The Household Goods Carriers' Bureau and ten motor carriers of household goods, suing as members of a class, seek reversal of a district court decision upholding an order of the Interstate Commerce Commission. The order of the Commission concluded that the carriers had collected charges from shippers in excess of published tariffs in violation of section 217(b) of the Interstate Commerce Act, 49 U.S.C. § 317(b). ^[1] The question presented concerns the Commission-’s interpretation of the tariffs published by the carriers. ^[2]

The tariffs in issue were filed in 1959 by the Household Goods Carriers’ Bureau, as agent for its 1700 carrier-members, pursuant to agreements approved by the Commission. The 1959 tariffs replaced tariffs which had been in effect since early 1957. The difference between the 1957 and 1959 tariffs provides the background for this appeal.

The general features of the 1957 and 1959 tariffs are similar. Both begin with extensive recitation of general rules and regulations, followed by a table giving rates for shipments of various distances and weights.

Section II of the 1957 tariffs, ^[3] which follows the general provisions, is a rate-fixing section. Its scope of application is specifically stated to be “shipments * * * transported between all points in the United States, Canada and Mexico.” The following exception then appears: “These rates will not apply in territory described in Section III except as otherwise provided in Section III. * # * ” The rate table itself is then set out, providing rates for shipments of different weights for distances from 1 to 4300 miles. At the end of the rate table is a note which reads: “Over 4300 miles, see Rule 23.”

Section III of the 1957 tariffs is another rate-fixing section. It specifically relates to shipments from the northeast[*329] ern part of the country and certain parts of the Chicago metropolitan area to “any point in the United States, Canada and Mexico.” The rate table which follows lists rates for shipments of different weights for distances from 1 to 500 miles. ^[4] A note at the end of the table states: “Over 500 miles, apply rates shown in Section II.”

Rule 23, mentioned in the note after the tables in Section II, is contained in the general provisions of both the 1957 and 1959 tariffs. It provides that when a shipment is transported a distance in excess of that shown in the rate tables, a charge of 75 cents (25 cents in the 1959 tariffs) will be added “for each additional 100 miles * * * in excess of the distance shown in the rate table to obtain per hundred pound rate applicable on the shipment.” ^[5]

The 1957 tariffs were replaced by tariffs filed during 1959. ^[6] The provisions of the new tariffs were nearly identical with those of the 1957 tariffs, ^[7] except for changes necessary to reflect rate increases ^[8] and with one relevant omission. The 1959 tariffs inadvertently omitted the note “over 500 miles, apply rates shown in Section II” at the end of the table in Section III.

In spite of the omission of the note at the end of Section III, the carriers continued to apply the rates stated in the 1 to 4300 mile table of Section II to shipments exceeding the 500 mile limit of the table in Section III. In other words, on shipments originating in the northeastern states and the Chicago metropolitan area the carriers computed charges from the rate table in Section III for shipments between 1 and 500 miles, and utilized Section II for shipments over 500 and under 4300 miles.

Early in 1960, the omission of the note at the end of the table in Section III of the 1959 tariffs was noticed by a shipper, who thereupon filed claims for overcharges. The shipper contended that, with the omission of the note, shipments originating in Section III territory which were transported a distance in excess of 500 miles were governed by Section III in conjunction with Rule 23 rather than by Section II, thus producing substantially lower charges than those computed under Section II.

The note following the table in Section III was eventually reinserted by tariff supplements issued from time to time during 1960.

The Commission began an investigation late in 1960 to determine whether the carriers had charged rates greater than, or different from, those prescribed in the 1959 tariffs. A majority of six Commissioners found that the charges made by the carriers during the period when the note at the end of Section III was omitted were not in conformity with a proper interpretation • of the tariffs. Five Commissioners dissented, four of them on the ground that the omission of the note had no effect on the application of the tariffs.

The construction given by the majority was incorporated in the Commission’s[*330] order. ^[9] A motion to vacate the order was denied. The district court affirmed the order of the Commission. This appeal followed.

The Commission based its decision upon the proposition that a literal interpretation of the 1959 tariffs results in but one possible construction. The following portions of the tariffs are pertinent to the Commission’s reasoning: (1) Section II, which provides a rate table for distances from 1 to 4300 miles and is applicable to shipments from and to “all points in the United States * * *, Canada and Mexico,” states that its rates do not apply in “territory described” in Section III “except as otherwise provided in Section III”; (2) Section III provides a 1 to 500 mile rate table which applies to all shipments originating from the points described therein and destined for “any point in the United States * * *, Canada and Mexico”; (3) Rule 23, applicable “when a shipment is transported a distance in excess of that shown in the rate tables,” provides, “first find the rate in the applicable weight column for the greatest distance shown in the applicable table of rates. Add to [this] rate * * * ”

From these provisions, the Commission reasoned that Section II is not applicable to any shipments, regardless of distance from any point listed on the title page of Section III, and that therefore the rate for a shipment in excess of 500 miles originating from any point listed in Section III must be determined by adding an amount based upon the formula in Rule 23 to the rate provided by Section III for the maximum 500-mile distance. The Commission concluded, in effect, that without the note contained in the 1957 tariffs, Section III does not allow a shipment from Section III territory in excess of 500 miles to be charged at Section II rates. The Commission summarized its position as follows.

This title page [Section III] contains no exception which would allow section II rates to apply on such shipments. We see no escape from the conclusion that the reference to “territory described in Section III * * * ” is to the particular territorial description on the title page of section III and not merely to transportation within that territory for distances not exceeding 500 miles.

Four of the dissenting members of the Commission adopted an entirely different view. They found an ambiguity or uncertainty in the 1959 tariffs. The dissenters stated:

The uncertainty results from doubtful and ambiguous tariffs which * * *, are subject to two possible and feasible interpretations; one, rather technical, which results in overcharges aggregating several million dollars and in some situations undercharges amounting to as much as $800 on one single shipment. This is the interpretation adopted by the majority.

The other feasible interpretation— the fair and reasonable one in the circumstances here presented * *, would give effect to the clear and undisputed intention of the framers of the tariffs, and require no readjustment of the rates charged. * * *

We agree with the conclusion of the dissenting members of the Commission that absent the note inadvertently omitted from Section III in the 1959 tariffs there is an uncertainty about what rates are applicable to shipments over 500 miles which originate in the restricted territory described in that section. Section Ill’s title page, as we pointed out, provides that the rates listed therein apply to shipments from the northeastern section of the country and metropolitan Chicago to any point in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Yet the rate table in Section III provides rates for shipments of a maximum distance[*331] of only 500 miles. The ambiguity is apparent. Many points in the United States, Canada, and Mexico are over 500 miles from any point of origin listed in Section III. The uncertainty, furthermore, is not resolved by a reading of Rule 23. That rule provides that it will apply “when a shipment is transported a distance in excess of that shown in the rate tables." Although Section III is limited by the provision for shipments of less than 500 miles only, Section II provides a table for shipments up to 4300 miles and is expressly applicable to shipments from and to any point in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Section II, in turn, excepts from its application the “territory described” in Section III. It is not clear whether the “territory described” in Section III consists solely of the geographical areas listed or is limited by the scope of the rate table immediately following. ^[10]

Since there can be but one rate applicable on any given shipment, the problem is to determine that rate from a proper construction of the tariffs. In undertaking this construction, the ambiguity to which we have referred must be resolved.

The resolution of the ambiguity brings us to a consideration of the construction of the tariffs urged by the carriers and with which the dissenting members of the Commission agreed. As they suggest, Section II basically applies to all shipments from and to all points in the United States up to 4300 miles. Section III is a limited exception to this general provision. The carriers contend that the title page of Section III, listing certain “restricted” areas of origin and designating the United States, Canada, and Mexico as destination points, should be read together with the rate table immediately following. When thus read, the rate table limits the “territory described” in Section III to any point within 500 miles of the restricted points of origin listed in Section III. Accordingly, shipments in excess of 500 miles originating from these points are not within the coverage of Section III at all. These shipments, however, are within the express coverage of Section II.

The carriers, moreover, point out that the note, “over 500 miles, apply rates shown in Section II,” appearing in the 1957 tariffs was placed at the end of the. rate table of Section III, apart from the table itself. This placement, they say, is an indication that the note was merely a helpful cross-reference or guide to shippers and was not essential to a proper application of the tariffs.

It is conceded that the reference note was omitted through inadvertence. It is contended for the Commission that, inadvertent or not, the omission of the note changed the meaning of the tariffs, and that the law is clear that deviation from a published tariff may not be excused. The latter statement is accurate, but inapplicable here. If there were no doubt about the construction of the 1959 tariffs, as published, the Commission majority would be correct. Section 217(b) of the Interstate Commerce Act, 49 U.S.C. § 317(b), imposes upon a carrier the absolute obligation to collect charges in accordance with published tariffs. Inadvertent mistake provides no excuse for a deviation. Armour & Co. v. Atchison, T. & S. F. Ry., 254 F.2d 719 (7th Cir. 1958). Even though the tariff of a common carrier through inadvertence violates the long and short haul clause in section 4 of the act, 49 U.S.C. § 4, deviation will not be permitted. Davis v. Portland Seed Co., 264 U.S. 403, 44 S.Ct. 380, 68 L.Ed. 762 (1924); Beaumont, S. L. & W. Ry. v. Magnolia Provision Co., 26 F.2d 72 (5th Cir. 1928). In short, application of tariffs as published is required regardless of the intention of the parties and irrespective of the equities existing between carriers and shippers. Louisville & N. R. R. v.[*332] Maxwell, 237 U.S. 94, 35 S.Ct. 494, 59 L.Ed. 853 (1915).

We have already concluded, however, that the inadvertent omission of the note in Section III of the 1959 tariffs does not ipso facto change the meaning of the tariffs. At most, it creates an ambiguity or uncertainty. We agree with the carriers and the dissenting members of the Commission that their construction of the tariffs is a feasible interpretation which serves as an alternative to the construction given by the Commission majority. Under such circumstances, we think the traditional rules of construction of written instruments are controlling in arriving at the proper application of the tariffs. The intention of the framers and other considerations thus become relevant.

The construction given the tariffs by the Commission would defeat the intention of the carriers. The Commission admitted that the purpose of Section III was to provide higher rates for short hauls from a section of the country that is more densely populated and has more congested highways, higher wage rates, and higher carriers’ costs than other areas. But according to the Commission’s interpretation charges on shipments exceeding 500 miles from the high cost area would generally be much lower than the charges on shipments originating in other parts of the United States. For example, only $438 would be charged on a 4000 pound shipment from Cleveland to Los Angeles (2422 miles) whereas $516 would be charged on a shipment of the same weight from Kansas City to Los Angeles (1653 miles). Similarly, the charge on a shipment from Chicago to San Francisco would be less than the charge from Omaha to San Francisco and the charge from Detroit to Miami would be less than the charge from Charleston, West Virginia, to Miami.

The purpose of the 1959 tariffs was to effect a general increase in transportation rates. The title pages of Sections II and III of the 1959 tariffs note in accordance with Commission directives that “all rates in this section are increases unless otherwise indicated.” Symbols indicating a reduction or no change in prior rates appear in a comparatively small number of instances. Yet under the Commission’s interpretation the 1959 tariffs would have produced reductions from the 1957 tariffs on many shipments from the “restricted” territory beyond a 500 mile limit contrary to the intended and expressed purpose of the carriers. ^[11]

Another rule of construction is that a tariff should be interpreted to avoid unjust, absurd, or improbable results. Glickfeld v. Howard Van Lines, Inc., 213 F.2d 723, 727 (9th Cir. 1954); A. E. West Petroleum Co. v. Atchison, T. & S. F. Ry., 212 F.2d 812, 816 (8th Cir. 1954). If a tariff is subject to different constructions, an interpretation which is reasonable and consistent with the purposes of the tariff should be preferred to a construction which is impractical or which leads to absurd consequences. The construction adopted by the Commission majority in this case has already been shown to violate the intention of the carriers. This construction also requires the determination of shipping charges by an unusual process in which the principal rate-fixing formula is obscured as an insignificant exception in a maze of general rules and regulations. Such a strained application of the tariffs should not prevail in the face of the reasonable alternative urged by the carriers.

It is also settled that contracts and other written instruments will be construed to avoid a possible violation of law. Perry Coal Co. v. N. L. R. B., 284 F.2d 910, 914 (7th Cir. 1960), cert. denied, 366 U.S. 949, 81 S.Ct. 1903, 6 L.Ed.2d 1242 (1961). Thus a tariff should receive a construction which produces charges that are legal, in prefer[*333] ence to one which would produce illegal rates. Great No. Ry. v. Delmar Co., 283 U.S. 686, 691, 51 S.Ct. 579, 75 L.Ed. 1349 (1931). Here, the application of the 1959 tariffs by the Commission results in charges which would probably be unreasonable and- discriminatory within the meaning of section 216(d) of the Interstate Commerce Act, 49 U.S.C. § 316(d). Further, such charges would violate the principle of the long and short haul clause of section 4 of the act, 49 U.S.C. § 4, a principle which is applicable in determining the prima facie reasonableness of all tariff rates. Patterson v. Louisville & N. R. R., 269 U.S. 1, 11, 46 S.Ct. 8, 70 L.Ed. 131 (1925). The construction of the tariffs urged by the carriers is to be preferred for this reason..

The practical application of tariffs by interested persons should also be considered in determining the meaning of the tariffs. This conclusion follows from the rule that in interpreting contracts courts will give weight to what the parties themselves have done pursuant to their agreements. American Cyanamid Co. v. Ellis-Foster Co., 298 F.2d 244, 246 (3rd Cir. 1962); Oddie v. Ross Gear & Tool Co., 305 F.2d 143, 151 (5th Cir.), cert, denied, 371 U.S. 941, 83 S.Ct. 318, 9 L.Ed.2d 275 (1962). Here the carriers made charges in accordance with a reasonable interpretation of the tariffs and, with one exception, all shippers — many of whom customarily audit their shipping charges — made payment without objection.

It is contended for the Commission, that any ambiguity which appears in the tariffs must be resolved in favor of the shippers, that the carriers should not receive the benefit of a liberal rule of construction. It is true that doubt about the meaning of tariffs is generally resolved against the carriers as a corollary to the rule that written instruments will be construed strictly against their drafters. United States v. ICC, 91 U.S.App.D.C. 178, 198 F.2d 958, 966, cert, denied, 344 U.S. 893, 73 S.Ct. 212, 97 L.Ed. 691 (1952); United States v. Missouri-Kansas-Texas R. R., 194 F.2d 777, 778 (5th Cir. 1952). However, we do not think that such a rule should be followed when it is outweighed by other equally settled and applicable rules of construction. A strict construction of the tariffs against the carriers who drafted them is not justified when such construction ignores a permissible, reasonable construction which conforms to the intention of the framers of the tariff, avoids possible violations of the law, and accords with the practical application given by shippers and carriers alike.

Finally, it is contended that the Commission’s construction is entitled to substantial weight, citing, among other cases, Sonken-Galamba Corp. v. Thompson, 225 F.2d 608 (10th Cir.), cert, denied, 350 U.S. 896, 76 S.Ct. 154, 100 L.Ed. 788 (1955). But as that case noted, decisions of the Commission are not conclusive. Although due weight should be accorded the Commission’s construction of a tariff, it is within the competence of the courts to construe a tariff in a manner which differs with the Commission’s interpretation, particularly when the construction presents a question solely of law. Great No. Ry. v. Merchants Elevator Co., 259 U.S. 285, 42 S.Ct. 477, 66 L.Ed. 943 (1922). The application of rules of construction to undisputed facts, the situation here, is classically a question of law. There is no reason to defer to the Commission’s construction in such circumstance. The Commission’s determination was not reached “upon voluminous and conflicting evidence, for the adequate appreciation of which acquaintance with many intricate facts of transportation is indispensable * * Great No. Ry. v. Merchants Elevator Co., supra at 291, 42 S.Ct. at 479.

For the foregoing reasons we hold that the tariffs under scrutiny were erroneously interpreted by the Commission and that the district court erred in upholding the Commission’s decision. The judgment of the district court is reversed.

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