioners, but was made to the Court of the county in which the hinds-lie, by which Court his claim was allowed, and the following certificate was granted: “'At a Court «held for the county of Fayette, March 12th, 1782, «‘application and satisfactory ‘ proof being made, this « Court doth- certify that John Finley is entitled to the [*166] « pre-emption of 1000 acres of land, situate -the on main. “ branch of Licking Creek, to include an improvement “made iti the year 1773. by said Finl-y, and tó be “ bounded by a survey made, at the time; for him, which “ includes the Upper Blue Lick, by virtue of such mark“ingout and improving, and his being, in pu'vhc ser- « vice when the commissioners sat in the district, and “ thereby prevented applying for the saíne.”

A pre-emption warrant was obtained, and, on the 14th day.of November, m the year 1783, an entry was made with the proper surveyor in the following words: « John Finley enters 1000 acres of land on a pre-empt£ tion warrant, No. 2526, on Licking, to include the « Upper Blue Lick, and bounded on three sides by the «line, bf an old survey made in the year 1773, begin«ñíng,” &c. Tñis entry was surveyed, and a patent issued thereon,

William Lynn, under whom the Defendants claim, made an ¡nfprovement on the same ground, in the year 1775, and laid his claim before the commissioners, who allowed the same, and granted, a certificate therefor, dated the 20th day of November, in the year 1770, in the following words: « William Lynn this day claitiv'd « a pre-emption of one thousand acres' of land at the “ state price, lying on the south side of Licking Creek, « known by the name of the Big,Bluc Lick, to. include « the said lick, lying in a short bent of the said creek, « by improving the same in the year 1775, &c;” On the 22d of June, 1780, Lynn, having obtained a preemption warrant, entered the same with, the proper surveyor, in these words: « William Lj nn, James Bar-«hour and John 'Williams’ enter 1000 acres _of land «upon a pre-emption warrant, beginning a quarter <f « a mile below the Big Blue Lick on Licking, oh the « south side thereof, running on both sides of the said «creek, and east an.d.south,for quantity.” This entry -was so surveyed as to include the lands in dispute, arid a patent was obtained thereon of an eaiTu-r date than that of Finley. Upon this patent an ejectment was hrought; and judgment obtained by Lynn, Barbour and Wilbams. Finley has brought this, suit to compel a conveyance of that part, of the land held by Lynn and others, which is included in his patent. On a hearing, [*167] it was the opinion of, the .Circuit. Court' that Lynn a*wl others held the better title; in conformity with which a decree was mkde. From that decree Findley has pealed to this Court.

The peculiar state of titles to, land in Kentucky, a senior patent being, in many cases, issued on a junior title, and it being a rqle in their Courts of law riot to look beyond the patent, have settled the principle, that Courts of equity will sustain a bill brought for the purpose of establishing the prior title by entry* and of obtaining a conveyance from the person holding under a senior patent issued on a junior entry. The Courts n the United States have conformed to this practice, and adopted the principle.

. It is also settled in Kentucky that, between pre-emption rights; the prior improvement will hold the larid, although .the certificate of the commissioners, the entry,' the survey and the patent, be.all posterior, in point of time, to those obtained by the person who has made an improvement of a later date.

It Follows, from thebe established principles, that FinJey must prevail, unless he has lost the right acquired in consequence of his improvement.

The Circuit judge was of opinion that this right was lost by the form of Ills entry with the surveyor. Not having, in that entry', called, in terms, for . his improvement, that judge was of opinion that, although his entry does, in fact, comprehend his improvement, yet he has surrendered the preference which his preemption warrant gave-him, and sunk his claim to the level of a common treasury warrant. This Court can perceive no reason for that opinion. The law requires'that the entry shall, -in fact, include the improvement, but does not make it essential. to the ^.dignity. of the entry that the' improvement shall, in terms, be called for. The certificate expressly states that the land granted is to include the improvement; and the entry, which is made with remarkable precision, conforms exactlyto the certificate in the description of the land intended tó be taken.

[*168] Rut it is contended by the Defendant til at, whatever may be the opinion of the Court on this point, Finley’s title as to a pre-emption, must'yield to that of Lynfl, in consequence pf his having omitted to assert his claim the Court of commissioners. The legislature could not, it is said, after permitting, the time for making this claim to expire, revive it td the prejudice of any other person who had acquired titWto the land» 'It is added that the decisions in Kentucky have beei.' adverse to cities to pre-emptions depending on certificates' granted by the county Courts, in cases where they come into competition with titles gained before the grant- of such certificates.

This Court would not willingly depart from the state decisions, if they have set! led the principle the one'way or the oilier; and would, therefore, have deferred the determination .of this cause until more certain information could he obtained, had it rested solely on the validity of the Plaintiff’s title as founded pm a pre-emption/ But, on an inspection of the record, I he entry of the Defendants is deemed so radically defective as necessarily to "yield to the title of the Plaintiff, .should his warrant even he reduced to the grade of a treasury warrant.

The law requires that the holder of a land warrant “ shall direct the location thereof so specially and pre- « cise-Iy as that others may be enabled with certainty to ‘«locate other warrants o.rrthe adjacent, residuum.”

Such has' been the difficulty of making special loca • tioirs, that much of the precision which the law would seem to require, has been dispensed wifh ; but a reasonable and practicable certainly has always been deemed necessary; and wherever the material and principal call of a location has been calculated, instead of informing, <o misguide subsequent locators,! the location itself has been brought into hazard, and it has often been determined that the survey was made on other land than that which the entry covered.

In examining these questions. the Courts of Kentucky have universally and properly determined that all subordinate calls in an entry must yield to a principal [*169] call to which they may be repugnant, if a great and prominate object, immoveable and durable in itself, and of general notoriety, be called for in a location, that object must fix and locate the entry, although other minor and temporary objects, to he discovered only by a strict and successful search, might prove that the locator really intended to take other land.

In the entry of Lynn and others there is such a principal call. The Big Blue Lick is perhaps an object, of as universal notoriety as any in Kuitmky, But there are two. Blue Licks on the same creek, and both of them are large licks. In such a case, the locator would certainly be at liberty, and it would be his duty to designate the lick he intended to. take for if his entry would apply to the one as' well as to the other, it would be justly ( hargeable with a vagueness which would leave, subsequent locators unable to locate with certainty the adjacent residuum. This entry has, in its terms, designated the lick intended to be included. It is “ the Big Blue Lick.” The entry' does not call for a Big Blue Lick, but for the Big Biue Lick, thereby excluding any other lick than that which was emphatically denominated the Big Elite Lick-.

We are then to ask which of these licks a man in Kentucky, holding a warrant which he intended to locate, would suppose was the- Big Blue Lick.

Upon this subject the, testimony is not .doubtful. ' It is in full proof that, at the time the entry of the Defendants was made, and for some years before, the Lower Blue Licks were generally called the Big Blue Licks $ and that where the Defendants have surveyed ’ was known by the name of the Upper Blue Licks. They, were sometimes, though rarely, distinguished from e.ach other as the Upper Big Biue Licks and the Lower Big Blue Licks; sometimes as the Upper and thé Lower Blue Licks; but the term the Big Blue Licks, when used without the word “ upper” or “lower,” was universally understood to designate the Lower Blue Lieks„

The company which > e this location in 1775, had not discovered the Low., flue'Licks, and therefore denominated the spring which th<" did discover, «the [*170] Big Blue Lickbut the name originated and expired with themselves. It was never adopted by. the people of the country. It is probalde tliat Lynn did contemplate the Upper Blue Licks wiien he made his entry; but between conflicting entries a mistake of this kind is fatal to the person who commits it. In the case of Tayior and Hughes it was impossible not to perceive that Taylor intended one creek when he named, another, 5 but subsequent locators could judge of his intention only from the words of his entry.

But it ,is contended that there are other explanatory calls in the entry, which cure the defect which has been stated, and designate, with sufficient certainly, that the Upper Blue Lick was intended to he included in the entry.

The entry is said to require a lick on the south side of Licking; and tiie sprrhg which issues at the Upper Blue Lick is on the south side. The words are; “ Be«ginning one quarter of a mile below the Big Biue « Lick,on Licking, on the south side thereof;” The locator intends ,to describe his beginning; and these words are to-be construed with reference to that intention. Bo the words, “ on Licking,” describe the place of beginning, or the location of the Big Blue Lick? The latter was unnecessary, because there was no Big Blue Lick except on Licking; and because, were the fact otherwise, the lick would be ascertained by calling for a beginning a quarter of a mile.below it on Licking; But the beginning might be a quarter, of a mile below the lick, and yet not on the creek. The beginning would be, in some degree, uncertain, unless it be fixed (by those words. The entry is understood as if it were expressed thus: “ Beginning on Licking, on the south sid'1 thereof, a quarter of a mile below' the Big Bliie Lick.” If reference he had to the certificate granted by the commissioners, that places the land, notithe lick, on the south side of the creek.

A cabin and a marked tree in a country full of cabins and marked trees, cannot control a call made for an object of such general notoriety as the Big Blue: Lick. A subsequent locator would look for them only at the Big Blue Lick- '

[*171] It is the opinion of this Court thaf tlie decree of the Circuit Court be reversed and annulled, and t.liat the Defendants be-.decreed to convey to the Plaintiff so much of the land comprehended within this grant as appears by the survey made in tins cause to. lie within the bounds of the grant made 1o the Complainant, *