Willie Gray Dixon, Jr. v. State of Florida, 388 F.2d 424 (5th Cir. 1968). · Go Syfert
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Willie Gray Dixon, Jr. v. State of Florida, 388 F.2d 424 (5th Cir. 1968). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“n inordinate and unjustified delay in the state corrective process may well result in the frustration of petitioner's rights and be such a circumstance to render that process ineffective”
65 citation events (9 in the last 25 years) across 21 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Albert H. Carter v. W. J. Estelle, Jr., Director, Texas Department of Corrections (ca5, 1982-06-01)
Treatment trajectory · 1968 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1968 1997 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 24 distinct citers.
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Albert H. Carter v. W. J. Estelle, Jr., Director, Texas Department of Corrections (2×) also: Cited "see"
5th Cir. · 1982 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
n inordinate and unjustified delay in the state corrective process may well result in the frustration of petitioner's rights and be such a circumstance to render that process ineffective
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Norris v. Williams
D.S.C. · 2022 · confidence medium
See Tramel v. Idaho, 459 F.2d 57, 58 (10th Cir. 1972) (finding a two-year delay suspect and remanding to the District Court for an evidentiary hearing on the cause of the delay); Dixon v. Florida, 388 F.2d 424, 426 (5th Cir. 1968) (finding a nineteen-month delay suspect and remanding to the District Court for an evidentiary hearing to determine whether the delay was justifiable); Jones v. Crouse, 360 F.2d 157, 158 (10th Cir. 1966) (ruling that the District Court could not dismiss a Section 2254 petition for failure to exhaust without knowing the facts and circumstances that gave rise to the st…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Plymail v. Mirandy
S.D.W. Va · 2017 · confidence medium
See Tramel v. Idaho, 459 F.2d 57, 58 (10th Cir. 1972) (finding a two-year delay suspect and remanding to the District Court for an evidentiary hearing on the cause of the delay); Dixon v. Florida, 388 F.2d 424, 426 (5th Cir. 1968) (finding a 19-month delay suspect and remanding to the District Court for an evidentiary hearing to determine whether the delay was justifiable); Jones v. Crouse, 360 F.2d 157, 158 (10th Cir. 1966) (ruling that the District Court could not dismiss a Section 2254 petition for failure to exhaust without knowing the facts and circumstances that gave rise to the state co…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Raymond Claudio v. Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections
11th Cir. · 2014 · confidence medium
Comm’n, 749 F.2d 678, 680 (11th Cir.1985); see also Galtieri v. Wainwright, 582 F.2d 348 , 354 n. 12 (5th Cir.1978) (en banc) (noting, in a pre-AED-PA case, that exhaustion is not required where “the state procedures do not afford swift vindication” or “state procedural snarls or obstacles preclude an effective state remedy”) (citation omitted); Dixon v. State of Fla., 388 F.2d 424, 425-26 (5th Cir.1968) (holding, in a pre-AEDPA case, that an “inordinate and unjustified delay in the state corrective process may well result in the frustration of petitioner’s rights and be such a c…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Harris v. Ron Champion (2×)
10th Cir. · 1994 · confidence medium
Id. at 147 (quoting Dixon v. Florida, 388 F.2d 424, 426 (5th Cir.1968)). 58 Later, in Harris I, we set forth the standard that when "a habeas petitioner makes colorable and sufficient allegations of an unconstitutional delay in obtaining direct state appellate review of his criminal conviction, ... the federal district court should consider that claim on the merits without requiring that he exhaust his direct state appeal first." 938 F.2d at 1068-69 .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Harris v. Champion (2×)
10th Cir. · 1994 · confidence medium
Id. at 147 (quoting Dixon v. Flori da, 388 F.2d 424, 426 (5th Cir.1968)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jesse Joseph Deters v. James A. Collins, Director, Texas Dept. Of Criminal Justice Institution Division
5th Cir. · 1993 · confidence medium
Jules v. Beto, 462 F.2d 1365, 1366 (5th Cir.1972); Reynolds v. Wainwright, 460 F.2d 1026, 1027 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 409 U.S. 950 , 93 S.Ct. 294 , 34 L.Ed.2d 221 *796 (1972); Dixon v. Florida, 388 F.2d 424, 425 (5th Cir.1968).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Powell v. Livesay
M.D. Tenn. · 1987 · confidence medium
For that reason, “an inordinate and unjustified delay in the state corrective process may well ... be such a circumstance as to render that process ineffective,” Dixon v. Florida, 388 F.2d 424, 425 (5th Cir.1968), thereby enabling a federal court to consider the merits of unexhausted claims.
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States Ex Rel. Diller v. Greco
S.D.N.Y. · 1977 · confidence medium
Goodman v. Kehl, 456 F.2d 863 (2d Cir.1972); Dixon v. Florida, 388 F.2d 424, 425 (5th Cir.1968); Bobick v. Schaeffer, 366 F.Supp. 503 (S.D.N.Y.1973); United States ex rel.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jack Rheuark v. Wade, State of Texas and Warden of Leavenworth Federal Prison
5th Cir. · 1976 · confidence medium
This court, interpreting the habeas exhaustion requirement, has recognized that “an inordinate and unjustified delay in the state corrective process may well result in the frustration of petitioner’s rights and be such a circumstance as to render that process ineffective.” Dixon v. Florida, 388 F.2d 424, 425 (5th Cir. 1968).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Bergenthal v. Mathews
E.D. Wis. · 1975 · confidence medium
Smith v. Kansas, 356 F.2d 654, 656 (10th Cir. 1966), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 871 , 88 S.Ct. 154 , 19 L.Ed.2d 151 (1967); Dixon v. Florida, 388 F.2d 424, 425 (5th Cir. 1968).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States Ex Rel. Edwin A. Goodman v. H. William Kehl, Sheriff of New York County
2d Cir. · 1972 · confidence medium
To be sure, with respect to bail as with other constitutional rights, “an inordinate and unjustified delay in the state corrective process may well result in the frustration of petitioner’s rights and be such a circumstance as to render that process ineffective,” Dixon v. Florida, 388 F.2d 424, 425 (5 Cir. 1968); see also, e. g., Jones v. Crouse, 360 F.2d 157 (10 Cir. 1966); Odsen v. Moore, 445 F.2d 806 (1 Cir. 1971), and in such cases the exhaustion requirement will be deemed satisfied without awaiting the state court’s action, as 28 U.S.C. 2254(b) contemplates.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Theodore Way v. Sherman H. Crouse, Warden, Kansas State Penitentiary
10th Cir. · 1970 · confidence medium
Patience is a virtue in the accommodation process of our federalism, but it is not inexhaustible.” Dixon v. State of Florida, 388 F.2d 424 at 426 (5th Cir. 1968).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Acosta v. Beto
S.D. Tex. · 1969 · confidence medium
The attack on the sufficiency of the affidavit was grounded on a failure “to name the two confidential informants and * * * (a failure) to state the dates on which they allegedly saw or purchased narcotics.” Dixon v. Florida, 388 F.2d 424, n. 1 (5 CA 1968) (first appeal) (emphasis supplied).
discussed Cited "see" Daniel Hansen v. Rick Thaler, Director (2×)
5th Cir. · 2013 · signal: see · confidence high
See Dixon v. Florida, 388 F.2d 424, 425-26 (5th Cir.1968).
cited Cited "see" Richard Ricardo Slater v. Bruce Chatman
11th Cir. · 2005 · signal: see · confidence high
See Dixon v. Florida, 388 F.2d 424, 425 (5th Cir.1968) (stating that “a state of exhaustion can be reached by the lapse of time and at some point in time exhaustion need not be further exhausted”).
discussed Cited "see" Hall v. DiPaolo
1st Cir. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See Dixon v. Florida, 388 F.2d 424 , 425- ___ _____ _______ 26 (5th Cir. 1968)(noting that exhaustion may result from lapse of time where state court record disclosed 19 month delay in processing of habeas petitioner's post-conviction motion).
discussed Cited "see" Hall v. DiPaolo
1st Cir. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See Dixon v. Florida, 388 F.2d 424 , 425- 26 (5th Cir. 1968)(noting that exhaustion may result from lapse of time where state court record disclosed 19 month delay in processing of habeas petitioner's post-conviction motion).
discussed Cited "see" Herman Hall, Jr. v. Superintendent Paul L. Dipaolo
1st Cir. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See Dixon v. Florida, 388 F.2d 424, 425-26 (5th Cir.1968) (noting that exhaustion may result from lapse of time where state court record disclosed 19 month delay in processing of habeas petitioner’s post-conviction motion).
cited Cited "see" United States Ex Rel. Harris v. Reed
N.D. Ill. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See Dixon v. State of Florida, 388 F.2d 424, 426 (5th Cir.1968); Rheuark v. Wade, 540 F.2d 1282, 1283 (5th Cir.1976) (direct appeal); cf. United States ex rel.
cited Cited "see" Dennis Earl Mason v. Dr. P. J. Ciccone, Director, United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners, Springfield, Missouri
8th Cir. · 1976 · signal: see · confidence high
See Dixon v. State of Florida, 388 F.2d 424, 425 (5th Cir. 1968); Smith v. State of Kansas, 356 F.2d 654, 656 (10th Cir. 1966), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 871 , 88 S.Ct. 154 , 19 L.Ed.2d 151 (1967).
discussed Cited "see" Limmie West, III v. State of Louisiana (2×)
5th Cir. · 1973 · signal: see · confidence high
See Dixon v. Florida, 5 Cir. 1968, 388 F.2d 424 ; Smith v. Kansas, 10 Cir. 1966, 356 F.2d 654 , cert. denied, 1967, 389 U.S. 871 , 88 S.Ct. 154 , 19 L.Ed.2d 151 . 34 If delay were the only consideration, the proper course would be to remand the case to the district court for a hearing as to whether the delay was justified.
cited Cited "see, e.g." Gordon v. Willis
N.D. Ga. · 1980 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See e. g., Dixon v. Florida, 388 F.2d 424 (5th Cir. 1968).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Howard J. St. Jules v. Dr. George J. Beto, Director, Texas Department of Corrections
5th Cir. · 1972 · signal: compare · confidence low
Compare Dixon v. Florida, supra; Dozie v. Cady, 430 F.2d 637 (7th Cir., 1970); Jones v. Crouse, 360 F.2d 157 (10th Cir., 1966).
Willie Gray DIXON, Jr., Appellant,
v.
STATE OF FLORIDA, Appellee
24578.
Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.
Jan 3, 1968.
388 F.2d 424
Willie Gray Dixon, Jr., pro se., Stanley D. Kupiszewski, Jr., Asst. Atty. Gen., Tallahassee, Fla., for ap-pellee.
Rives, Goldberg, Ainsworth.
Cited by 48 opinions  |  Published
GOLDBERG, Circuit Judge:

In 1965 Dixon was convicted of possession of narcotics by a Florida State Court without a jury. His conviction was affirmed the same year. Dixon seeks habeas corpus relief on several grounds. [1]

[*425] This appeal is from a District Court dismissal for failure to exhaust state remedies. [2] The District Court also refused to issue a certificate of probable cause and the government, relying on Sheridan v. Ellis, 5 Cir. 1954, 217 F.2d 306, asserts that this Court therefore is without jurisdiction. This assertion is without merit because on March. 15, 1967, we granted a certificate of probable cause, whereas in Sheridan, supra, neither the trial court nor the Court of Appeals did so. A Court of Appeals is authorized and empowered to grant a certificate of probable cause through 28 U.S.C. § 2253, which reads in part:

“An appeal may not be taken to the court of appeals from the final order in a habeas corpus proceeding where the detention complained of arises out of process issued by a State court, unless the justice or judge who rendered the order or a circuit justice or judge issues a certificate of probable cause.”

See House v. Mayo, 1945, 324 U.S. 42, 65 S.Ct. 517, 89 L.Ed. 739; In re Burwell, 1956, 350 U.S. 521, 76 S.Ct. 539, 100 L.Ed. 666. Cf. United States ex rel. Rheim v. Foster, 2 Cir. 1949, 175 F.2d 772; Helms v. Sacks, 6 Cir. 1960, 278 F.2d 687; Gay v. Graham, 10 Cir. 1959, 269 F.2d 482. Therefore, we shall proceed to the second issue, exhaustion of state remedies.

On April 20, 1966, Dixon filed a Rule No. 1 Motion, Florida Stat. Annot. ch. 924, Appendix (Supp.1965), In re Criminal Procedure, Rule No. 1, Fla.1963, 151 So.2d 634, in the Criminal Court of Record (the sentencing court). Since then no pronouncement has emanated from that sentencing court. The State of Florida argues that until the sentencing court acts we do not have exhaustion of remedies. [3] The central thesis in this argument is that sterile silence through approximately nineteen months should not be equated with exhaustion. However, a state of exhaustion can be reached by the lapse of time and at some point in time exhaustion need not be further exhausted. Further, an inordinate and unjustified delay in the state corrective process may well result in the frustration of petitioner’s rights and be such a circumstance as to render that process ineffective. As quoted in a previous footnote, under Section 2254, habeas corpus relief will be denied unless (1) appellant has ex[*426] hausted state remedies, (2) there is an absence of state remedies, or (3) there is “the existence of circumstances rendering such process ineffective to protect the rights of the prisoner.” As Judge Wisdom in Whippler v. Balkcom, 5 Cir. 1965, 342 F.2d 388, page 390, said:

“However, scope of the state remedy may be so narrow as to be inadequate and the possibility of state relief may be so uncertain as to make resort to state courts ineffective.”

The Tenth Circuit case of Jones v. Crouse, 10 Cir. 1966, 360 F.2d 157, closely resembles the present one. In that case the state sentencing court had summarily denied the petitioner’s collateral attack on his conviction and the petitioner had appealed, still in state courts. Seventeen months later no action had been taken, and he filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the federal district court. There, it was dismissed without an evidentiary hearing, but, on appeal, the Tenth Circuit remanded, saying:

“This Court has said that mere lapse of time does not, in and of itself, constitute a denial of a constitutional right. Ballay v. Patterson, Warden, 10th Cir. Lee v. State of Kansas, 10th Cir., 346 F.2d 48. But an inordinate, excessive and inexcusable delay may very well amount to a denial of due process cognizable in federal court. Smith v. State of Kansas, 10 Cir., 356 F.2d 654; Kelly v. Krouse, Warden, 10 Cir., 352 F.2d 506. Without knowing the facts and circumstances giving rise to the delay, the trial court certainly could not properly conclude that the petitioner’s state remedies are adequate and effective. If an eviden-tiary hearing reveal that Jones has not been discriminated against in the process of his appeal, that his state appeal does conform to due process and that no special circumstances exist requiring prompt federal intervention in the case the petition should be dismissed for failure to exhaust state remedies. But, if the evidence shows discrimination, denial of process or the existence of special circumstances requiring federal intervention the case should proceed to a hearing upon the merits.” 360 F.2d at 158.

See also Barry v. Sigler, 8 Cir. 1967, 373 F.2d 835, 838-39 (footnote 4); United States ex rel. O’Halloran v. Rundle, D.C.Penn., 260 F.Supp. 840 (1966).

We must ever be sensitive both to the basics and to the nuances of judicial federal-state congruency. The concept of federal-state comity involves mutuality of responsibilities, and an unacted upon responsibility can relieve one comity partner from continuous deference. Moreover, the wait for action on the writ must not be so exhausting as to frustrate its purpose. Patience is a virtue in the accommodation process of our federalism, but it is not inexhaustible. We remand to the District Court for an evidentiary hearing to determine whether or not the delay in ruling on the Rule No. 1 motion is justifiable, and, if found to be, the petition should be dismissed for failure of the prisoner to exhaust state court remedies. If the delay is found to be unjustified, the petition should be heard on its merits by the District Court.

Reversed and remanded.

1

. 1. The narcotics were obtained by an illegal search and seizure, because the affidavit for the search warrant failed to name the two confidential informants and failed to state the dates on which they allegedly saw or purchased narcotics.

2. The trial court erred in failing to order the names of the informants revealed.

3. The state court allowed evidence seized by entrapment.

4. Dixon’s lawyers and the state judge tricked him into waiving jury trial by a false promise of probation.

5. Dixon was prosecuted by information rather than by indictment.

6. Dixon was denied a preliminary hearing.

7. Dixon was denied a pre-sentence investigation.

2

. Title 28 U.S.C. § 2254:

An application for a writ of habeas corpus in behalf of a person in custody pursuant to the judgment of a State court shall not be granted unless it appears that the applicant has exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the State, or that there is either an absence of available State corrective process or the existence of circumstances rendering such process ineffective to protect the rights of the prisoner.
An applicant shall not be deemed to have exhausted the remedies available in the courts of the State, within the meaning of this section, if he has the right under the law of the State to raise, by any available procedure, the question presented.
June 25, 1948, c. 646, 62 Stat. 967.
3

. To support this argument the State of Florida cites Brooks v. Wainwright, C.A. 5, 1965, 345 F.2d 641; Wagenknecht v. Crouse, C.A. 10, 1965, 344 F.2d 920; Von Eiselein v. Taylor, C.A. 10, 1965, 344 F.2d 919; Pate v. Holman, C.A. 5, 1965, 343 F.2d 546; French v. Downie, C.A. 5, 1960, 283 F.2d 303, cert. den. 368 U.S. 867, 82 S.Ct. 68, 7 L.Ed.2d 64, rehearing den. 368 U.S. 923, 82 S.Ct. 243, 7 L.Ed.2d 138; Rupp v. Teets, C.A. 9, 1954, 214 F.2d 312, cert. den. 348 U.S. 865, 75 S.Ct. 91, 99 L.Ed. 682; and Stonebreaker v. Smyth, 4 Cir., 163 F.2d 498. However, none of these cases indicate that habeas corpus relief must be denied when a petitioner has attempted to seek proper state relief and has been ignored. For example, in Brooks v. Wainwright, supra, the petitioner raised new issues in habeas corpus which had not been considered in a state court denial of a motion to vacate. The state court had in fact acted on the issues which the petitioner had previously raised, but it had not yet a chance to act on the new issues raised in the habeas corpus appeal.