Williams v. Krieger, 17 Fed. R. Serv. 2d 1219 (S.D.N.Y. 1973). · Go Syfert
Williams v. Krieger, 17 Fed. R. Serv. 2d 1219 (S.D.N.Y. 1973). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“rule 36, by its express terms, embraces only requests for admissions of fact or of the application of law to fact . . . o force the defendant to 'admit' would only frustrate the purposes for which rule 36 was drafted.”
52 citation events (25 in the last 25 years) across 22 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Graham v. Delaware-Chenango-Madison-Otsego Board of Cooperative Educational Services (nynd, 2025-04-22)
Treatment trajectory · 1978 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1978 2002 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 33 distinct citers.
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Graham v. Delaware-Chenango-Madison-Otsego Board of Cooperative Educational Services
N.D.N.Y. · 2025 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
defendant did not waive objections to palpably improper interrogatories despite failure to timely respond
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Nilsen v. SJV International Group, Inc.
D. Conn. · 2024 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
rule 36, by its express terms, embraces only requests for admissions of fact or of the application of law to fact . . . o force the defendant to 'admit' would only frustrate the purposes for which rule 36 was drafted.
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Ngambo v. Bank of America
S.D.N.Y. · 2021 · signal: see, e.g. · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
rule 36, by its express terms, embraces only requests for admissions of fact or the application of law to fact.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Cavienss v. Norwak Transit
D. Conn. · 2025 · confidence medium
Nevertheless, “only proper requests for admission will be deemed admitted.” Coach, Inc. v. Horizon Trading USA Inc., 908 F. Supp. 2d 426, 432 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (citing Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 144 (S.D.N.Y. 1973)) (“Rule 36, by its express terms, embraces only requests for admissions of fact or of the application of law to fact . . . [t]o force the defendant to ‘admit’ [legal conclusions] would only frustrate the purposes for which Rule 36 was drafted.”); see also Madej v. Yale Univ., No. 20-cv-133, 2020 WL 6270273 , at *5 (D.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Polk v. Bunting
D. Kan. · 2024 · confidence medium
Ct. 646, 648 (1985) (“Requests for admission ... are not objectionable even if they require opinions or conclusions of law, as long as the legal conclusions relate to the facts of the case.” (emphasis added)); Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 144 (S.D.N.Y. 1973) (ruling “pure requests for admissions of law” are “improper”).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Cement and Concrete Workers District Council Welfare Fund v. Manny P. Concrete Co., Inc.
E.D.N.Y · 2023 · confidence medium
Certain categories of questions are considered improper in requests for admissions, including those that would “force the defendant to ‘admit’ [legal conclusions]” which would “frustrate the purposes for which Rule 36 was drafted.” Coach, Inc. v. Horizon Trading USA Inc., 908 F. Supp. 2d 426, 432 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (Engelmayer, J.) (citing Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 144 (S.D.N.Y. 1973)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Murphy v. City of Elmira
W.D.N.Y. · 2022 · confidence medium
Health Ass’n, Inc., 2019 WL 3955420 (W.D.N.Y. 2019) (“waiver of [plaintiff’s] objections does not otherwise excuse this [c]ourt from its obligations to manage discovery in this case . . . including limiting its scope as appropriate”) (quotation omitted); Evans v. Murphy, 2013 WL 2250709 , *4 n.6 (W.D.N.Y. 2013) (declining to deem objections waived despite untimely response) (citing Ippolito v. Goord, 2008 WL 2776864 (W.D.N.Y. 2008)); Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 145 (S.D.N.Y. 1973) (defendant did not waive objections to palpably improper interrogatories despite failure to timely…
cited Cited as authority (rule) IN RE: NEW YORK CITY POLICING DURING SUMMER 2020 DEMONSTRATIONS
S.D.N.Y. · 2022 · confidence medium
Coach, Inc. v. Horizon Trading USA Inc., 908 F. Supp. 2d 426, 432 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (quoting Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 144 (S.D.N.Y. 1973)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) ALLEN v. BANNER LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY
D.N.J. · 2022 · confidence medium
Md. 2005) (“[A] court has broad discretion to decide on a case by case basis whether waiver is appropriate.”); Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 145 (S.D.N.Y. 1973) (“Wright and Miller suggest that the failure to make any objections within the proper time results in a waiver of the objection.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Rubinstein v. Music Sales Corporation
S.D.N.Y. · 2021 · confidence medium
Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 144 (S.D.N.Y. 1973); see also Coach, Inc. v. Horizon Trading USA Inc., 908 F. Supp. 2d 426, 433 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (same).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Richard v. Fischer
W.D.N.Y. · 2019 · confidence medium
To force the defendant to ‘admit’ [legal conclusions] would only frustrate the purposes for which Rule 36 was drafted.’” Coach, Inc. v. Horizon Trading USA Inc., 908 F. Supp. 2d 426, 432 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (quoting Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 144 (S.D.N.Y. 1973)); see Ross v. Shah, No. 1:12-CV-1006 (GTS/CFH), 2015 WL 4648002 , at *11 n.34 (N.D.N.Y.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Coach, Inc. v. Horizon Trading USA Inc.
S.D.N.Y. · 2012 · confidence medium
To force the defendant to ‘admit’ [legal conclusions] would only frustrate the purposes for which Rule 36 was drafted.” Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 144 (S.D.N.Y.1973).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Stark-Romero v. National Railroad Passenger Co.
D.N.M. · 2011 · confidence medium
Home Assurance Co., 177 F.R.D. 454, 458 (D.Minn.1997)); Abbott v. United States, 177 F.R.D. 92, 93 (N.D.N.Y.1997); English v. Cowell, 117 F.R.D. 132, 135 (C.D.Ill.1986) (“Requests asking for legal conclusions are not proper.” (citing Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 144 (S.D.N.Y.1973))).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Clean Earth Remediation & Construction Services, Inc. v. American International Group, Inc.
S.D.N.Y. · 2007 · confidence medium
Oct. 16, 2003), citing Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 145 (S.D.N.Y.1973)(Pollack, J.).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Lowell v. Hayes
Alaska · 2005 · confidence medium
Co. v. Marathon LeTourneau Co., 152 F.R.D. 524 , 525 n. 2 (S.D.W.Va.1994); Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 144 (S.D.N.Y.1973). 71 .
examined Cited as authority (rule) Vons Companies, Inc. v. United States (3×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
Fed. Cl. · 2001 · confidence medium
See also English v. Cowell, 117 F.R.D. 132, 135 (C.D.Ill.1986); Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 144 (S.D.N.Y.1973).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) P.R.S. International, Inc. v. Shred Pax Corp. (2×)
Ill. · 1998 · confidence medium
On the other hand, Rule 36 requests may not include requests for "opinions of law" or for legal conclusions. 7 Moore's Federal Practice par. 36.10[8] (3d ed.1998); Golden Valley Microwave Foods, Inc. v. Weaver Popcorn Co., 130 F.R.D. 92, 96 (N.D.Ind.1990); Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 144 (S.D.N.Y.1973); English v. Cowell, 117 F.R.D. 132, 135 (C.D.Ill.1986); Adelman, 90 B.R. at 1015 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) PRS International v. Shred Pax Corp.
Ill. · 1998 · confidence medium
Ind. 1990); Williams v. Krieger , 61 F.R.D. 142, 144 (S.D.N.Y. 1973); English v. Cowell , 117 F.R.D. 132, 135 (C.D.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Abbott v. United States
N.D.N.Y. · 1997 · confidence medium
See, e.g., Audio-text Communications Network, Inc. v. U.S. Telecom, Inc., 1995 WL 625744 (D.Kan.1995) (stating that requests for admissions that seek abstract opinions of the law or opinions of law unrelated to the facts of the case are improper); Storck USA, L.P. v. Farley Candy Co., Inc., 1995 WL 153260 (N.D.Ill.1995) (espousing that “hypothetical questions” are not within purview of Rule 36); Ransom v. United States, 8 Cl.Ct. 646, 647 (1985) (same); Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 144 (S.D.N.Y.1973) (recognizing that although interrogatories requiring application of law to the facts…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) S.A. Healy Co. v. United States
Fed. Cl. · 1997 · confidence medium
Because “no real prejudice in litigating the action on the merits has accrued as the result of the delay, ‘substantial justice’ would best be achieved by deeming the proffered facts not admitted but rather by ordering defendant to respond forthwith.” Szatanek v. McDonnell Douglas Corp., 109 F.R.D. 37, 41 (W.D.N.Y.1985) (citing Warren v. International Bhd. of Teamsters, 544 F.2d 334 , 340 (8th Cir.1976); Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 144 (S.D.N.Y.1973)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Herrera v. Scully (2×) also: Cited "see"
S.D.N.Y. · 1992 · confidence medium
Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 145 (S.D.N.Y.1973).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Diederich v. Department of the Army
S.D.N.Y. · 1990 · confidence medium
Although a request as to a pure matter of law is not permitted (see Advisory Committee Notes to the 1970 amendments to Rule 36), Rule 36(a) clearly permits “application of law to fact.” See also Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 144 (S.D.N.Y.1973); Langer v. Presbyterian-University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, 1988 U.S. Dist LEXIS 5105 (E.D.Pa.).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Goodnow v. Adelman (In Re Adelman) (2×) also: Cited "see"
Bankr. D.S.D. · 1988 · confidence medium
See Luick v. Graybar Electric Co., Inc., 473 F.2d 1360, 1361-62 (8th Cir.1973); Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 144 (S.D.N.Y.1973).
cited Cited as authority (rule) English v. Cowell
C.D. Ill. · 1986 · confidence medium
Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 144 (S.D.N.Y.1973).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Ransom v. United States
Ct. Cl. · 1985 · confidence medium
Consistent with this view, Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142,144 (S.D.N.Y.1973), recognized that “pure requests for admissions of law” are prohibited.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Szatanek v. McDonnell Douglas Corp.
W.D.N.Y. · 1985 · confidence medium
Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142 at 144 (1973).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Hugh L. Carey v. Philip M. Klutznick (2×)
2d Cir. · 1981 · confidence medium
Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 145 (S.D.
cited Cited "see" Shea v. Sieunarine
D. Conn. · 2022 · signal: see · confidence high
See Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 144 (S.D.N.Y. 1973) (holding that “pure requests for admission of law” are “improper”).
discussed Cited "see" Robinson v. De Niro (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
S.D.N.Y. · 2022 · signal: see · confidence high
See Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 144 (S.D.N.Y. 1973); Ross v. Shah, 2015 WL 4648002 , at *11 (N.D.N.Y.
cited Cited "see" DeLeon v. Ramirez
S.D.N.Y. · 1979 · signal: see · confidence high
See Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142 (S.D.N.Y.1973) (concerning the entry of summary judgment on the basis of an unanswered Fed.R.Civ.P. 36(a) request).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Morgan Art Foundation Limited v. McKenzie d/b/a American Image Art
S.D.N.Y. · 2020 · signal: see also · confidence medium
Sept. 25, 2018); see also Coach, Inc. v. Horizon Trading USA Inc., 908 F. Supp. 2d 426, 432 (S.D.N.Y. 2012) (quoting Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 144 (S.D.N.Y. 1973)) ("To force the defendant to 'admit' [legal conclusions] would only frustrate the purposes for which Rule 36 was drafted.").
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Cooey v. Strickland
S.D. Ohio · 2010 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See Shenker v. Sportelli, 83 F.R.D. 365, 367 (E.D.Pa.1979) (“In instances in which some of the discovery appears to have absolutely no relevance to the subject matter of the suit or is otherwise patently improper, we believe that it is within the discretion of the court not to compel discovery as to those matters.”); see also Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142, 145 (S.D.N.Y.1973) (“Wright and Miller suggest that the failure to make any objections with the proper time results in a waiver of the objection ... [a]s always, however, the matter is one within the sound discretion of [the] Cour…
cited Cited "see, e.g." Jensen v. Pioneer Dodge Center, Inc.
Utah · 1985 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Williams v. Krieger, 61 F.R.D. 142 (S.D.N.Y.1973). 7 .
George WILLIAMS
v.
Albert J. KRIEGER
No. 73 Civ. 53 (MP).
District Court, S.D. New York.
Sep 24, 1973.
17 Fed. R. Serv. 2d 1219
George Williams, pro se., Henry J. Easton, New York City, for defendant.
Pollack.
Cited by 43 opinions  |  Published

MEMORANDUM

POLLACK, District Judge.

This is a motion under Rule 37, Fed.R.Civ.P., for an order compelling de[*144] fendant to answer interrogatories and requests for admissions. Pro se plaintiff Williams is suing his lawyer, defendant Krieger, charging him with negligent handling of his criminal case. The interrogatories and requests for admissions will be considered separately.[1]

I. The Requests for Admissions

Pursuant to Rule 36, Fed.R.Civ.P., defendant was served with a set of requests for admissions of six items. Rule 36 states, in pertinent part:

A party may serve upon any other party a written-request for the admission, for purposes of the pending action only, of the truth of any matters within the scope of Rule 26(b) set forth in the request that relate to statements or opinions of fact or of the application of law to fact . . The matter is admitted unless, within 30 days after service of the request . . . the party to whom the request is directed serves upon the party requesting the admission a written answer or objection addressed to the matter .

The permissible time for response has now run, and the authorities suggest that in such a posture, the admissions requested — even if improper and objectionable — should be deemed admitted. See 8 Wright & Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2259; United States v. Wiman, 304 F.2d 53 (5th Cir. 1962), cert. denied, 372 U.S. 915, 83 S.Ct. 717, 9 L.Ed.2d 722 (1963). Indeed, failure to respond to a request for admissions will permit this Court to enter summary judgment against the offending party if the facts then deemed “admitted” are dispositive of the case. See, e.g., Moosman v. Joseph P. Blitz, Inc., 358 F.2d 686 (2d Cir. 1966); In re Mack, 330 F.Supp. 737 (S.D.Tex.1970).

Here, however, it is manifest that at least five of the six “requests” are improper. Rule 36, by its express terms, embraces only requests for admissions of fact or of the application of law to fact. Requests 1-4 and 6 are pure requests for admissions of law and are hence improper. See also Mahaney v. Doering, 260 F.Supp. 1006 (E.D.Pa. 1966). . To force the defendant to “admit” such improper material would only frustrate the purposes for which Rule 36 was drafted. The better rule thus seems to be the one announced in Ark-Tenn Distributing Corp. v. Breidt, 110 F.Supp. 644 (D.N.J.1953), aff’d, 209 F.2d 359 (3d Cir. 1954):

It is true that failure to deny is tantamount to an admission, but it is equally true under this rule as under the others, that technical considerations will not be allowed to prevail to the detriment of substantial justice.

Cf. Walsh v. Connecticut Mut. Life Ins. Co., 26 F.Supp. 566 (E.D.N.Y.1939).

Since no real prejudice has resulted from the delay, “substantial justice” would probably be achieved by ordering the defendant to respond to the proper request forthwith. See, e. g., Moosman v. Joseph P. Blitz, Inc., supra. Despite some ambiguity of Request # 5, the defendant should be able to form an appropriate response.

II. The Interrogatories

The 22 interrogatories served on defendant have likewise gone unanswered within the 30-day period provided by[*145] Rule 33. Accordingly, Rule 37 has set up a variety of sanctions in order to deal with defendant’s failure to respond. That Rule states, in pertinent part:

If . . . a party fails ... to serve answers or objections to interrogatories submitted under Rule 33, after proper service of the interrogatories . . . the court in which the action is pending on motion may make such orders in regard to the failure as are just ....

Indeed, Rule 37 expressly accepts the sanctions of dismissal and/or costs as two possible penalties for failure to respond, although plaintiff here has asked only for an order compelling an answer. In any case, the severity of the sanctions should be tempered by a consideration of the equities of the situation, and as one recent ease pointed out, such sanctions may be wholly inappropriate absent an earlier order of the Court;

[T]he failure to respond does not warrant the imposition of the sanction of dismissal of the action since there has been no refusal to comply with an order of the court. The sanctions of Rule 37(b) are appropriate when a party has refused to obey an express court order to provide or permit discovery, but that is not this case. Balistrieri v. Holtzman, 55 F.R.D. 470, 472 (E.D.Wis.1972).

Here, as with the requests for admissions, certain of the interrogatories are so totally improper that no useful purpose will be served by either forcing defendant to respond or otherwise penalizing the defendant. Nonetheless, a party cannot with impunity simply ignore the limits of the rule. 8 Wright & Miller, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2170; United States v. Continental Casualty Co., 303 F.2d 91 (4th Cir. 1962). Wright and Miller suggest that the failure to make any objections within the proper time results in a waiver of the objection. 8 Wright & Miller, supra, § 2173; see also Davis v. Romney, 53 F.R.D. 247 (E.D.Pa.1971). As- always, however, the matter is one within the sound discretion of this Court (Dann v. Compagnie Generale Trans-Atlantique, Ltd., 29 F.Supp. 330 (E.D.N.Y.1939)); and since Interrogatories 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21 and 22 are plainly improper, the objections thereto need not be deemed waived. See generally 8 Wright & Miller Federal Practice and Procedure § 2167, and eases cited therein.

Defendant is ordered to respond accordingly within 15 days hereof, in default of which the answer will be stricken.

So ordered.

1

As a preliminary matter it should be noted that plaintiff’s Rule 37 motion was returned to him by the Pro Se Clerk of this District for failure to sign the motion or have it notarized. However, the papers submitted do bear both plaintiff’s signature and a notary verification although admittedly they appear at the bottom of the page after the affidavit of plaintiff, rather than immediately after the motion itself. To disqualify plaintiff on such a ground seems to glorify form over substance, and surely is not in keeping with the liberal spirit governing the judging of pro se papers. See Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 92 S.Ct. 594, 30 L.Ed.2d 652 (1972).