Statute treatment: 28 U.S.C. § 2281

Ranked leading cases interpreting this statute, drawn from 3,042 citation events across 1,974 distinct cases.

3,042citations total

1,974distinct interpreting cases

122distinct courts

8citations in last 5y

1948–2025year range

Top 20 leading cases

#1 Calero-Toledo v. Pearson Yacht Leasing Co. (1974) scotus 1,256 own cites 11× in case

#2 Hagans v. Lavine (1974) scotus 2,725 own cites 6× in case

#3 Florida Lime & Avocado Growers, Inc. v. Jacobsen (1960) scotus 196 own cites 10× in case

#4 Holt Civic Club v. City of Tuscaloosa (1978) scotus 320 own cites 8× in case

#5 Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) scotus 3,112 own cites 4× in case

#6 Goosby v. Osser (1973) scotus 432 own cites 7× in case

#7 Swift & Co. v. Wickham (1965) scotus 467 own cites 6× in case

#8 Vitek v. Jones (1980) scotus 1,727 own cites 4× in case

#9 Washington v. Confederated Tribes of the Colville Indian Reservation (1980) scotus 698 own cites 5× in case

#10 Brown v. Board of Education (1954) scotus 3,793 own cites 3× in case

#11 Perez v. Ledesma (1971) scotus 1,045 own cites 4× in case

#12 Board of Regents v. New Left Education Project (1972) scotus 126 own cites 8× in case

#13 Allen v. State Board of Elections (1968) scotus 885 own cites 4× in case

#14 Mora v. Mejias (1953) ca1 112 own cites 8× in case

#15 Lynch v. Household Finance Corp. (1972) scotus 643 own cites 4× in case

#16 Kesler v. Department of Public Safety of Utah (1962) scotus 158 own cites 6× in case

#17 Baker v. Carr (1962) scotus 6,125 own cites 2× in case

#18 Examining Bd. of Engineers, Architects and Surveyors v. Flores De Otero (1976) scotus 427 own cites 4× in case

#19 Susan Roe v. Nicholas Norton (1975) ca2 24 own cites 14× in case

#20 Gerstein v. Pugh (1975) scotus 4,304 own cites 2× in case

Ranking method: leading_score = ln(1 + own_citation_count) × √(mentions_in_case) × flag_factor, where flag_factor = 1.0 green · 0.6 unknown · 0.5 neutral · 0.4 yellow · 0.3 procedural · 0 red. Red-flagged cases excluded — their interpretation has been undermined and shouldn't lead the list. Top 20 returned per statute. Open any case for full G Cite, trajectory, and per-circuit treatment.