I have considered the several objections that have been made tp the right of the plaintiff to continue this action. It is proper that these questions should be determined at the outset, and if it is clearly apparent at the very outset of the case that the plaintiff has no right to maintain his action, it should be so determined and' the proceedings stopped.

First, as to the stock which the plaintiff owns, namely 45 shares of no par value common stock of the United States Shoe Company as evidenced by certificate No. 2100, dated January 14, 1924. In the opinion of the court, the evidence shows that the plaintiff is. the real party in interest insofar [*367] as the ten units of United States Shoe Company are concerned, evidenced by his receipt from W. E. Hutton & Co., dated March 22, 1923, for which he paid $1,870, and as the real-party in interest, insofar as such units are concerned, is entitled to enforce whatever rights may inhere in the units purchased by him from the date of his purchase, namely, March 22, 1923.

It is conceded in the answers of practically all of the defendants that the plaintiff is a stockholder of the United States Shoe Company. So at this stage of the case there is no question that the plaintiff is at the present time a stockholder, and at this stage of the ease there is sufficient, evidence to warrant the court in reaching the opinion that he is, and has been ever since March 22, 1923, the real party in interest insofar as his purchase on that date is concerned.

There is some claim made that because the interim certificate was taken for the purpose of security in the name of Mr. Hoffman, from whom plaintiff borrowed the money to purchase same, that Hoffman rather than Santen was the original stockholder. Mr. Hoffman is not making any such claim. So far as the evidence now appears, he merely held the certificate as security for the loan. The plaintiff upon repaying the money would be entitled to the certificate and to have it transferred upon the boobs. The situation in its legal sense is not materially different than if the stock had been originally taken by direction of the plaintiff in the plaintiff’s own name and endorsed by him for the purpose of security to Hoffman. However, that may be, the query may be raised, as to whether, even if Hoffman was originally the legal owner of the stock (Hoffman being innocent in so far as the evidence now shows, and the plaintiff holding directly from an innocent transferor) whether Santen would have a right to maintain this action. That question, under the Equity Eules, would be answered in the negative, but the equity rules of the United States courts are matters of practice in those courts. The Federal ruM does not prevail in the great majority of states, and perhaps the clearest enunciation to the contrary is contained in Pollitz v. Gould, 202 N. Y., 11, of which the syllabus reads:

“A stockholder may, in the absence of special circumstances, maintain an action- on behalf of the corporation for the [*368] benefit of himself and all other stockholders, • to set aside an improper transaction consummated at the expense of the corporation, such as the exchange of capital stock for that of another corporation, although it was completed before he acquired his.stock.”

The opinion is concurred in by the entire Court of Appeals-of New York, and is addressed to that single question and considers the conflicting authorities and reaches the conclusion expressed in the syllabus for the reason that it is supported by the weight of authority outside of the Federal'' courts and accords with the better reasoning.

Having thus reached the conclusion that at this stage of the case there is sufficient evidence to warrant us in finding thepdaintiff a stockholder entitled to enforce such rights as adhere in his purchase, the next question is; what are those rights?

It is suggested that there is no right in this case because there has been no demand made' upon the board of directors cf the United States Shoe Company. However, taking the petition by its four corners, it must be self-evident that it would be a vain thing to ask the board of directors of the company, as it was constituted at. the-time that. this., action-was filed, to bring such an action as the plaintiff has brought in this case. It is contrary to reason to believe that they would do so. If that conclusion may be reached by reading the petition, the plaintiff must be afforded an opportunity to prove the allegations of his petition; therefore it would be premature to hold, before he has had an opportunity to offer any evidence, that he can not prove his allegation, and that it would not' have been futile. Furthermore, there is other evidence here which would indicate that the corporation would not have acceded to any request to bring such a suit as this; the answer filed by the defendant (U. S. Shoe Có.) ; the fact that the defendant and its co-defendant, the AY. E. Hutton Co. are represented by the same counsel, although their’ interests aré, according to this stockholder’s claim, in a degree adverse; the fact that the answer of the United States Shoe Company is joined with' the answer of the Holters Company,' the Krohn-Fechheimer Company and the Robert Wisé Company; the fact that no such action has been.brought.in the considerable time that- has- intervened, all point -to -the- -ability- of- the.' [*369] plaintiff to establish his claim that it would have been futile to have requested such an action.

It is next suggested that the plaintiff is without any right-to maintain this action because his stock was purchased through one of the original members of the syndicate and that the syndicate participated and acquiesced in all of the acts com plained of, and since the stockholder can rise no higher than his imihediate transferor, and his immediate transferor is without rights, the stockholder is clearly estopped from complaining. There is no question about the fact that the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the Old Dominion case, 210 U. S., 206, is an authority which in many particulars tends to support this claim. It is also true that there are many facts in this case which, if proved, tend to take it without the rule approved by the Supreme Court of the United States. It should also be noted that the highest court in the state of Massachusetts in another branch of the same case, reached a directly opposite conclusion and that its' finding that tlie stockholder could maintain an action and its judgment against one of the promoters was ultimately affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States upon the federal point involved.

It has been stated that there is no controlling authority in Ohio, so that this court would be free to follow either the rule announced by the highest court of Massachusetts or the rule announced by the highest court of the United States, if the facts in this case ultimately come within the con* fines of that decision. However, there are apparent at- the outset some facts which tend to distinguish the present case from the Old Dominion case. In the Old Dominion case the money of the innocent subscribers, the public, was subscribed and paid after the stock had been issued to the parties concerned in the alleged wrongs. In the present case it would appear at this stage that the money of the public was actually subscribed and paid prior to the consummation of the wrongs complained of. For example, it appears at this preliminary stage that the plaintiff paid $1,870 for ten units: of stock in the United States Shoe Co., on March 29, 1923,. and that was a considerable period prior to the time when -the stock was issued. It would also appear that all of the parties, including 'the so-called- vender's,' promoters and-the- so-ieulled [*370] syndicate, understood that the stock for which the plaintiff paid, was a part of the stock to the extent of something in excess of two million dollars that was to be sold to the public in order to derive the very money with which to purchase the properties of the so-called vendors. In other words, the money that was to be. used to complete these proposals was first to be obtained from the public within the contemplation of the parties and was in fact obtained from the public before the transactions were completed. Now that appears in the letter of the president of the United States Shoe Company, dated March 17, 1923, in which he -says that: “of the total amount of preferred and common stock outstanding, nearly one half of the preferred and nearly two-thirds of the common have been taken by the stockholders and officers of the old companies at the present offering price to the public.” That letter was written before any purchase had been completed or before any stock had been issued.

The circular signed by W. E. Hutton & Co. is headed. “The United States Shoe Co. to be offered for public subscription.” That circular was issued and subscriptions were received before either the properties of the defendant vendors had been bought or before the stock had been issued. Again in the original option contracts in a number of places, in which the contemplated corporation and the modus operandi by which it is to be consummated is set up and described; and which is dated March 12, 1923, the fact that stock is to be sold to the public is frequently referred to. For example, Exhibit A, Schedule 11, which described the so-called set-up of-the United States ’Shoe Manufacturing Co., says: “To be issued to the vendors in part payment for plants1 and properties to be acquired, 9,698 shares preferred, 92,503 shares no par value common” and then underlined in the original, “To be sold to public for cash, 11,802 shares preferred, 53,997 shares no par value common.” There are other references in this exhibit which tend to prove that all of the parties intended to derive the money with which to complete the purchase price of the five vendor, companies, from a public. purchase of securities of the company to be sold by a syndicate, and that they in fact sold these securities and in fact, secured, the money, before they, made the purchase, or issued,-..the.' securities,-, and in that-respect the ease is totally [*371] different from the Old Dominion case where the public’s money came in after and not before. This case is more nearly like that of Davis v. Las Ovas Co., Inc., in 227 U. S., page 80. In that case the opinion is by Judge Lurton, one of the ablest judges of our own Court of Appeals and later of the Supreme Court of the . United States and incidentally approves the opinion of his former colleague, Judge Severens, also a most able jurist, in Yeiser v. U. S. Paper Co., 107 Fed. Rep., 310. The Supreme Court of the United States is unanimous in that case; it is a later decision than the Old Dominion case and some of the language so clearly answers the arguments that- were made by counsel here yesterday that I may be pardoned if I read part of it. They distinguish the Old Dominion case by saying that there the entire transaction was between the members of the syndicate and there could be no innocent parties, but here, prior to the consummation there were either innocent incorporators or stockholders and “some of those, if not all, interested by appellants in the property and in the purchase for a proposed consideration were ignorant of the real price which théy were.to pay for it, and were not, therefore, in complicity with their scheme to make a secret profit. These innocent members of the syndicate became stock subscribers and directors of the company, as did appellants. The buyers and sellers were not the same.” “Those of the syndicate assuming to act for the corporation in acquiring the property were under obligation to disclose the truth and deal openly. In the absence of such disclosure the corporate assent was obtained on false grounds. The wrong was done when those members of the syndicate not in complicity with appellants subscribed to the stock of the' company and aided their guilty associate managers in the corporate action necessary to the corporate acquisition of the property at the exaggerated price placed upon it by those who were to realize a secret profit. Thus, the original fraud practiced upon some of those associated with them in the promoters’ arrangement became' operative against the corporation itself. The standing of the corporation” — that is its standing in court — “results from the fact that there were innocent and deceived members of the. corporation when, the property was taken over by it.”. And here there were cer: [*372] tainly in equity innocent stockholders to the extent of over a million dollars ’ worth of stock who had paid their money before these properties were taken over by the United States Shoe Company.

“Neither is. the corporate right of action defeated by the fact that the recovery will inure to the guilty” — this is the Supreme Court’s answer to defendant’s argument. — -“as well as to the innocent, nor is the fact that all of the parties who may have shared in the secret profits are not sued fatal to the case.” This is the answer of the Supreme Court of the United States to the defendant’s plea in abatement. “The corporation may well sue either one or all of those who received secret profits. There is no want of necessary parties because all are not here sued. The distinction between a case in which all of the owners of the property and all of the members of the buying corporation are the same persons and participate in the profits realized, and the case here presented is fully recognized in Old Dominion Copper Co./’ etc: “There was no error in cancelling the shares issued to the plaintiffs in error for promotion of the corporation. They and the other members of the syndicate received these shares upon the assumption that they had in good faith served the corporation in the procurement of the property. Obviously appellants were serving themselves ,to the detriment of the corporation and innocent subscribers to its stock. In such a situation the corporation may recover the shares.”

It hardly seems to me that any other authority is necessary but I must admit for the benefit of whatever course later arguments may take, that I am considerably impressed with the reasoning of Justice Rugg in deciding the Old Dominion case in Massachusetts, and particularly with the distinction that he draws between a ease where the members of the syndicate and'the sellers intend to remain the sole owners of the stock which they take from the company, and where they deliberately intend from the very outset to sell that particular stock to the public without any disclosure. He says for example: “In this respect the question is one"of intention of the promoters. If they actually intend at • the time the company is brought out to' remain :i'ts 'sole 'owner's,' and that' it" shall not receive, the money of -'innocent'' shar-ehiMv [*373] ers in tlie future, then, although thereafter the exigencies of the company may be such as to require the issue of additional stock, they may not be responsible.” And in distinguishing In re British Seamless Paper Box case, 17 Ch. D., 467, he says: “If shortly after this transaction a prospectus had been issued, and the public had been invited to come in and take shares, no court would have listened to directors who said that it was not intended to take in fresh members; but this was commenced and carried on entirely as a private company,” etc. And then he concludes: “This review of decisions seems to establish abundantly the proposition that promoters stand in a fiduciary position toward the corporation, as well when, as a part of the scheme of promotion, uninformed stockholders are expected to come in after the wrong has been perpetrated, as when at that time there are shareholders to whom no disclosure is made.

I will not read at greater length although'there is a great deal of authority, particularly a case in the House of Lords of Englands Erlanger v. New Sombrero Phosphate Co., 3 App. Cas., 1218, s. c. 5 Ch. D., 73-102, that strongly supports those views. Therefore, at this preliminary stage I will hold that the plaintiff may proceed with his effort to establish his case which is all that I am expected to hold at this time. I am not holding that he has established his right; I am not holding that he has proved in any particular anything that he alleges. I am holding that he has so far introduced sufficient evidence to- warrant the court in allowing him to proceed.

Note. — After the above opinion and during the progress of the trial, an agreement of settlement was reached and presented in open court. In approving this settlement, the court said:

This settlement speaks for itself. No extended comment seems necessary.

The settlement is approved by the court as the best practicable solution of the present situation. It represents the agreement of all parties and all interests. The alternative is the continuance of protracted litigation with possibly disastrous consequences not only to parties but to innocent inter [*374] ests affected thereby. Happily, this result is avoided. Much as a peaceful end to this litigation is desired, I could not in good conscience approve of a compromise which resulted in any injustice to the rights of innocent investors necessarily involved in the representative and trust character of this action. This settlement is not subject to that objection.

By its terms, the promoters, vendors and directors make restitution to the- U. S. Shoe Company of about four hundred thousand ($400,000) dollars in cash and equivalent, which is approximately twenty (20%) per cent, of the cash received from the public sale of stock in this company and they also return for cancellation, common stock which was issued at a price of about two hundred and thirty-two thousand ($232,000) dollars, being all of the so-called commission shares and pay thirty thousand ($30,000) dollars as plaintiff’s attorney fees and the court costs.

' In addition, the settlement of all litigation and the assurance of peace to the U. S. Shoe Company is of material value in increasing the efficiency and morale of its management, production and sales.

As a whole, this settlement should prove beneficial to the U. S. Shoe Company, its stockholders and employees and indirectly to the shoe industry and business-life of Cincinnati.

The court has fixed the fees of counsel for plaintiff at a figure commensurate with the size of the fund their diligence and professional skill have brought into court and, since this fee is paid by the vendors, promoters and directors, its payment does not impair the fund received by the U. S. Shoe Company.

In conclusion, the court wishes to thank counsel who have co-operated in arriving at this constructive compromise. Al-' though it may have been to the personal profit of the lawyers to keep this litigation going, the settlement affected is a fresh demonstration that the leaders of our Bar are motivated by a desire for professional service rather than mere selfish gain. This co-operation has also resulted in the prompt trial and final disposition of a complicated case which ordinarily takes years to determine — in less than one year from its filing and in less than two months from the commencement of this trial.