l 2 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE 3 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE 4 CONNIE HARRIS, KRISTI SCOCCO, yo 5 SUSAN SARTAIN, MARY MIHOVILICH, ) CASE NO. 2:19-cv-00291-BJR DAVID ASUNCION, BRIAN JAEGER, _ ) 6 || JUDY JAEGER, MARY CANTU, ) KRISTEN WEISE, KATRINA JOHNSON, ) 7 || CATHERINE CLEMENS, MARK ) MILLER, MARY MIOTKE, DALE ) 8 || DOYON, AARON HEINTZMAN, SARA) MCNAMARA, ERIN BAST, and MARIA) ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFFS’ 9 || SAGISI GEISS, as individuals, ) MOTION FOR LEAVE TO AMEND ) COMPLAINT; GRANTING IN PART 10 Plaintiffs, ) DEFENDANT KEYCORP’S ) MOTION TO DISMISS 11 V. ) ) 12 ) U.S. BANKCORP, BANK OF AMERICA, ) 13 & KEYCORP, national banking ) associations, ) 14 ) Defendants. ) By 16 17 I. INTRODUCTION 18 Eighteen individual plaintiffs (“Plaintiffs”) have brought this action against three bank 19 || defendants, U.S. BankCorp, Bank of America, and KeyCorp (“Defendants”), asserting that 20 || Defendants wrongfully refused to honor Plaintiffs’ bonds, issued between 1980 and 1987. In their 21 amended complaint, Plaintiffs assert five claims: (1) breach of contract, (2) violation of the 22 Washington Consumer Protection Act, (3) conversion, (4) negligence, and (5) restitution for unjust 23 enrichment. Currently before the Court are (1) KeyCorp’s Motion to Dismiss all claims on various

95 || grounds; and (2) Plaintiff's Motion to Amend Complaint. Having reviewed the pleadings, the record of this case, and the relevant legal authorities, the Court hereby grants the Motion to Amend, 5 and grants in part and denies in part the Motion to Dismiss, as set forth below. ^[3] II. BACKGROUND ©

4 The following is a summary of Plaintiffs’ factual allegations, which the Court accepts as > |] true for purposes of this motion. Plaintiffs are owners of bonds that were issued between 1980 and 6 1987 by Seattle-First National Banks, American Savings Bank of Tacoma, and Rainier National Banks. Am. Compl. 97 13-30, Dkt. No. 11-1. Between 1983 and 1992, through multiple mergers’

9 and acquisitions, Bank of America acquired these three banks, including obligations on bonds

10 issued by these banks. Jd. J§ 6-12. Sometime after 1992, U.S. BankCorp and KeyCorp each 11 || purchased several Rainier National Bank branches from Bank of America, including deposits and 12 || obligations on bonds issued by those branches. Jd. 13 Six out of eighteen Plaintiffs, Mihovilich, Weise, Johnson, Miller, Doyon, and Bast, have 4 asserted claims against KeyCorp. Jd. §§ 13-29. They are registered owners, or heirs of owners, of bank bonds or time deposits, all issued by Rainier Bank. /d. § 30. According to Plaintiffs, Rainier

7 Bank, Bank of America, and KeyCorp never notified Plaintiffs that they were not renewing 1g || Plaintiffs’ bonds. /d {| 34. When Plaintiffs recently attempted to redeem their bonds, KeyCorp 19 refused to honor the bonds. /d. § 42. KeyCorp told Plaintiffs that the bonds were worthless because 20 || the bonds had already been redeemed or escheated to the State of Washington. Id. ¥ 43. 1 Plaintiffs filed the original complaint on February 28, 2019. KeyCorp moved to dismiss all claims on April 1, 2019. Plaintiffs filed a motion for leave to amend their complaint on April 11, 2019, As noted below, the Court grants Plaintiffs leave to amend their complaint, and thus considers KeyCorp’s motion to dismiss as applied to Plaintiffs amended complaint, as requested by the parties.

I. LEGAL STANDARDS

5 A Rule 12(b)(6) motion tests the legal sufficiency of claims asserted in a complaint. To 3 || Survive such a motion, a plaintiff must plead “sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state 4 aclaim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Igbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting 5 || Bell Atl Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). A claim is “facially plausible” when the 6 plaintiff pleads sufficient facts for a court to “draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Jgbal, 556 U.S. at 678. In determining whether a complaint

9 “states a plausible claim for relief,” the reviewing court must “draw on its judicial experience and 19 |;common sense.” Id. at 679. 11 When considering a motion to dismiss, a court must accept all factual allegations pleaded 12 the complaint as true and draw all reasonable inferences from those allegations in favor of the 13 || nonmoving party. Cahill v. Liberty Mutual Ins, Co., 80 F.3d 336, 337-38 (9th Cir. 1996). The court need not, however, accept as true unreasonable inferences or conclusory legal assertions cast in the form of factual allegations. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 553-56.

7 IV. DISCUSSION 18 A. Plaintiffs’ Motion to Amend the Complaint 19 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a) directs courts to freely give a party leave to amend 20 || its pleading when justice so requires. Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a). A court should give leave to amend “in 21 the absence of any apparent or declared reason -- such as undue delay, bad faith or dilatory motive 22 on the part of the movant, repeated failure to cure deficiencies by amendments previously allowed, undue prejudice to the opposing party by virtue of allowance of the amendment, futility of

95 amendment, etc.” Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962) (“[O]utright refusal to grant the leave without any justifying reason appearing for the denial is not an exercise of discretion; it is merely abuse of that discretion and inconsistent with the spirit of the Federal Rules.”); see Howey v. United

5 States, 481 F.2d 1187, 1190 (9th Cir. 1973) (noting that a court considers several factors such as 3 undue delay, bad faith, futility of amendment, and prejudice to the opposing party when 4 || determining the propriety of a motion for leave to amend). In determining the propriety of a motion > |} for leave to amend, the crucial factor is the resulting prejudice to the opposing party. Howey, 481 6 F.2d at 1190 (holding that the trial court’s denial of leave to amend was abuse of discretion even with five-year delay because there was no showing of prejudice to the opposing party).

9 Here, Plaintiffs filed a motion for leave to amend their complaint just a few weeks after

10 they filed the original complaint. As discussed more fully below, the amended complaint is not 11 || futile because Plaintiffs clarify their allegations that Defendants assumed liability for the bonds 12 |) during the mergers and acquisitions Am. Compl. {§ 6-11. Moreover, because this case is still in 13 early stages and little discovery has taken place, there is no undue prejudice to KeyCorp. Therefore, the Court grants Plaintiffs leave to amend their complaint. See Howey, 481 F.2d at 1190. The Court considers KeyCorp’s motion to dismiss as applied to Plaintiffs’ amended

17 complaint. 18 B. The Relevant Statutes of Limitations and Laches Do Not Bar Plaintiffs’ Claims 19 KeyCorp first moves to dismiss all claims based on the grounds of the statute of limitations 20 || and laches. As discussed below, based on the facts alleged, the Court rejects KeyCorp’s argument 21 that Plaintiffs’ legal injuries occurred sometime before February 28, 2013 because Plaintiffs knew or should have known about KeyCorp’s intention not to honor their bonds. The parties do not dispute that the applicable statute of limitations periods are six years for

25 breach of contract, four years for violation of Washington Consumer Protection Act, and three years for negligence, conversion and unjust enrichment claims. See RCW 4.16.040(1); RCW

19.86.120; RCW 4.16.080(2); RCW 4.16.080. The parties, however, dispute when Plaintiffs’

> || causes of action began to accrue. Plaintiffs assert that the causes of action accrued only recently 3 || when KeyCorp declined to honor the terms of the bonds and advised Plaintiffs that their bonds had 4 ||no value. Pls.” Resp. 9, Dkt. No. 13. KeyCorp contends that the cause of action began to accrue > |] much earlier because KeyCorp (and other Defendants) did not communicate with Plaintiffs about 6 their bonds for over 20 years. Mot. Dismiss 9, Dkt. No. 10. KeyCorp argues that lack of communication for more than 20 years was sufficient to have placed Plaintiffs on notice about its

9 intention not to honor their bonds. /d. KeyCorp does not say when, precisely, Plaintiffs were on

10 actual or constructive notice, except to imply that it was earlier than February 28, 2013—six years 11 || before Plaintiffs filed their original complaint. /d 12 A cause of action accrues when the party “has the right to apply to a court for relief” and 13 establish each element of the action.” Deegan v. Windermere Real Estate/Center-Isle, Inc., 391 P.3d 582, 591 (Wash. Ct. App. 2017). Generally, this occurs when the plaintiff suffers some form of injury or damage. Crisman v. Crisman, 931 P.2d 163, 165 (Wash. Ct. App. 1997). But the

17 discovery rule may apply where “injured parties do not, or cannot, know they have been injured.” 1g || Deegan, 391 P.3d at 591. Under the discovery rule, “a cause of action accrues when the plaintiff, 19 through the exercise of due diligence, knew or should have known the basis for the cause of 20 || action.” Id.; see Crisman, 931 P.2d at 165 (holding that the court may apply the discovery rule as 21 long as the delay between the injury and the plaintiff's discovery of it was not caused by the 22 plaintiff sleeping on his rights). With or without the discovery rule, the defendant asserting a statute of limitations defense bears the burden of proof. See Wm. Dickson Co. vy. Pierce Cty., 116 P.3d

25 409, 414 (Wash. Ct. App. 2005) (party asserting the time bar bears the burden of proof); Mayer v. City of Seattle, 10 P.3d 408, 414 (Wash. Ct. App. 2000) (defendant asserting the time bar did not meet his burden of proof because a genuine issue of material fact existed regarding when the statute

of limitations began to accrue). 3 Here, KeyCorp argues that Plaintiffs’ cause of action began to accrue when lack of 4 ||communication about their bonds for more than 20 years placed Plaintiffs on notice about 5 KeyCorp’s intention not to honor the bonds. Mot. Dismiss 8—9. Plaintiffs contend that lack of 6 communication did not necessarily trigger their legal injury because it could also have meant that their bonds were automatically renewing. Pls.’ Resp. 7-9. Plaintiffs argue additionally that in fact

9 the bank did maintain communication with the bond owners but did not notify them that their

10 bonds were not being renewed. /d. 11 'The Court finds that Plaintiffs have alleged sufficient facts to support their position that 12 || their legal injuries occurred only recently, that is, when KeyCorp declined to honor their bonds. 13: |) Whether lack of communication from KeyCorp about the bonds would have placed Plaintiffs on notice about their legal injury remains disputed—indeed, as noted above, KeyCorp itself fails to specify when, in fact, the alleged injuries may have accrued. Therefore, KeyCorp fails to meet its

7 burden of proving that the relevant statutes of limitations ran before Plaintiffs filed their original 1g complaint. See Mayer, 10 P.3d at 414. KeyCorp’s motion to dismiss the claims on the ground of 19 || the statute of limitations is denied. 20 Similarly, KeyCorp fails to meet its burden to establish that laches bars Plaintiffs’ claims. 71 The defendant asserting laches as a defense must prove all three elements: (1) the plaintiff had 2 knowledge or a reasonable opportunity to discover facts constituting a cause of action; (2) there was an unreasonable delay by the plaintiff in commencing the action; and (3) there is damage,

25 prejudice or disadvantage to the defendant, or an innocent third party, resulting from the delay. Nettles v. Beckley, 648 P.2d 508, 510 (Wash. Ct. App. 1982). As previously noted, KeyCorp fails to establish at this stage, by uncontroverted facts, when Plaintiffs knew or should have known

5 about KeyCorp’s intention not to honor their bonds. The Court therefore also declines to dismiss 3 || the claims on the ground of laches. 4 C. Plaintiffs Sufficiently Allege That KeyCorp Is Liable for Their Bonds 5 Plaintiffs allege that KeyCorp is liable for their bonds asserting that KeyCorp purchased 6 several Rainier Bank branches and that the purchase included the obligations on bank bonds and time deposits issued by those branches. Pls.’ Resp. 4-5. KeyCorp argues that Plaintiffs’ statements

9 are merely assumptions or conclusory allegations that are not supported with alleged facts. Mot.

10 Dismiss 6-7, 11 Under the general rule in Washington, “a corporation purchasing the assets of another 12 corporation does not, by reason of the purchase of assets, become liable for the debts and liabilities of the selling corporation.” Hall v. Armstrong Cork, Inc., 692 P.2d 787, 789-90 (Wash. 1984), 4 There are, however, four well-established exceptions to this rule: when (1) the purchaser expressly or impliedly assumes liability, (2) the purchase is a de facto merger or consolidation, (3) the

7 purchaser is a mere continuation of the seller, or (4) the transfer of assets is for the fraudulent

1g || Purpose of escaping liability. /d. 19 Here, Plaintiffs allege that KeyCorp purchased several Rainier Bank branches, including 20 || Rainier Bank’s Grays Harbor Branch, Magnolia Branch, University Branch, Goldendale Branch, 2 and Crown Hill Branch. Am. Compl. § 9. Plaintiffs explicitly allege in their Amended Complaint that KeyCorp’s purchase included the deposits and obligations on bonds issued by those branches. Id. At this stage of the litigation, that is, before discovery has taken place, Plaintiffs are not

25 expected to produce any evidence to support their allegations. The Court must accept the facts proffered in the complaint as true and draw reasonable inferences in favor of Plaintiffs. See Cahill,

80 F.3d at 337-38. Assuming that KeyCorp’s purchase of Rainier Bank’s branches included the deposits and obligations on Plaintiffs’ bonds, KeyCorp falls under the first exception. Therefore, 3 || the Court rejects KeyCorp’s argument that Plaintiffs have failed to allege that KeyCorp is liable 4 || for the bonds. 5 Dz. The Washington Consumer Protection Act Claim 6 Washington enacted the Consumer Protection Act (“CPA”) “to complement federal law on restraint of trade, unfair competition, and unfair, fraudulent, and deceptive acts to protect the public

9 and promote honest competition.” RCW 19.86.920. Plaintiffs assert that KeyCorp violated the 19 when it told Plaintiffs that their bonds had no value and refused to redeem the bonds without 11 ||investigation. Am. Compl. {§ 67-72. KeyCorp moves to dismiss this claim on two distinct 12 || grounds, arguing that: (1) the alleged activities are exempt from the CPA; and (2) Plaintiffs fail to 13 allege the public interest element that is required to establish a CPA claim. Mot. Dismiss 11~15. i. The Activities Alleged in This Case Are Not Exempt from the CPA The CPA does not apply to actions or transactions that are “otherwise permitted, prohibited,

17 regulated under laws administered by...any other regulatory body or officer acting under

1g || Statutory authority of...the United States]. |” RCW 19.86.170. KeyCorp argues that this exemption 19 |lapplies to the allegedly unfair business practice in this case because the National Bank Act, 12 20 |/ U.S.C. § 21 et seq., and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”) regulate unfair 21 and deceptive practices by national banks. Mot. Dismiss 11. 2 The Washington Supreme Court, however, has explained that courts should narrowly construe the scope of the CPA exemptions and liberally construe the CPA to serve its beneficial

35 || Purposes. Vogt v. Seattle-First Nat'l Bank, 817 P.2d 1364, 1370 (Wash. 1991); see also RCW 19.86.920 (“[T]his act shall be liberally construed that its beneficial purposes may be served.”).

Courts should not exempt actions or transactions merely because they are regulated generally, and 5 should apply the exemption “only if the particular practice found to be unfair or deceptive is 3 || specifically permitted, prohibited, or regulated.” Vogt, 817 P.2d at 1370 (emphasis added) (holding 4 |} that “[a]lthough the [OCC] has regulatory and supervisory authority over national banks, that 5 authority alone does not result in exemption under the [CPA]” for the bank’s allegedly wrongful 6 conduct; the bank’s conduct of charging unreasonable amount of trustee fees was subject to the CPA because its practice was not specifically permitted by federal regulation).

9 Here, KeyCorp fails to explain, to the requisite degree of specificity, how the NBA permits 19 {|r regulates the alleged practices of misrepresenting the validity of bonds and refusing to redeem 11 without investigation. See Vogt, 817 P.2d at 1370 (“Exemption under the Consumer 12 ||Protection Act is applied only after determining whether the specific action is permitted, 13 prohibited, regulated or required by a regulatory body or statute.”). Without citation to a specific 4 provision in the NBA, or OCC regulations, KeyCorp vaguely asserts only that the NBA governs “allegedly deceptive representations to consumers concerning specific investments.” Def. Reply

17 7, Dkt. No. 16. Such general averment fails to meet the specificity prescribed by Vogt. 1g ||Furthermore, KeyCorp’s reliance on Vatomanyuk vy. Quality Loan Service Corporation is 19 || misplaced. See 699 F. Supp. 2d 1242 (W.D. Wash. 2010). In Vatomanyuk, this Court found that 20 plaintiff's CPA claim was not viable because the NBA regulates the specific practices related to 21 mortgage lending at issue in that case. See 699 F. Supp. 2d at 1246 (citing Fultz v. World Sav. & Loan Ass’n, No. CO8-0343RSL, 2008 WL 4131512, at *2 (W.D. Wash. Aug. 18, 2008), in which the question was whether “the state laws are being used by plaintiffs as a vehicle to impose

25 limitations on the exercise of national banks’ real estate lending power”). KeyCorp has failed to point to a similar provision in the NBA—governing the practice of issuing and redeeming bonds,

notifying bondholders of the validity or invalidity of those bonds, or any other specific issues in this case—that would trigger the exemption provision of the CPA. ^[3] In light of the long-standing and emphatic admonitions to courts to construe the CPA 4 || broadly (and its exceptions narrowly), and in the absence of citation to provisions in the NBA 5 specifically governing the activities alleged in this case, the Court declines to extend the holding of Vatomanyuk. The activities alleged in this case do not fall under the CPA exemptions at RCW 7 19,86.170. 8 9 In a related argument, KeyCorp also argues that the OCC, instead of the Court, should make the initial decision over the current matter under the doctrine of primary jurisdiction. Mot. 10 p ¥ J 11 || Dismiss 11-12. A court has the discretion to defer to an agency after consideration of the following 12 || three factors: 13 1. The administrative agency has the authority to resolve issues that would be referred to 14 it by the court; 15 2. The agency must have special competence over all or some part of the controversy which renders the agency better able than the court to resolve the issues; and 16 knowledge is required to evaluate Plaintiffs’ CPA claim. KeyCorp has not explained how the danger of a conflicting resolution might arise. And while the OCC may indeed have authority to 3 resolve the issues presented by Plaintiffs’ claims, there is no indication whether and how it might 4 so. The Court declines to dismiss the CPA claim under the doctrine of primary jurisdiction. 5 ii. Plaintiffs Sufficiently Allege that KeyCorp’s Acts Affect Public Interest 6 To establish a claim under the CPA, a private plaintiff must establish all five elements: the defendant’s act (1) is unfair or deceptive, (2) occurs in the conduct of trade or commerce,

9 (3) affects public interest, and (4) causes (5) injury to plaintiff in his business or property. 10 || dangman Ridge Training Stables, Inc. v. Safeco Title Ins. Co., 719 P.2d 531, 535 (Wash. 1986), 11 KeyCorp argues that Plaintiffs’ CPA claim fails because Plaintiffs’ factual allegations do not 12 || satisfy the third element. Mot. Dismiss 14. KeyCorp asserts that Plaintiffs’ allegation that KeyCorp 13 || refused to redeem other similar bonds does not satisfy the public interest element because Plaintiffs did not indicate the number of potential bond owners who may reside in Washington. Def. Reply 8. Plaintiffs counter that they have satisfied the public interest element. Pls.” Resp. 20. Plaintiffs

7 allege that KeyCorp’s actions affect the public interest because Rainier Bank issued “numerous

1g |{Similar other bonds to numerous other people” and KeyCorp is refusing to redeem those bonds. 19 |} Am. Compl. € 74. 20 To establish the public interest element, a private plaintiff must show that his lawsuit serves 71 the public interest. Hangman, 719 P.2d at 537-39. When determining whether the public has an 2 interest in an action involving consumer transactions, a court considers the following factors: (1) were the alleged acts committed in the course of defendant’s business? (2) are the acts part of

25 concerning bank’s loan collection practices, the Court in this case did not find that the OCC specifically regulated bank’s practice of issuing and redeeming bonds. See 865 P.2d at 540.

a pattern or generalized course of conduct? (3) were repeated acts committed prior to the act

5 involving plaintiff? (4) is there a real and substantial potential for repetition of defendant’s conduct 3 || after the act involving plaintiff? (5) if the act complained of involved a single transaction, were 4 || many consumers affected or likely to be affected by it? Jd.; see Travis v. Wash. Horse Breeders |

> |] Ass 'n, 759 P.2d 418, 423 (Wash. 1988) (holding that the public interest element was met when the 6 defendants sold a defective racehorse to the plaintiff because the sale was conducted in the course of business and the defendants’ long standing sales practice would likely affect other customers,

9 jockeys and the betting public), 10 Here, assuming Plaintiffs’ allegations are true, all five public interest questions are 11 || answered in the affirmative. KeyCorp, in the course of its business, allegedly refused to redeem 12 || Plaintiffs’ bonds without investigation and told Plaintiffs that the bonds had no value. Am. Compl. 23 67-68. KeyCorp repeated its practice to at least six Plaintiffs. There is a real and substantial 4 potential for repetition of its conduct when other bond owners come to redeem similar bonds. There are “numerous” potential customers who may be affected by KeyCorp’s current policy.

17 Therefore, at this stage, Plaintiffs’ allegations satisfy the public interest element and survive a

18 motion to dismiss. See Travis, 759 P.2d at 423. 19 KeyCorp also asserts that Plaintiffs fail to show that KeyCorp’s allegedly deceptive act has 20 the capacity to deceive a “substantial portion” of the public. Mot. Dismiss 14. The Washington 7 Court of Appeals has recognized that determining whether the deceptive act has the capacity to deceive a substantial portion of the public is a question of fact. Behnke v. Ahrens, 294 P.3d 729, 735-36 (Wash. Ct. App. 2012). Washington courts have declined to determine as a matter of law

35 what constitutes “substantial portion of the public.” /d. Instead, the courts examine whether the deceptive acts are “unique to the relationship between plaintiff and defendant.” /d. Because there is no threshold number as a matter of law and there remains a question of fact whether there are a

sufficiently large number of people who may be harmed by KeyCorp’s alleged acts, the Court will 3 || not dismiss this claim. 4 E. The Independent Duty Doctrine Bars Plaintiffs’ Negligence Claim 5 Under the independent duty doctrine, a party cannot recover for a negligence claim that 6 sounds in a breach of contract. Steinbock v. Ferry Cty. Pub. Util. Dist. No. 1, 269 P.3d 275, 281 (Wash. Ct. App. 2011). KeyCorp moves to dismiss Plaintiffs’ negligence claim, asserting that it

9 did not owe Plaintiffs a duty of care independent of its alleged promises contained in the parties’ 10 contracts (i.e. the bonds). Mot. Dismiss 10-11. Plaintiffs counter that they have alleged sufficient 11 || facts to establish that KeyCorp owed them an independent duty of care and that it breached that 12 || duty. Pls.’ Resp. 11-12. 13 Specifically, Plaintiffs argue that KeyCorp had a duty to provide Plaintiffs with correct 4 information about their bonds and that it neglected this duty when it provided Plaintiffs with false information. /d Plaintiffs assert that their negligence claim survives the independent duty doctrine

7 because the tort duties were independent from KeyCorp’s contractual duty to pay Plaintiffs in 1g || accordance with the terms of the bonds. /d. 19 Under the independent duty doctrine, a plaintiff can recover tort damages if the injury 20 traces back to the breach of a tort duty arising independently of the terms of the contract.” 21 || eastwood v. Horse Harbor Found, Inc., 241 P.3d 1256, 1262 (Wash. 2010) (holding that the plaintiff could recover tort damages when her lessee committed waste on the property because a tort duty not to commit waste was independent from the contractual obligation to maintain the

45 property in good condition); see also Jackowski v. Borchelt, 278 P.3d 1100, 1109 (Wash. 2012) (holding that the independent duty doctrine did not bar the plaintif? s claim of negligent misrepresentation, but “only to the extent the duty to not commit negligent misrepresentation is

5 independent of the contract”). 3 Here, unlike in Eastwood, where the defendant had a tort duty not to commit waste outside 4 || of the contractual obligation to maintain the property in good condition, KeyCorp had no duty to > negligently misrepresent information about the bonds, independent of KeyCorp’s alleged 6 contractual obligation to honor the terms of the bonds. See 241 P.3d at 1262. None of the allegations in the amended complaint give rise to even a reasonable inference supporting the claim

9 that KeyCorp had a duty not to commit negligent misrepresentation, independent of the contract

10 (i.e., the bonds). In fact, Plaintiffs allege that KeyCorp’s common law duties arise from their 11 || contractual relationship—‘from the bank’s receipt of funds and the establishment and management 12 || of the account relating to the bonds.” Am. Compl. § 79. 13 Plaintiffs further allege that KeyCorp breached a fiduciary duty by failing to maintain proper records of the bonds and failing to notify any changes in their accounts. Pls.’ Resp. 11. . Generally, a bank and a customer deal at arm’s length and do not enter into a fiduciary relationship.

7 Annechino yv. Worthy, 252 P.3d 415, 417 (Wash. Ct. App. 2011). Special circumstances, however, 1g establish the fiduciary relationship between the bank and its customer. Tokarz v. Frontier 19 || Fed. Sav. & Loan Asso, 656 P.2d 1089, 1092 (Wash. Ct. App. 1982). Some examples of special 20 || circumstances include where: “one who speaks must say enough to prevent his words from 71 misleading the other party; one who has special knowledge of material facts to which the other party does not have access may have a duty to disclose these facts to the other party; and one who stands in a confidential or fiduciary relation to the other party to a transaction must disclose

45 material facts.” /d.

Here, Plaintiffs fail to allege that special circumstances existed that would impose a

> fiduciary duty on KeyCorp. Because Plaintiffs have failed to allege facts supporting an inference 3 || that KeyCorp owed Plaintiff any tort or fiduciary duty independent of its alleged contractual duty 4 honor the terms of the bonds, the Court dismisses Plaintiffs’ negligence claim. 5 F. Unjust Enrichment Claim 6 To establish a claim for unjust enrichment, a plaintiff must allege all three elements: (1) a benefit conferred upon the defendant by the plaintiff, (2) an appreciation by the defendant of the

9 benefit, and (3) the acceptance or retention by the defendant of the benefit under such

19 || circumstances as to make inequitable for the defendant to retain the benefit without the payment 1] its value. Bailie Commce'ns v. Trend Bus. Sys., 810 P.2d 12, 18 (Wash. App. 1991) (citing 12 || Black’s Law Dictionary 1535-36 (6th ed. 1990)). 13 Plaintiffs allege that they deposited money with Rainer Bank, and KeyCorp acquired the deposited money when it purchased several Rainer Bank branches. Pls.’ Resp. 21-22. Plaintiffs assert that KeyCorp benefited from Plaintiffs’ money and that fairness and justice require KeyCorp

17 to return the money to Plaintiffs. Jd. KeyCorp argues that Plaintiffs fail to allege facts to show that

1g || KeyCorp possessed the money Plaintiffs deposited with Rainier Bank. 19 Unjust enrichment, however, is “the method of recovery for the value of the benefit retained 20 |) absent any contractual relationship because notions of fairness and justice require it.” Young v. 71 Young, 191 P.3d 1258, 1262 (Wash. 2008) (emphasis added). Here, Plaintiffs allege that there exist 2 express contracts between the parties (i.e., bonds). Because there is alleged contractual relationship between parties, the Court will dismiss the unjust enrichment claim.

| G. The Independent Duty Doctrine Also Bars Plaintiffs’ Conversion Claim

A conversion is “the act of willfully interfering with any chattel, without lawful 3 justification, whereby any person entitled thereto is deprived of the possession of it.” Judkins v. 4 || Sadler-Mac Neil, 376 P.2d 837, 838 (Wash. 1962). Plaintiffs allege that they are deprived 5 possession of their money because KeyCorp refuses to return their money. Pls.’ Resp. 22. KeyCorp asserts that Plaintiffs fail to state a conversion claim because they deposited their money with Rainier Bank, and not with KeyCorp.

9 Here, the independent duty doctrine bars Plaintiffs’ conversion claim. As mentioned

10 previously, under the independent duty doctrine, a party 1s limited to contract remedies unless there 11 |{is an independent tort duty. Eastwood, 241 P.3d at 1262 (“When no independent tort duty exists, 12 |} tort does not provide a remedy.”); see Fuji Food Prods., Inc. v. Occidental, LLC, No. 76152-8-I, '3 Wash. App. LEXIS 2718, at[*14] -15 (Wash. Ct. App. Dec. 3, 2018) (holding that the independent doctrine barred the conversion claim because the duty not to steal someone else’s property was related to the contractual duty arising out of the parties’ lease). As discussed above,

7 Plaintiffs failed to allege that KeyCorp owed them a tort duty independent of its alleged contractual 1g || duty to honor the bonds. Therefore, the Court will dismiss the conversion claim. 19 20 21 22 23 24 . 25

V. CONCLUSION

5 For the foregoing reasons, the Court hereby GRANTS the Plaintiffs’ Motion for Amend 3 Complaint (Dkt. No. 11) and GRANTS in part and DENIES in part KeyCorp’s motion to 4 dismiss (Dkt. No. 10). Plaintiffs’ claims for negligence, unjust enrichment, and conversion are > || DISMISSED. The motion as to Plaintiffs” remaining claims is DENIED. 6 DATED this 25th day of October, 2019. 7 8 fi / 4 {) Ay 4 bubhe A. ‘i Pb AE in ? BARBARA ROTHSTEIN UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE