Hallmark Builders, Inc., a Florida Corp. v. Gaylord Broad. Co., a Delaware Corp., 733 F.2d 1461 (11th Cir. 1984). · Go Syfert
Hallmark Builders, Inc., a Florida Corp. v. Gaylord Broad. Co., a Delaware Corp., 733 F.2d 1461 (11th Cir. 1984). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“a trial court ... is not precluded from finding, as a matter of law, that a publication is not defamatory.”
17 citation events (13 in the last 25 years) across 3 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: James L. Turner v. Theodore v. Wells, Jr. (ca11, 2018-01-18)
Top citers, strongest first. 13 distinct citers.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) James L. Turner v. Theodore v. Wells, Jr. (4×) also: Cited as authority (rule), Cited "see, e.g."
11th Cir. · 2018 · signal: see also · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
a trial court ... is not precluded from finding, as a matter of law, that a publication is not defamatory.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Donald Trump v. Cable News Network, Inc.
11th Cir. · 2025 · confidence medium
Co., 733 F.2d 1461, 1464 (11th Cir. 1984) (quoting Byrd v. Hustler Maga- zine, Inc., 433 So. 2d 593, 595 (Fla. 4th Dist.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Thomas M. Utterback v. Craig B. Morris
11th Cir. · 2025 · confidence medium
Co., 733 F.2d 1461, 1464 (11th Cir. 1984)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Jacquelyn Johnston v. Gary S. Borders
11th Cir. · 2022 · confidence medium
Co., 733 F.2d 1461, 1463 (11th Cir. 1984).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Centennial Bank v. ServisFirst Bank Inc.
M.D. Fla. · 2021 · confidence medium
Co., 733 F.2d 1461, 1464 (11th Cir. 1984) (citing Byrd v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 433 So.2d 593, 595 (Fla.App.1983)); see also Rubin v. U.S. News & World Report, Inc., 271 F.3d 1305, 1308 (11th Cir. 2001) (“[A] statement must be false to be libelous.”).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Turner v. Wells
S.D. Fla. · 2016 · confidence medium
Co., 733 F.2d 1461, 1464 (11th Cir.1984) (quoting Byrd v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 433 So.2d 593, 595 (Fla. 4th DCA 1983)) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 497 U.S. 1, 23 , 110 S.Ct. 2695 , 111 L.Ed.2d 1 (1990) (Brennan, J., dissenting) (“I agree with the Court that ... only statements that are capable of being proved false are subject to liability under state libel law.”); accord Fla. Med.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Fortson v. Colangelo
S.D. Fla. · 2006 · confidence medium
The first element of the claim, “[a] false statement of fact[,] is the sine qua non for recovery in a defamation action.” See Hallmark Builders, Inc. v. Gaylord Broad., Co., 733 F.2d 1461, 1464 (11th Cir.1984) (quoting Byrd v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 433 So.2d 593, 595 (Fla. 4th DCA 1983)); see also Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 497 U.S. I, 23, 110 S.Ct. 2695 , 111 L.Ed.2d 1 (1990) (Brennan, J., dissenting) (“I agree with the Court that ... only statements that are capable of being proved false are subject to liability under state libel law”).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Jones v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc.
M.D. Fla. · 1988 · confidence medium
Hallmark Builders, Inc. v. Gaylord Broadcasting, 733 F.2d 1461, 1463 (11th Cir.1984).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Silvester v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc.
S.D. Fla. · 1986 · confidence medium
Hallmark Builders, Inc. v. Gaylord Broadcasting Co., 733 F.2d 1461, 1464 (11th Cir.1984).
cited Cited "see" Richard Rubin v. U.S. News & World Report, Inc.
11th Cir. · 2001 · signal: see · confidence high
See Hallmark Builders, Inc. v. Gaylord Broadcasting Co., 733 F.2d 1461, 1463 (11th Cir.1984). 3 .
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Kirill Vesselov v. Laird Harrison
11th Cir. · 2024 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence medium
See, e.g., Hallmark Builders, Inc. v. Gaylord Broadcasting Co., 733 F.2d 1461, 1463 (11th Cir. 1984) (noting that Florida law recognizes that a def- amation action can arise from “either false statements or state- ments with false implications”).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." ca11 1985
11th Cir. · 1985 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence medium
See, e.g., Hallmark Builders, Inc. v. Gaylord Broadcasting Co., 733 F.2d 1461, 1464 (11th Cir.1984); Church of Scientology v. Cazares, 638 F.2d 1272, 1286 (5th Cir.1981); Ollman v. Evans, 750 F.2d 970 , 974-75 & n. 6 (D.C.Cir.1984) (en banc), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 105 S.Ct. 2662 , 86 L.Ed.2d 278 (1985) (listing decisions of various circuits treating the statement as controlling law and noting that the dicta was recently quoted with approval by the Supreme Court in Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc., 466 U.S. 485 , ----, 104 S.Ct. 1949, 1961 , 80 L.Ed.2d 502 (1984)).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Keller v. Miami Herald Publishing Co.
11th Cir. · 1985 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence medium
See, e.g., Hallmark Builders, Inc. v. Gaylord Broadcasting Co., 733 F.2d 1461, 1464 (11th Cir.1984); Church of Scientology v. Cazares, 638 F.2d 1272, 1286 (5th Cir.1981); Ollman v. Evans, 750 F.2d 970 , 974-75 & n. 6 (D.C.Cir.1984) (en banc), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 105 S.Ct. 2662 , 86 L.Ed.2d 278 (1985) (listing decisions of various circuits treating the statement as controlling law and noting that the dicta was recently quoted with approval by the Supreme Court in Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc., 466 U.S. 485 , -, 104 S.Ct. 1949, 1961 , 80 L.Ed.2d 502 (1984)).
HALLMARK BUILDERS, INC., a Florida Corporation, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
GAYLORD BROADCASTING COMPANY, a Delaware Corporation, Defendant-Appellee
83-3072.
Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit.
Jun 7, 1984.
733 F.2d 1461
W. Donald Cox, Tampa, Fla., for plaintiff-appellant., Gregory G. Jones, Tampa, Fla., for defendant-appellee.
Fay, Vance, Hatchett.
Cited by 13 opinions  |  Published
HATCHETT, Circuit Judge:

In this diversity case, we determine whether the district court was correct in holding that Gaylord Broadcasting Company’s (Gaylord) television station, WTVT, did not defame appellant, Hallmark Builders (Hallmark), in a broadcast concerning problems in the home building industry. The district court was correct, and we affirm.

On January 26, 1979, on its 6 p.m. and 11 p.m. news, WTVT reported on problems encountered by new home buyers and commented on defects found in houses Hallmark had constructed. WTVT aired the report after receiving information concerning a Federal Trade Commission (FTC) investigation into the home building industry and after receiving a complaint from Richard and Ann Jiosne, purchasers of a Hallmark house. WTVT confirmed the existence of defects in the Jiosne residence and other Hallmark houses before broadcasting the story.

At the time the broadcast was aired, WTVT’s reporter knew that Hallmark was a builder with subdivisions in several of Florida’s leading counties. He also knew that Hallmark received both FHA and VA financing, had its homes inspected by local building inspectors, and that few complaints had been lodged against Hallmark with consumer affairs offices. In addition, the broadcast made no attempt to compare Hallmark with other area builders, made no mention of whether the complaints had come from a substantial number of Hallmark’s purchasers, and made no comment regarding any other builder. On the day of the broadcast, the reporter for WTVT interviewed Hallmark’s president and was informed that the defects were minor and would be corrected.

While Hallmark contends the entire broadcast is rife with defamatory statements, it specifically relies on four statements and one camera shot to support its position. The statements and camera shot are:

A Federal Trade Commission official warned ... just this week ... that unless some home builders shape up ... the government will land on them ... hard. // Richard and Ann Jiosne say their $52,000 home in Brandon is a case in point.

New home defects are at the top of the list when it comes to consumer complaints____ And, unless builders nationwide take it upon themselves to construct better quality homes ... the federal government may have to step in with tough regulations to protect new home buyers.

Home owners cry foul.

These were expensive homes with expensive problems.

A camera shot of a hairline masonry crack in one of the homes.

The district court held that Hallmark had failed to prove either that the statements were false or that Gaylord was negligent in broadcasting them. The district court, therefore, granted summary judgment to Gaylord. Hallmark appeals claiming that summary judgment was inappropriate and Gaylord was negligent in broadcasting the report.

Under Florida law, Hallmark, a private corporation, is entitled to recover in a defamation action if Gaylord negligently broadcast either false statements or statements with false implications and the broadcast resulted in actual damage to Hallmark. Brown v. Tallahassee Democrat, Inc., 440 So.2d 588, 589-90 (Fla.App.1983); Miami Herald Publishing Company v. Ane, 423 So.2d 376, 388 (Fla.App.1982). See also Wolfson v. Kirk, 273 So.2d 774 (Fla.App.), cert. denied, 279 So.2d 32 (1973).

Where a publication or statement is susceptible to two interpretations, one of which is defamatory, a jury should determine whether the statement is defamatory. Belli v. Orlando Daily Newspapers, Inc., 389 F.2d 579, 583-84 (5th Cir.1967), cert. denied, 393 U.S. 825, 89 S.Ct. 88, 21[*1464] L.Ed.2d 96 (1968). See also Church of Scientology of California v. Cazares, 638 F.2d 1272, 1286 (5th Cir.1981). A trial court, however, is not precluded from finding, as a matter of law, that a publication is not defamatory. Church of Scientology, 638 F.2d at 1286. See also Southard v. Forbes, Inc., 588 F.2d 140 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 444 U.S. 832, 100 S.Ct. 62, 62 L.Ed.2d 41 (1979) (summary judgment appropriate on the questions of defamation and actual malice). We must determine, therefore, whether the broadcast was susceptible to a defamatory meaning.

Hallmark contends the first two statements listed above are defamatory because they purport to expose Hallmark as the only home builder the government is investigating. Such an interpretation is unreasonable. A reasonable person would interpret the statements as declaring that the government is regulating home builders who construct defective houses; thus, Hallmark will be regulated because it builds defective houses. Moreover, the statements are accurate. The Federal Trade Commission had warned home builders about their practices, and the Jiosnes’ and other Hallmark houses contained defects. These two statements are not susceptible to a defamatory interpretation.

Hallmark also contends that the words “home owners cry foul,” which were flashed onto the screen, were defamatory. It claims the home owners never “cried foul,” words that connote deception. Hallmark’s contention is frivolous. The evidence reveals that numerous home owners complained about problems they encountered with their Hallmark houses. To characterize these complaints as “cry[ing] foul” is reasonable, i.e., the purchasers complained. Since the statement is true, no reasonable person could interpret it as defamatory in any manner towards Hallmark. “A false statement of fact is the sine qua non for recovery in a defamation action.” Byrd v. Hustler Magazine, Inc., 433 So.2d 593, 595 (Fla.App.1983).

Hallmark also contends that the statement “these were expensive homes with expensive problems” was defamatory. This statement constitutes the reporter’s opinion concerning the cost of repairing the defects contained in the Hallmark houses and, therefore, is protected by the first amendment. Gertz v. Welch, 418 U.S. 323, 339-40, 94 S.Ct. 2997, 3006-07, 41 L.Ed.2d 789 (1974).

Finally, Hallmark argues that the close-up camera shot of a hairline masonry crack in a Hallmark house made the crack appear larger than it really was and, therefore, was defamatory. Because the closeup accurately represented the appearance of the crack from the distance shown, it represented the truth and was not susceptible to any defamatory meaning.

In examining the broadcast in its totality, we find that the broadcast accurately represented the problems encountered by buyers of Hallmark houses. Since the statements in the broadcast were either true or opinions protected by the first amendment, the district court acted properly in granting summary judgment for Gaylord. It is unnecessary to determine whether Gaylord was negligent in broadcasting this report because the report was not defamatory as a matter of law, and therefore, the issue of negligence is irrelevant.

AFFIRMED.