Youngblood v. Gwinnett Rockdale Newton Cmty. Serv. Bd., 545 S.E.2d 875 (Ga. 2001). · Go Syfert
Youngblood v. Gwinnett Rockdale Newton Cmty. Serv. Bd., 545 S.E.2d 875 (Ga. 2001). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“to the extent conferring a benefit upon as an intended beneficiary, the sovereign immunity is waived”
225 citation events (225 in the last 25 years) across 8 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Chattanooga-Hamilton County Hospital Authority v. Walker County, Georgia (ca11, 2017-07-13)
Treatment trajectory · 2001 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
2001 2013 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Chattanooga-Hamilton County Hospital Authority v. Walker County, Georgia (2×) also: Cited as authority (quoted)
11th Cir. · 2017 · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence high
to the extent conferring a benefit upon as an intended beneficiary, the sovereign immunity is waived
examined Cited as authority (rule) Guy v. Housing Authority of the City of Augusta (4×)
Ga. · 2025 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 716 (1) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001); Miller v. Ga. Ports Auth., 266 Ga. 586, 587-589 ( 470 SE2d 426 ) (1996)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Christina Guy v. the Housing Authority of the City of Augusta
Ga. Ct. App. · 2024 · confidence medium
See Kyle v. Georgia Lottery Corp., 290 Ga. 87, 91 (1) ( 718 SE2d 801 ) (2011) (holding that the Georgia Lottery Corporation was entitled to sovereign immunity as an instrumentality of the State, in part because “its main purpose is to generate net proceeds to be used to support improvements and enhancements for educational purposes and programs”); Youngblood v. Gwinnett Rockdale Newton Community Service Board, 273 Ga. 715, 716 (1) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001) (holding that a community service board was entitled to sovereign immunity as an agency of the State because it was created by the Genera…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Joshua M. v. State
Neb. · 2024 · confidence medium
The Georgia courts considering whether the state has waived its immunity focus on the nature of “the act causing the underlying loss regardless of who committed the act.” Youngblood v. Gwinnett Rockdale, Etc., 273 Ga. 715, 717 , 545 S.E.2d 875, 878 (2001).
examined Cited as authority (rule) KEYRON PASS v. ATHENS HOUSING AUTHORITY A/K/A HOUSING AUTHORITY OF THE CITY OF ATHENS (3×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2023 · confidence medium
This geographic factor appears not, by itself, to be dispositive, as the Supreme Court in Youngblood found that community service boards established on a “multi-county level” were “agencies or departments of the State” protected by sovereign immunity. 273 Ga. at 716 (1), 717 (2).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Charles W. Files v. the Housing Authourity of the City of Douglas (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2023 · confidence medium
The locality of this geographic factor appears not, by itself, to be dispositive, as the Supreme Court in Youngblood found that community 15 service boards established on a “multi-county level” were “agencies or departments of the State” protected by sovereign immunity. 273 Ga. at 716 (1), 717 (2).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) STATE OF GEORGIA v. FEDERAL DEFENDER PROGRAM, INC. (2×)
Ga. · 2022 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 718 (4) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001) (holding that, to the extent the written agreements between a state agency and a third party constituted written contracts conferring a benefit upon the appellant as an intended beneficiary, the state agency’s sovereign immunity was waived). 54 13-3-40 (a) (“A consideration is essential to a contract which the law will enforce.”).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) E. LAMAR SEALS, JR. v. DONATA RUSSELL MAJOR
Ga. Ct. App. · 2022 · confidence medium
Russell and Company and shall thereafter be allocated and paid as follows: 1 (Punctuation and citation omitted.) Home Builders Assn. of Savannah v. Chatham County, 276 Ga. 243, 245 (1) ( 577 SE2d 564 ) (2003), quoting Youngblood v. Gwinnett Rockdale &c., 273 Ga. 715, 717 (4) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001) and Lau’s Corp. v. Haskins, 261 Ga. 491 ( 405 SE2d 474 ) (1991). 2 1.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Jessica Alred v. Georgia Public Defender Council
Ga. Ct. App. · 2022 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 716 (2) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001); see GA.
examined Cited as authority (rule) PHILLIP BEASLEY v. GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS (4×) also: Cited "see"
Ga. Ct. App. · 2021 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 716 (2) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001); see GA.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Alterman Properties LLC v. Sunshine Plaza Associates Ltd
Ga. Ct. App. · 2021 · confidence medium
Thereafter, the then owners of the properties shown on [the attached plat] from time 1 See Home Builders Assn. of Savannah v. Chatham County, 276 Ga. 243, 245 (1) ( 577 SE2d 564 ) (2003) (“On appeal from the grant of summary judgment[, the appeals court] conducts a de novo review of the evidence to determine whether there is a genuine issue of material fact and whether the undisputed facts, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, warrant judgment as a matter of law.”), quoting Youngblood v. Gwinnett Rockdale &c., 273 Ga. 715, 717 (4) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001). 2 to time sh…
cited Cited as authority (rule) Gilmore v. Georgia Department of Corrections
S.D. Ga. · 2020 · confidence medium
Bd., 545 S.E.2d 875, 878 (Ga. 2001).
cited Cited as authority (rule) GHIDEN v. GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS
M.D. Ga. · 2019 · confidence medium
Bd., 545 S.E.2d 875, 878 (Ga. 2001)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) GEIGER v. GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS
M.D. Ga. · 2019 · confidence medium
Bd., 545 S.E.2d 875, 878 (Ga. 2001)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) POWELL v. GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS
M.D. Ga. · 2019 · confidence medium
Bd., 545 S.E.2d 875, 878 (Ga. 2001)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) ROBERSON v. GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS
M.D. Ga. · 2019 · confidence medium
Bd., 545 S.E.2d 875, 878 (Ga. 2001)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) DOTSON v. GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS
M.D. Ga. · 2019 · confidence medium
Bd., 545 S.E.2d 875, 878 (Ga. 2001)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) MOSS v. GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS
M.D. Ga. · 2019 · confidence medium
Bd., 545 S.E.2d 875, 878 (Ga. 2001)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) FAISON v. GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS
M.D. Ga. · 2019 · confidence medium
Bd., 545 S.E.2d 875, 878 (Ga. 2001)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) TRAMMELL v. GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS
M.D. Ga. · 2019 · confidence medium
Bd., 545 S.E.2d 875, 878 (Ga. 2001)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Department of Public Safety v. Johnson.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2017 · confidence medium
"The focus ... is not on the duty allegedly breached by the State but on the act causing the underlying loss...." *26 Youngblood v. Gwinnett Rockdale Newton Community Service Bd. , 273 Ga. 715 , 717 (3), 545 S.E.2d 875 2001).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Miller v. Advantage Behavioral Health Systems
M.D. Ga. · 2015 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 716 , 545 S.E.2d 875, 877 (2001).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Dixon v. Georgia Department of PubLic Safety
S.D. Ga. · 2015 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Gá. 715, 545 S.E.2d 875, 878 (2001).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Georgia Orr v. River Edge Community Service Board
Ga. Ct. App. · 2015 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 716 (1) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001) (community service boards are state agencies). 4 See Johnson v. Equicredit Corp., 238 Ga. App. 380, 381 (1) ( 517 SE2d 353 ) (1999); see also Bailey v. Hall, 267 Ga. App. 222, 223, n.1 ( 599 SE2d 226 ) (2004) (“Although, as a matter of judicial economy, we will affirm an order under the ‘right for any reason rule,’ we will generally only do so when the judgment may be sustained upon a legal basis apparent from the record which was fairly presented in the court below.”) (citation omitted).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Amah v. Whitefield Academy, Inc.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2015 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 717 (4) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001) and Lau’s Corp. v. Haskins, 261 Ga. 491 ( 405 SE2d 474 ) (1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Orr v. River Edge Community Service Board
Ga. Ct. App. · 2015 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 716 (1) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001) (community service boards are state agencies).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) George U. Amah v. Whitefield Academy, Inc.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2015 · confidence medium
In two separate orders, the trial court 1 (Punctuation and citation omitted.) Home Builders Assn. of Savannah v. Chatham County, 276 Ga. 243, 245 (1) ( 577 SE2d 564 ) (2003), quoting Youngblood v. Gwinnett Rockdale &c., 273 Ga. 715, 717 (4) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001), Lau’s Corp. v. Haskins, 261 Ga. 491 ( 405 SE2d 474 ) (1991). 2 granted partial summary judgment to the plaintiffs; one order addressed the Academy, and the other order addressed the other neighbors.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Sentinel Offender Services, LLC v. Glover
Ga. · 2014 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 717-718 (4) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001)). 15 A criminal defendant who litigated, or had the full and fair opportunity to litigate, a claim at trial or on direct appeal is normally precluded from raising that same claim in a subsequent civil action against someone acting at the direction of the criminal court.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Cartersville Ranch, LLC v. Dellinger
Ga. · 2014 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 717-718 (4) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Stevenson v. City of Doraville
Ga. · 2013 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 717-718 (4) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001)).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Town of Smyrna, Tennessee v. Municipal Gas Authority of GA (4×) also: Cited "see"
6th Cir. · 2013 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715 , 545 S.E.2d 875, 876-78 (2001); Miller, 470 S.E.2d at 427-28 ).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Shekhawat v. Jones
Ga. · 2013 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 717-718 (4) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Pelham v. Board of Regents of University System (3×) also: Cited "see"
Ga. Ct. App. · 2013 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 717 (3) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001) (“Unlike other subsections within OCGA § 50-21-24, subsection (7) is not limited in application to acts taken by a State officer or employee but covers all losses resulting from the torts enumerated therein.
examined Cited as authority (rule) Jerome Pelham v. Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia (3×) also: Cited "see"
Ga. Ct. App. · 2013 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 717 (3) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001) (“Unlike other subsections within OCGA § 50-21-24, subsection (7) is not limited in application to acts taken by a State officer or employee but covers all losses resulting from the torts enumerated therein.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Pak v. Georgia Department of Behavioral Health & Developmental Disabilities
Ga. Ct. App. · 2012 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 717 (3) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Chin Pak v. Ga Dept. of Behavioral Health (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2012 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 717 (3) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001). 6 Id. at 715 . 7 Id. at 717 (3). 4 her family, and although she continued to refuse medication or seek treatment, Na Yong Pak was discharged from GRH on January 29, 2009.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Kyle v. Georgia Lottery Corp. (2×)
Ga. · 2011 · confidence medium
In Youngblood, supra, 273 Ga. at 716 (1), we considered whether community service boards are State agencies or departments for purposes of sovereign immunity.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Georgia Department of Corrections v. James
Ga. Ct. App. · 2011 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 716 (1) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001) (GTCA is applicable to all state agencies and departments). 5 OCGA § 50-21-22 (7). 6 OCGA § 50-21-22 (5). 7 (“The [DOC] shall administer the state’s correctional institutions and the rehabilitative programs conducted therein.”) 8 (“The [Board of Corrections] shall adopt rules governing the assignment, housing, working, feeding, clothing, treatment, discipline, rehabilitation, training, and hospitalization of all inmates coming under its custody.”) 9 (“All county correctional institutions established by the counties as provided in …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Kyle v. GEORGIA LOTTERY CORP.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2010 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 716 (1) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001) (sovereign immunity bars action against community service board because such immunity extends to State “offices, agencies, authorities, departments, commissions, boards, divisions, instrumentalities, and institutions”) (emphasis supplied); Dollar v. Olmstead, 232 Ga. App. 520, 522 (2) ( 502 SE2d 472 ) (1998) (equitable tort claims against state commissioner barred by sovereign immunity). 2.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Vadde v. Bank of America
Ga. Ct. App. · 2009 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 717-718 (4) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001). 3 In its motion for summary judgment, Bank of America noted that Vadde may have been a victim, knowingly or unknowingly, of a Nigerian check scheme, similar to a 419 advance fee scam (the numbers “419” refer to the section of the Nigerian penal code addressing such fraudulent schemes).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Williams v. Baker County
Ga. Ct. App. · 2009 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 717-718 (4) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001). 4 OCGA § 33-24-41.1 provides, in pertinent part: (a) In any instance where a claim arising out of a motor vehicle accident is covered by two or more insurance carriers, one such carrier may tender, and the claimant may accept, the limits of such policy. . . .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Bickerstaff Imports, Inc. v. Sentry Select Insurance Co.
Ga. Ct. App. · 2009 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 717-718 (4) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001). 4 See Townley v. Patterson, 139 Ga. App. 249 ( 228 SE2d 164 ) (1976) (clause limiting suit against insurer to 12 months from inception of the loss constituted a condition precedent to recovery and was binding against insured).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Riding v. Ellis
Ga. Ct. App. · 2009 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 717-718 (4) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001). 3 The appellees in this appeal were not parties to the settlement agreement. 4 Ellison v. Hill, 288 Ga. App. 415, 418 (2) ( 654 SE2d 158 ) (2007). 5 (Punctuation, footnote and emphasis omitted.) Clover Realty Co. v. Todd, 237 Ga. 821, 822 ( 229 SE2d 649 ) (1976).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) HANSON STAPLE CO., INC. v. Eckelberry
Ga. Ct. App. · 2009 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 717-718 (4) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001). 4 See OCGA § 10-6-1 (“The relation of principal and agent arises wherever one person, expressly or by implication, authorizes another to act for him”). 5 See Nilan’s Alley v. Ginsburg, 208 Ga. App. 145 (1) ( 430 SE2d 368 ) (1993) (employee had fiduciary obligation to employer where he was employer’s agent for soliciting offers to purchase employer’s products). 6 See Instrument Repair Svc. v. Gunby, 238 Ga. App. 138, 140 (1) ( 518 SE2d 161 ) (1999) (once employee resigns, he is no longer former employer’s agent). 7 (Citation an…
cited Cited as authority (rule) Georgia Pines Community Service Board v. Summerlin
Ga. Ct. App. · 2009 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 716 (1) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001). 6 Ga. Const. of 1983, Art.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Southerland v. Georgia Department of Corrections (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
Ga. Ct. App. · 2008 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 717 (3) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001), citing Ga. Military College v. Santamorena, 237 Ga. App. 58, 60 (1) (a) ( 514 SE2d 82 ) (1999); Dept. of Human Resources v. Hutchinson, 217 Ga. App. 70, 71-72 (1) ( 456 SE2d 642 ) (1995) (“assault and battery” exception barred claims against DHR arising from shooting of operator of a contract home by a juvenile delinquent who had been placed there by DHR).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Tootle v. Cartee
Ga. Ct. App. · 2006 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 717 (3) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001). 7 Desmond v. Troncalli Mitsubishi, 243 Ga. App. 71, 75 (3) ( 532 SE2d 463 ) (2000) (footnote omitted). 8 See Davis v. Standifer, supra at 771 (1) (a). 9 See Desmond v. Troncalli Mitsubishi, supra. 10 Davis v. Standifer, supra; Hardin v. Phillips, 249 Ga. App. 541, 544 (1) ( 547 SE2d 565 ) (2001). 11 221 Ga. App. 546 (1) ( 472 SE2d 130 ) (1996). 12 Supra. 13 Notwithstanding the existence of state tort immunity under the GTCA, the state officer or employee may be subject to liability on other theories.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Gray v. Benton
Ga. Ct. App. · 2006 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 717-718 (4) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Summerlin v. Georgia Pines Community Service Board
Ga. Ct. App. · 2006 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 716 (1) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001). 2 George Summerlin had heen involuntarily admitted to Southwestern State Hospital after exhibiting irrational behavior, including threats of harm to others, hallucinations, and manic thoughts and behavior.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Stinchcomb v. Wright
Ga. Ct. App. · 2006 · confidence medium
Bd., 273 Ga. 715, 717-718 (4) ( 545 SE2d 875 ) (2001). (a) In Wright I, this Court reversed the grant of summary judgment to Stinchcomb, finding that there existed material issues of fact on the question of whether Wright breached the parties’ agreement by failing to make a timely tender of the purchase price for the lots in the second phase *138 or whether Stinchcomb breached the agreement by not readying the lots for sale by obtaining the city’s approval of a final plat.
Youngblood
v.
Gwinnett Rockdale Newton Community Service Board
S00A1784.
Supreme Court of Georgia.
Apr 12, 2001.
545 S.E.2d 875
Gambrell & Stolz, Irwin Ik Stolz, Jr., Linda A. Klein, Steven Hall, for appellant., Freeman, Mathis & Gary, Matthew R Stone, Robert W. Stanley, Andrea S. Hirsch, for appellee., Thurbert E. Baker, Attorney General, William C. Joy, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Charles E. Hoffecker, Assistant Attorney General, Owen, Gleaton, Egan, Jones & Sweeney, Timothy J. Sweeney, David C. Will, Gray, Hedrick & Edenfield, Bruce M. Edenfield, amici curiae.
Hunstein, Fletcher, Divisions, Carley.
Cited by 92 opinions  |  Published
1 passage pin-cited by 1 case
Pinpoint authority: bottom 83%
Citer courts: Eleventh Circuit (1)

Lead Opinion

Hunstein, Justice.

In 1995, appellant Margie Youngblood placed her daughter Patricia, who is mentally disabled and unable to care for herself, in a residential home sponsored by appellee, the Gwinnett Rockdale Newton Community Service Board (GRNCSB), a public agency created to govern publicly funded programs for the purpose of providing disability services not provided by other public or private providers. See OCGA § 37-2-6 (a). The GRNCSB contracted with Barbara and Charles Vaughn to care for Patricia. In March 1996, the GRNCSB employees at Patricia’s place of employment noticed she had been injured. Investigation revealed she had been beaten by the Vaughns and she was removed from their home. The Vaughns were subsequently convicted of battery and simple battery.

Margie Youngblood, as guardian of the property of Patricia Youngblood, brought this action against the GRNCSB alleging breach of contract and negligence.[1] The GRNCSB filed a motion for summary judgment which the trial court granted, finding that the GRNCSB is protected by the doctrine of sovereign immunity pursuant to OCGA § 37-2-11.1 (c) (1) and there was no enforceable written contract between Patricia Youngblood and the GRNCSB. Youngblood appeals and for the reasons that follow, we affirm in part and reverse in part.

1. The trial court rejected Youngblood’s constitutional challenge to OCGA § 37-2-11.1 (c) (1) and held that the GRNCSB is protected by sovereign immunity to the same extent as a county. OCGA § 37-2-11.1 (c) (1) provides, in pertinent part:

The community service boards shall be public bodies, but shall not be considered agencies of the state, or any specific county or municipality. Such community service boards are public agencies in their own right and shall have the same immunity as provided for counties.

Youngblood contends that despite the contrary language of OCGA § 37-2-11.1 (c) (1), community service boards are departments or agencies of the State and, therefore, OCGA § 37-2-11.1 (c) (1) unconstitutionally expands the immunity to which the State is entitled under Article I, Section II, Paragraph IX of the Georgia Constitution[*716] of 1983. As a threshold issue, we are thus called upon to determine whether community service boards are State agencies or departments for purposes of sovereign immunity.

Although we have not previously addressed this issue with regard to community service boards, we are guided by our opinion in Miller v. Ga. Ports Authority, 266 Ga. 586 (470 SE2d 426) (1996), in which we interpreted both Article I, Section II, Paragraph IX and the Georgia Tort Claims Act, OCGA § 50-21-20 et seq., to extend sovereign immunity to the State of Georgia, its offices, agencies, authorities, departments, commissions, boards, divisions, instrumentalities, and institutions. See OCGA § 50-21-22 (5), (6). Looking to the legislation creating the Georgia Ports Authority and the public purposes for which it was created, we held in Miller that the Georgia Ports Authority is a State agency entitled to raise the defense of sovereign immunity. Miller, supra at 589.

Applying the Miller analysis, a review of the law creating and defining community service boards clearly establishes that such boards are departments or agencies of the State charged with the public purpose of providing mental health care and services to the disabled citizens of this State. Community service boards were created by the General Assembly as “public agencies” to govern publicly funded programs which provide mental health, mental retardation, substance abuse, and other disability services. OCGA § 37-2-6 (a). See OCGA §§ 37-2-1 (a), (b), 37-2-11 (a). The boards were established on a multi-county level to provide, inter alia, “continuity of care through integration of county, area, regional, and state services and facilities for the disabled.” OCGA § 37-2-1 (c). See OCGA § 37-2-6 (a). Considering the public purpose for which community service boards were created,[2] we find that the GRNCSB is a “state department or agency” entitled to raise the defense of sovereign immunity under Article I, Section II, Paragraph IX of the Georgia Constitution.

2. Under our State constitution, the sovereign immunity of the State may be waived only as provided by the Legislature in a tort claims act or an act of the Legislature which specifically provides that sovereign immunity is waived and the extent of such waiver. Ga.[*717] Const. of 1983, Art. I, Sec. II, Par. IX (d) and (e). See Gilbert v. Richardson, 264 Ga. 744 (3) (452 SE2d 476) (1994). Pursuant to this constitutional mandate, the Legislature enacted the Georgia Tort Claims Act which it chose to make applicable to all State agencies and departments. OCGA § 50-21-22 (5), (6). We have found that community service boards like the GRNCSB created by the Legislature pursuant to OCGA § 37-2-1 et seq. are agencies or departments of the State. See Division 1, supra. Accordingly, the Legislature acted unconstitutionally when it ignored Art. I, Sec. II, Par. IX (e) and the express terms of the Georgia Tort Claims Act by enacting OCGA § 37-2-11.1 (c) (1) so as to denominate these newly-created State agencies or departments as unclassified public entities to be accorded the same immunity as counties.

3. Although not entitled to statutory immunity pursuant to OCGA § 37-2-11.1 (c) (1), as a unit of State government the GRNCSB is entitled to the protection of sovereign immunity to the extent it has not been waived. Art. I, Sec. II, Par. IX (d). Youngblood concedes that the State has not waived its immunity from liability for any damages caused by an assault or battery, see OCGA § 50-21-24 (7), but argues that the assault and battery exception in OCGA § 50-21-24 (7) to the waiver of immunity does not protect the State from liability where the injury is caused by an assault and battery by a third party which results from the negligent performance of a ministerial duty by a State officer or employee.

OCGA § 50-21-24 (7) provides that the State shall have no liability for losses resulting from “[a]ssault, battery, false imprisonment, false arrest, malicious prosecution, abuse of process, libel, slander, or interference with contractual rights.” Unlike other subsections within OCGA § 50-21-24, subsection (7) is not limited in application to acts taken by a State officer or employee but covers all losses resulting from the torts enumerated therein. Compare id. at (1), (2), (3). The focus, therefore, is not on the duty allegedly breached by the State but on the act causing the underlying loss regardless of who committed the act. See Ga. Military College v. Santamorena, 237 Ga. App. 58, 61 (1) (a) (514 SE2d 82) (1999); Dept. of Human Resources v. Hutchinson, 217 Ga. App. 70 (1) (456 SE2d 642) (1995). Because the act causing the underlying loss in this case, the beating of Patricia Youngblood, constitutes a battery, the exception in OCGA § 50-21-24 (7) to the waiver of sovereign immunity applies and the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment to the GRNCSB on Youngblood’s negligence claims.

4. Youngblood contends the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to the GRNCSB on her claim for breach of contract. On appeal from the grant of summary judgment this Court conducts a de novo review of the evidence to determine whether there is a gen[*718] uine issue of material fact and whether the undisputed facts, viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, warrant judgment as a matter of law. Lau’s Corp. v. Haskins, 261 Ga. 491 (405 SE2d 474) (1991); Jackson v. Post Properties, 236 Ga. App. 701 (513 SE2d 259) (1999). Assuming, arguendo, that the documents upon which Youngblood relies could constitute binding agreements with the GRNCSB, we find no evidence of a written contract between the GRNCSB and Patricia Youngblood covering the date on which she received her injuries. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in granting summary judgment to the GRNCSB on Youngblood’s breach of contract claims to the extent she sought to enforce agreements to which she was a party.

Youngblood further claims, however, that as the intended third party beneficiary of written contracts between the GRNCSB and Barbara Vaughn, she has standing to maintain an action against the GRNCSB as if she were a party to the contract. See OCGA § 9-2-20 (b). Viewed in Youngblood’s favor, the record shows that there are at least two written agreements between the GRNCSB and Barbara Vaughn identifying Patricia Youngblood as the resident for whom personal support and residential services would be provided during the relevant time period. To the extent such agreements may constitute written contracts with the GRNCSB conferring a benefit upon Youngblood as an intended beneficiary, the GRNCSB’s sovereign immunity is waived. See Ga. Const, of 1983, Art. I, Sec. II, Par. IX (c). On the record before us, however, it does not appear that the trial court considered Youngblood’s status as a possible third party beneficiary in ruling on the GRNCSB’s motion for summary judgment. Accordingly, we remand to the trial court for consideration of the motion for summary judgment as it relates to Youngblood’s third party beneficiary claim.

Judgment affirmed in part and reversed in part and case remanded.

All the Justices concur, except Fletcher, P. J., who concurs in Divisions 1, 3 and 4 and the judgment and Carley, J., who concurs specially.
1

Youngblood also named as defendants Barbara and Charles Vaughn and Personal Care Solutions, Inc., a corporation operated by the Vaughns. The Vaughns and Personal Care Solutions, Inc. are not parties to this appeal.

2

We further note that the administration of each community service board is governed by other State agencies under State guidelines. Specifically, community service boards are subject to the rules and regulations of the regional mental health planning units which are part of the State Department of Human Resources, OCGA §§ 37-2-4.1 (a), 37-2-6 (h), 37-2-6.1 (b); are required to comply with the policies relating to State personnel administration, OCGA § 37-2-6.1 (b) (7); their employees are subject to the State Merit System rules and regulations in regard to employment and dismissal, OCGA § 37-2-6.2 (a) (2); their property is deemed public property not subject to state or local ad valorem, sales, use or income taxes, OCGA § 37-2-6.1 (d); and the record establishes that they are insured under a policy issued by the Georgia Department of Administrative Services.

Concurrence

Carley, Justice,

concurring specially.

I concur in Divisions 1, 3, 4, and in the judgment. However, I cannot join the holding of Division 2 that OCGA § 37-2-11.1 (c) (1) is unconstitutional. The majority apparently concludes that the waiver of immunity in that statute is not sufficiently specific. To the contrary, the statute specifically provides that community service boards “shall have the same immunity as provided for counties.” OCGA § 37-2-11.1 (c) (1). The immunity of counties and the extent of waiver thereof are specifically set forth by statute, as mandated by the 1991 amendment to the Georgia Constitution of 1983, Art. I, Sec.[*719] II, Par. IX. OCGA § 36-1-4; Woodard v. Laurens County, 265 Ga. 404, 405 (1) (456 SE2d 581) (1995); Gilbert v. Richardson, 264 Ga. 744 (452 SE2d 476) (1994). Less than two years ago, this Court upheld the legislature’s authority to extend to a political subdivision of this state “the same immunity” as a particular county. Henderman v. Walton County Water & Sewerage Authority, 271 Ga. 192, 193 (1) (515 SE2d 617) (1999). See also Athens-Clarke County v. Torres, 246 Ga. App. 215, 217 (2) (540 SE2d 225) (2000). Henderman clearly controls this case and, in my opinion, requires the conclusion that OCGA § 37-2-11.1 (c) (1) is constitutional.

Decided April 12, 2001 Reconsideration denied June 1, 2001. Gambrell & Stolz, Irwin Ik Stolz, Jr., Linda A. Klein, Steven Hall, for appellant. Freeman, Mathis & Gary, Matthew R Stone, Robert W. Stanley, Andrea S. Hirsch, for appellee. Thurbert E. Baker, Attorney General, William C. Joy, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Charles E. Hoffecker, Assistant Attorney General, Owen, Gleaton, Egan, Jones & Sweeney, Timothy J. Sweeney, David C. Will, Gray, Hedrick & Edenfield, Bruce M. Edenfield, amici curiae.