Statute treatment: 5 U.S.C. § 504

Ranked leading cases interpreting this statute, drawn from 1,652 citation events across 668 distinct cases.

1,652citations total

668distinct interpreting cases

96distinct courts

126citations in last 5y

1981–2025year range

Top 20 leading cases

#1 Ardestani v. Immigration & Naturalization Service (1991) scotus 644 own cites 11× in case

#2 Sullivan v. Hudson (1989) scotus 830 own cites 10× in case

#3 Richlin Security Service Co. v. Chertoff (2008) scotus 266 own cites 10× in case

#4 Rafeh-Rafie Ardestani v. United States Department of Justice, Immigration and Naturalization Service (1990) ca11 31 own cites 24× in case

#5 Charles E. Gavette v. Office of Personnel Management and Department of the Treasury (1986) cafc 49 own cites 16× in case

#6 Pierce v. Underwood (1988) scotus 6,048 own cites 3× in case

#7 Gavette v. Office of Personnel Management (1986) cafc 131 own cites 8× in case

#8 Fanning, Phillips and Molnar v. Togo D. West, Jr., Secretary of Veterans Affairs (1998) cafc 272 own cites 6× in case

#9 Monark Boat Company v. National Labor Relations Board (1983) ca8 50 own cites 12× in case

#10 West Virginia University Hospitals, Inc. v. Casey (1991) scotus 868 own cites 4× in case

#11 Ruckelshaus v. Sierra Club (1983) scotus 797 own cites 4× in case

#12 Carlton L. Owens v. William Brock, Secretary of Labor (1988) ca6 63 own cites 10× in case

#13 Scarborough v. Principi (2004) scotus 684 own cites 4× in case

#14 Jose Rolando Escobar Ruiz v. Immigration and Naturalization Service (1988) ca9 61 own cites 10× in case

#15 Stanley Spencer v. National Labor Relations Board (1983) cadc 275 own cites 5× in case

#16 Astrue v. Ratliff (2010) scotus 6,506 own cites 2× in case

#17 Fdl Technologies, Inc. And Dale C. Nathan v. The United States (1992) cafc 30 own cites 12× in case

#18 Gisbrecht v. Barnhart (2002) scotus 4,268 own cites 2× in case

#19 McQuiston v. Commissioner (1982) tax 57 own cites 8× in case

#20 Melkonyan v. Sullivan (1991) scotus 3,274 own cites 2× in case

Ranking method: leading_score = ln(1 + own_citation_count) × √(mentions_in_case) × flag_factor, where flag_factor = 1.0 green · 0.6 unknown · 0.5 neutral · 0.4 yellow · 0.3 procedural · 0 red. Red-flagged cases excluded — their interpretation has been undermined and shouldn't lead the list. Top 20 returned per statute. Open any case for full G Cite, trajectory, and per-circuit treatment.