Health Freedom Def. Fund, Inc. v. Alberto Carvalho, 127 F.4th 750 (9th Cir. 2025). · Go Syfert
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Health Freedom Def. Fund, Inc. v. Alberto Carvalho, 127 F.4th 750 (9th Cir. 2025). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“private contractors do not stand on the same footing as the federal government, so states can impose many laws on federal contractors that they could not apply to the federal government itself.”
48 citation events (48 in the last 25 years) across 8 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Ugochukwu Nwauzor v. the Geo Group, Inc. (ca9, 2025-08-13)
Treatment trajectory · 2025 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
2025 2025 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 7 distinct citers.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Ugochukwu Nwauzor v. the Geo Group, Inc. (13×) also: Cited as authority (rule), Cited "see"
9th Cir. · 2025 · signal: see also · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
private contractors do not stand on the same footing as the federal government, so states can impose many laws on federal contractors that they could not apply to the federal government itself.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) The Geo Group, Inc. v. Inslee
9th Cir. · 2026 · confidence medium
That is the very definition of a state affording itself better treatment than it affords the United States.”) (quoting Nwauzor v. GEO Grp., Inc., 127 F.4th 750, 774 (9th Cir. 2025) (Bennett, J., dissenting)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) lamd 2026
M.D. La. · 2026 · signal: cf. · confidence medium
Va. 2021) (“The conflict preemption principle guiding our decision is . . . that when a federal agency determines that a contractor meets some federal contract or procurement qualification set by Congress, a state agency may not exercise its authority and impose additional state- law qualifications that stand as an obstacle to that federal agency determination and, more specifically, to the qualifications set by Congress.”); cf. Nwauzor v. GEO Grp., Inc., 127 F.4th 750, 762 (9th Cir. 2025) (citing, inter alia, Leslie Miller, 352 U.S. at 188 ; Gartrell, 940 F.2d at 438–39) (“Those imper…
cited Cited as authority (rule) Washington Department of Health v. the Geo Group, Inc.
9th Cir. · 2025 · confidence medium
Nwauzor v. GEO Grp., Inc., 127 F.4th 750, 770 (9th Cir. 2025).
discussed Cited "see" Seagraves v. Department of Children Youth and Families
W.D. Wash. · 2025 · signal: see · confidence high
See generally Dkt. 29. 3 Instead, in their opposition brief, Plaintiffs cite to the concurring opinion in Health 4 Freedom Defense Fund v. Carvalho, for the proposition that the COVID-19 vaccine mandate 5 “implicates the fundamental right to refuse medical treatment” and does not justify the 6 application of rational basis scrutiny. 104 F.4th 715 , 728 (9th Cir. 2024), reh’g en banc granted, 7 opinion vacated, 127 F.4th 750 (9th Cir. 2025).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." CoreCivic Inc v. Governor of New Jersey
3rd Cir. · 2025 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Nwauzor v. GEO Grp., Inc., 127 F.4th 750 , 756–67, 771 (9th Cir. 2025) (rejecting intergovernmental-immunity challenge to applying state minimum-wage law to inmates at a private immigration-detention center).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." The GEO Group, Inc. v. Newsom
E.D. Cal. · 2025 · signal: see also · confidence medium
Geo Grp., 50 F.4th at 760; see also Nwauzor, 127 F.4th at 762 (finding no violation of the intergovernmental immunity doctrine where there was 24 “nothing—either in federal law or in GEO’s contract with the federal government—that prevents GEO from” complying with the challenged state law, particularly where “GEO’s contract with 25 ICE explicitly requires it to comply with” state laws).
Health Freedom Defense Fund, Inc.
v.
Alberto Carvalho
22-55908.
Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Feb 4, 2025.
127 F.4th 750
Cited by 1 opinion  |  Published
FOR PUBLICATION FILED
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 4 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

HEALTH FREEDOM DEFENSE FUND, No. 22-55908 INC., a Wyoming Not-for-Profit Corporation; JEFFREY FUENTES; D.C. No. SANDRA GARCIA; HOVHANNES 2:21-cv-08688-DSF-PVC SAPONGHIAN; NORMA BRAMBILA; Central District of California, CALIFORNIA EDUCATORS FOR Los Angeles MEDICAL FREEDOM, ORDER Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

ALBERTO CARVALHO, in his official
capacity as Superintendent of the Los
Angeles United School District; ILEANA
DAVALOS, in her official capacity as Chief
Human Resources Officer for the Los
Angeles School District; GEORGE
MCKENNA; MONICA GARCIA; SCOTT
SCHMERELSON; NICK MELVOIN;
JACKIE GOLDBERG; KELLY GONEZ;
TANYA ORTIZ FRANKLIN, in their
official capacities as members of the Los
Angeles Unified School District governing
board,

Defendants-Appellees.

MURGUIA, Chief Judge:

Upon the vote of a majority of nonrecused active judges, it is ordered that this case be reheard en banc pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 40(c) and Circuit Rule 40-3. The three-judge panel opinion is vacated.

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