Glover v. State, 678 S.E.2d 476 (Ga. 2009). · Go Syfert
Glover v. State, 678 S.E.2d 476 (Ga. 2009). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
34 citation events (34 in the last 25 years) across 3 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Ivory v. State (ga, 2025-08-12)
Treatment trajectory · 2009 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
2009 2017 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 15 distinct citers.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Ivory v. State
Ga. · 2025 · confidence medium
“Once a determination is made that a statement is nontestimonial in nature, normal rules regarding the admission of hearsay apply.” Glover v. State, 285 Ga. 461, 462 (2) ( 678 SE2d 476 ) (2009) (punctuation and citation omitted); see also Billings, 293 Ga. at 104 .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Tran v. the State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2017 · confidence medium
The trial court then told the jury, “That’s for you to decide.” There was no objection following the court’s response to the jury “[Tranj’s failure to object to the [court’s response], despite having had the opportunity to do so, constitutes a waiver.” (Citations omitted.) Glover v. State, 285 Ga. 461, 463 (3) ( 678 SE2d 476 ) (2009).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Chance Perkins v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2014 · confidence medium
Glover v. State, 285 Ga. 461, 462 (2) ( 678 SE2d 476 ) (2009); Thomas v. State, 284 Ga. 540, 542 (2) ( 668 SE2d 711 ) (2008); Landaverde v. State, 305 Ga. App. 488, 491 (2) ( 699 SE2d 816 ) (2010).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Alston v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2014 · confidence medium
Glover v. State, 285 Ga. 461, 462 (2) ( 678 SE2d 476 ) (2009); Thomas v. State, 284 Ga. 540, 542 (2) ( 668 SE2d 711 ) (2008); Landaverde v. State, 305 Ga. App. 488, 491 (2) ( 699 SE2d 816 ) (2010).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Kelton Alston v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2014 · confidence medium
Glover v. State, 285 Ga. 461, 462 (2) ( 678 SE2d 476 ) (2009); Thomas v. State, 284 Ga. 540, 542 (2) ( 668 SE2d 711 ) (2008); Landaverde v. State, 305 Ga. App. 488, 491 (2) ( 699 SE2d 816 ) (2010).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Johnson v. State
Ga. · 2013 · confidence medium
Davis v. Washington, 547 U. S. 813, 821-822 ( 126 SCt 2266 , 165 LE2d 224) (2006); Glover v. State, 285 Ga. 461, 462 ( 678 SE2d 476 ) (2009). “ ‘Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency.’ ” Thomas v. State, 284 Ga. 540, 543 (2) ( 668 SE2d 711 ) (2008), quoting Davis, supra, 547 U. S. at 822 .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Billings v. State (2×)
Ga. · 2013 · confidence medium
The admission of an out-of-court statement into evidence at a criminal trial comes within the scope of the Confrontation Clause only if the statement was “testimonial.” Glover v. State, 285 Ga. 461, 462 ( 678 SE2d 476 ) (2009); Davis v. Washington, 547 U. S. 813, 821-822 ( 126 SCt 2266 , 165 LE2d 224) (2006).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Landaverde v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2010 · confidence medium
See Jordan v. State, 267 Ga. 442, 443-444 (1) ( 480 SE2d 18 ) (1997); Luallen v. State, 266 Ga. 174, 177-178 (4) ( 465 SE2d 672 ) (1996). 5 See Copeland v. State, 273 Ga. App. 850, 853 (1) (b) ( 616 SE2d 189 ) (2005). 6 541 U. S. 36, 53-54 (III) (B) (124 SC 1354, 158 LE2d 177) (2004). 7 Thomas v. State, 284 Ga. 540, 542 (2) ( 668 SE2d 711 ) (2008). 8 547 U. S. 813 (126 SC 2266, 165 LE2d 224) (2006). 9 Id. at 823 (III) (A). 10 Supra. 11 (Footnote omitted.) Davis, supra at 822 (II). 12 Id. 13 Supra. 14 Id. at 543 (2). 15 (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id., citing Davis, supra at 827, 828 (I…
cited Cited as authority (rule) Sanford v. State
Ga. · 2010 · confidence medium
Glover v. State, 285 Ga. 461, 462 (2) ( 678 SE2d 476 ) (2009).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Works v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2009 · confidence medium
Ellington and Mikell, JJ., concur. *115 Gwendolyn Keyes Fleming, District Attorney, for appellee. 1 Walls v. State, 283 Ga. App. 560, 560-561 (1) ( 642 SE2d 195 ) (2007). 2 Odett v. State, 273 Ga. 353, 353-354 (1) ( 541 SE2d 29 ) (2001). 3 Parnell v. State, 260 Ga. App. 213, 218 (6) ( 581 SE2d 263 ) (2003). 4 See Glover v. State, 285 Ga. 461, 462 (1) ( 678 SE2d 476 ) (2009). 5 See Walls, supra. 6 See Maddox v. State, 218 Ga. App. 320, 321 (1) ( 461 SE2d 286 ) (1995) (a pro se demand for a speedy trial filed by a defendant while he is represented by counsel is a nullity). 7 See Cobb v. State, 2…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Taylor v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2009 · confidence medium
Johnson, P. J., and Ellington, J., concur. 1 (Citations omitted.) Glover v. State, 285 Ga. 461, 464 (5) ( 678 SE2d 476 ) (2009). 2 Lajara v. State, 263 Ga. 438, 440 (3) ( 435 SE2d 600 ) (1993); Pringle v. State, 281 Ga. App. 230, 234 (2) ( 635 SE2d 843 ) (2006). 3 (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Reed v. State, 285 Ga. 64, 66 (6) ( 673 SE2d 246 ) (2009). 4 See Clements v. State, 299 Ga. App. 561 (1) ( 683 SE2d 127 ) (2009) (noting- that crimes involving dishonesty or false statement include, inter alia, “criminal fraud ... or any other offense in the nature of crimen falsi, the commission…
discussed Cited "see" Christina Butler v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2022 · signal: accord · confidence high
See Hughes v. State, 310 Ga. 453, 457 (2) (b) ( 851 SE2d 580 ) (2020) (concluding that, by agreeing with the trial court’s decision to re-read the applicable 11 See Division 4, above, for a discussion of that statute. 25 counts of the indictment in response to a jury question during deliberations, the defendant “affirmatively waived” his right to challenge that decision on appeal); accord Glover v. State, 285 Ga. 461, 463 (3) ( 678 SE2d 476 ) (2009) (the defendant waived appellate review of the trial court’s response to a jury question by failing to object to the response when invited …
discussed Cited "see" Hartzler v. the State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2015 · signal: see · confidence high
We note that, once a determination is made that a statement is nontestimonial for purposes of the Confrontation Clause, the statement is “admissible if it falls under one or more exceptions to the rule against hearsay.” Owens v. State, 329 Ga.App. 455, 458 (1) (b) ( 765 SE2d 653 ) (2014); see Glover v. State, 285 Ga. 461, 462 (2) ( 678 SE2d 476 ) (2009) (“Once a determination is made that a statement is nontestimonial in nature, normal rules regarding the admission of hearsay apply” (punctuation omitted)).
discussed Cited "see" Boatright v. State (2×)
Ga. · 2011 · signal: see · confidence high
See Glover v. State, 285 Ga. 461 (1) ( 678 SE2d 476 ) (2009).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Langley v. State (2×)
Md. · 2011 · signal: compare · confidence medium
Compare, e.g., Commonwealth v. Simon, 456 Mass. 280 , 923 N.E.2d 58, 75 (Mass. 2010) ("[T]he statements in the 911 telephone call in which the victim identified the nature of the emergency and described the shooter were not testimonial ....") and Glover v. State, 678 S.E.2d 476, 478-79 (2009) (holding that statements made in a 9-1-1 call were non-testimonial where "the calls were made while the incident was still ongoing, the perpetrator was at large, and the operator's questions were intended to assist the police in meeting an ongoing emergency") with State v. Koslowski, 166 Wash.2d 409 , 209…
Glover
v.
the State
S09A0508.
Supreme Court of Georgia.
Jun 1, 2009.
678 S.E.2d 476
Phyllis R. Williams, for appellant., Gwendolyn Keyes Fleming, District Attorney, Barbara B. Conroy, Assistant District Attorney, Thurbert E. Baker, Attorney General, Benjamin H. Pierman, Assistant Attorney General, for appellee.
Thompson.
Cited by 16 opinions  |  Published
Thompson, Justice.

Xavier Glover was convicted of malice murder and aggravated assault in connection with the shooting death of Eber Montero-Morales. [1] On appeal, Glover asserts, inter alia, that he was denied effective assistance of trial counsel. For the following reasons, we affirm the judgment of conviction.

Police responded to two 911 calls reporting a shooting at an apartment complex in DeKalb County. The victim, who had been employed as part of a work crew digging ditches at the complex, was found in a ditch between two apartment buildings. He had been killed by a single gunshot to the back fired from a distance of about three feet. An eyewitness observed Glover and a companion [2] approach the victim; saw the victim throw his arms above his head and remain in that position for about five seconds, and then turn and run. The witness then heard a single gunshot. A co-worker of the victim heard a gunshot and then heard the victim exclaim that he had been “hit.” That witness saw evidence of the perpetrator in close proximity to the victim immediately after the shooting. He described that person as an African-American male with shoulder length hair. It was established that the victim left his home that morning with a wallet in his pocket, and that the wallet was missing when the police arrived on the scene.

In a custodial statement to the police, Glover claimed that he was “sitting and chilling” with his companion outside at the apartment complex when he tried to unload his handgun and it accidentally discharged killing the victim who was working in the area. He led the police to a 9 millimeter handgun which he claimed was the weapon he had used. [3] Glover testified in his own defense at trial with a different version of the events. He claimed that he had gone to the[*462] apartment complex to sell his handgun, and as he approached a man who was known to buy guns, Glover “picked up his pace” while at the same time attempting to slide the clip out of the gun; the gun then discharged accidentally striking the victim who happened to be nearby. Glover added that he “took off running,” jumped a fence, and fled from the scene.

1. Construed most strongly in support of the verdicts, the evidence was sufficient for a rational trier of fact to find appellant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of malice murder and aggravated assault. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307 (99 SC 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979). Glover’s testimony and credibility and that of the other witnesses were matters solely within the province of the jury. See Lewis v. State, 283 Ga. 191 (1) (657 SE2d 854) (2008). The jury was authorized to reject Glover’s accident defense and to accept the State’s theory that the victim was held at gunpoint and was intentionally shot in the back as he attempted to flee his assailant.

2. Over Glover’s objection on hearsay grounds, the jury was permitted to hear an audiotape of two 911 calls made by bystanders to report the shooting. On appeal, Glover submits that the statements made to the 911 operator were testimonial in nature and thus subject to the Sixth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause.

Only testimonial statements “cause the declarant to be a ‘witness’ within the meaning of the Confrontation Clause.” Thomas v. State, 284 Ga. 540, 542 (2) (668 SE2d 711) (2008), quoting Davis v. Washington, 547 U. S. 813, 821 (III) (A) (126 SC 2266, 165 LE2d 224) (2006). “ ‘Statements are nontestimonial when made in the course of police interrogation under circumstances objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency.’ ” Thomas, supra at 543 (2). Here the calls were made while the incident was still ongoing, the perpetrator was at large, and the operator’s questions were intended to assist the police in meeting an ongoing emergency. Id. Thus, the statements were nontestimonial and the Confrontation Clause is not implicated.

Once a determination is made that a statement is nontestimo-nial in nature, “normal rules regarding the admission of hearsay apply.” Pitts v. State, 280 Ga. 288 (627 SE2d 17) (2006). Because the calls were placed within a short time after the shooting, and the callers had no opportunity to deliberate about their statements or be influenced by others, the evidence was admissible under the res gestae exception to the hearsay rule. See OCGA § 24-3-3; Thomas, supra at 542 (2); Key v. State, 289 Ga. App. 317 (1) (a) (657 SE2d 273) (2008).

3. Appellant submits that the trial court committed reversible error in responding to a question from the jury.

[*463] No bullets or shell casings were retrieved from the crime scene, and none were introduced into evidence at trial. Shortly after the trial evidence was sent back with the jury during deliberations, the jurors sent a written note to the court, inquiring as follows: “We found two shell casings and four unspent .44 magnum bullets in a brown evidence bag. This evidence was never explained in court. Please explain.” The ballistics material was found inside an evidence bag that contained the victim’s clothing and the clothing was admitted into evidence during the testimony of the State’s firearms expert. The bullets and shell casings were in no way connected to Glover or to the shooting in question. [4] After colloquy with counsel, the court instructed the jury:

Evidence was marked and admitted. . . . [A] 11 evidence comes in the form of sworn testimony from the witness stand and any physical evidence that has been introduced during the course of the proceeding. That exhibit was marked and introduced during the course of the proceedings and you have that for your consideration.

Although the court invited objections to the instruction, defense counsel offered none. Glover’s failure to object to the instruction, despite having had the opportunity to do so, constitutes a waiver. See Taylor v. State, 296 Ga. App. 212 (7) (674 SE2d 81) (2009) (asserted error in court’s failure to address the jury’s inquiry waived where not objected to at trial); Hardwick v. State, 210 Ga. App. 468 (9) (436 SE2d 676) (1993) (failure to object to court’s procedure in answering jury question amounts to waiver).

4. Citing Anderson v. State, 247 Ga. 397 (2) (276 SE2d 603) (1981), Glover submits that he was denied a fundamentally fair trial because the State failed to properly preserve the evidence which led to the jury finding the unrelated bullets and shell casings. Anderson stands for the proposition that when the State seeks to admit evidence of a fungible nature at trial it must establish with reasonable certainty that the evidence introduced is the same as that seized and that there has been no tampering or substitution. Id. at 399 (2). It is without dispute that the ballistics material discovered in the evidence bag was not introduced in evidence, and Glover does not contend, nor does the record demonstrate, that the error in sending the material to the jury room was attributable to tampering or[*464] substitution. Instead it appears that it was inadvertently included in the bag along with the victim’s clothing that was properly admitted and before the jury as part of the body of evidence. By his failure to object at trial, however, Glover has not preserved his claim that he was denied a fair trial as a result of the State’s conduct in allowing the ballistics material to go to the jury room. See Hite v. State, 208 Ga. App. 267 (1) (430 SE2d 125) (1993). Compare Paxton v. State, 160 Ga. App. 19 (6) (285 SE2d 741) (1981) (trial court erred in allowing the State to tender into evidence over defendant’s objection, a shotgun which had no connection to the crime as a replica for a toy pistol which was found in defendant’s possession at the time of his arrest for armed robbery).

5. Glover asserts that he was denied effective assistance of trial counsel due to counsel’s failure to object, request further curative instructions, or move for mistrial after the jury discovered the unrelated shell casings and bullets.

To establish a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel under the Sixth Amendment, a criminal defendant must show both (1) that counsel’s performance was deficient, and (2) a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Miller v. State, 285 Ga. 285 (676 SE2d 173) (2009); Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 (104 SC 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984).

Assuming that trial counsel provided deficient performance in failing to take further remedial action with regard to the extraneous ballistics items, Glover must also show “a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, supra, 466 U. S. at 694. In an effort to satisfy that burden, Glover shows that the State established at trial through the testimony of its firearms expert that two particles of gunpowder were found adjacent to the bullet hole in the victim’s shirt, leading the expert to conclude that the victim had been shot at a range of about three feet. At the hearing on the motion for new trial, Glover argued that the two gunpowder particles found on the shirt could have been deposited by the unrelated cartridges in the evidence bag. However, the same firearms expert also testified at the motion hearing that the likelihood of two gunshot particles landing on the exact spot of the bullet defect in the shirt was “pretty slight.” And when asked how likely it was that the particles on the shirt came from those cartridges, she replied, “they didn’t.” Glover offered no evidence to the contrary. Thus, his theory that the extraneous cartridges may have contaminated the shirt is pure speculation and is insufficient to establish the prejudice prong of Strickland.

The court’s response to the jury’s inquiry, while a correct[*465] statement of law, could certainly have been more instructive. See Division 3, supra. However, Glover failed to carry his burden of showing a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been different had counsel taken further remedial action to address the extraneous ballistics material. See Johnson v. State, 281 Ga. 770 (2) (b) (642 SE2d 827) (2007). Accordingly, the evidence supported the trial court’s conclusion that Glover was not denied effective assistance of counsel.

Decided June 1, 2009. Phyllis R. Williams, for appellant. Gwendolyn Keyes Fleming, District Attorney, Barbara B. Conroy, Assistant District Attorney, Thurbert E. Baker, Attorney General, Benjamin H. Pierman, Assistant Attorney General, for appellee.

Judgment affirmed.

All the Justices concur.
1

The shooting occurred on June 23, 2006. An indictment was returned charging Glover with malice murder, felony murder while in the commission of an aggravated assault (two counts), and aggravated assault (two counts). Trial c&mmenced on April 23, 2007 and on April 26, 2007, a jury acquitted Glover of one count of felony murder and one count of aggravated assault; he was found guilty of the remaining offenses. On the same day, Glover received a life sentence for malice murder; the remaining counts were vacated or merged. A motion for new trial was filed on May 25, 2007 and amended May 7, 2008. The motion, as amended, was denied on October 15, 2008. Glover filed a notice of appeal to the Court of Appeals on November 12, 2008. The appeal was transferred to this Court by order of the Court of Appeals, docketed in this Court on December 17, 2008, and submitted for decision on the briefs on February 9, 2009.

2

Glover’s companion was only identified by the street name “Black”; he was never located or brought to trial.

3

Although the State’s expert examined this weapon, she was unable to determine whether it fired the fatal shot in this case because no bullet or cartridge case was recovered from the crime scene for analysis and comparison.

4

As noted previously, Glover claimed to have shot the victim with a 9 millimeter handgun and he led the police to such a weapon. But no ballistics evidence was available to determine whether that 9 millimeter was the gun used to shoot the victim. Undisputedly, there was no evidence at trial concerning a .44 magnum pistol.