Husty v. United States, 282 U.S. 694 (1931). · Go Syfert
Husty v. United States, 282 U.S. 694 (1931). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
1,244 citation events (28 in the last 25 years) across 100 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Amended September 18, 2017 State of Iowa v. Christopher George Storm (iowa, 2017-06-30) · Strongest negative: Contee v. United States (cadc, 1954-07-15)
Treatment trajectory · 1931 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1931 1978 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers.
examined Cited "but see" Contee v. United States (6×)
D.C. Cir. · 1954 · signal: but cf. · confidence high
But cf. Husty v. United States, 1931, 282 U.S. 694 , 51 S.Ct. 240 , 75 L.Ed. 629 ; United States v. Li Fat Tong, 2 Cir., 1945, 152 F.2d 650 ; Coupe v. United States, 72 App.D.C. 86 , 113 F. 2d 145 , certiorari denied, 1940, 310 U.S. 651 , 60 S.Ct. 1105 , 84 L.Ed. 1417 2 Appellant's original brief and argument urged that the trial was a nullity because of the lack of a formal arraignment and because certain instructions to be given the jury as requested by appellant were denied 3 The full text reads: "Whenever the Director of the Bureau of Prisons shall certify that a person convicted of an off…
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Amended September 18, 2017 State of Iowa v. Christopher George Storm (2×) also: Cited as authority (rule)
Iowa · 2017 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
in such circumstances, we do not think the officers should be required to speculate upon the cances of successfully carrying out the search, after the delay and withdrawal from the scene of one or more officers which would have been necessary to procure a warrant.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) State of Iowa v. Christopher George Storm (3×) also: Cited as authority (rule)
Iowa · 2017 · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence high
in such circumstances, we do not think the officers should be required to speculate upon the cances of successfully carrying out the search, after the delay and withdrawal from the scene of one or more officers which would have been necessary to procure a warrant.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) State of Minnesota v. Eric Jon Larcom (2×) also: Cited as authority (quoted)
Minn. Ct. App. · 2016 · signal: compare · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence high
it is enough if the apparent facts which have come to his 7 attention are sufficient, in the circumstances, to lead a reasonably discreet and prudent man to believe that liquor is illegally possessed in the automobile to be searched.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) People v. Nicholson
Cal. Ct. App. · 1989 · confidence medium
(Husty v. United States (1931) 282 U.S. 694, 700-701 [ 75 L.Ed. 629, 632 , 51 S.Ct. 240 , 74 A.L.R. 1407 ].) He observed an illegal shotgun in the trunk and learned from respondent there was an illegal handgun under the front seat.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) City of Springfield v. Kibbe (2×)
SCOTUS · 1987 · confidence medium
Kress & Co., 398 U. S. 144, 147, n. 2 (1970); Husty v. United States, 282 U. S. 694, 702 (1931); Duignan v. United States, 274 U. S. 195, 200 (1927).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Sharpe (2×)
SCOTUS · 1985 · confidence medium
See also Kolender v. Lawson, supra, at 366, n. 4 (Brennan, J., concurring) (“[S]ome reactions by individuals to a properly limited Terry encounter, . . . such as flight, may often provide the necessary information, in addition to that which the officers already possess, to constitute probable cause”); Henry v. United States, 361 U. S. 98, 103 (1959) (suspicious circumstances did not ripen into probable cause because defendants’ “movements in the car had no mark of fleeing men or men acting furtively”); Husty v. United States, 282 U. S. 694, 701 (1931) (“prompt attempt... to escape …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Karen R. Young and Nathaniel J. Pugh (2×)
D.C. Cir. · 1979 · confidence medium
See United States v. Davis, supra note 29, 147 U.S.App.D.C. at 403-404 , 458 F.2d at 821-822 (individual's association with narcotics users, surreptitious exchange of money for a package, flight and high crime area combined to support finding of probable cause); Washington v. United States, 130 U.S.App.D.C. 144, 145-146 , 397 F.2d 705, 706-707 (1968) (association with known narcotics users, receipt of money in exchange for package, flight from officers and throwing away of packages containing narcotics combined to establish probable cause for individual's arrest); Green v. United States, 104 U…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Moragne v. States Marine Lines, Inc.
SCOTUS · 1970 · confidence medium
Co., 386 U. S. 317, 330 (1967); Giordenello v. United States, 357 U. S. 480 (1958); *380 California v. Taylor, 353 U. S. 553 , 557 n. 2 (1957); Husty v. United States, 282 U. S. 694, 701-702 (1931); Tyrrell v. District of Columbia, 243 U. S. 1 (1917); cf. Curtis Publishing Co. v. Butts, 388 U. S. 130, 145 (1967) (opinion of Harlan, J.).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Adickes v. S. H. Kress & Co. (2×)
SCOTUS · 1970 · confidence medium
Lawn v. United States, 355 U. S. 339, 362-363, n. 16 (1958); Husty v. United States, 282 U. S. 694, 701-702 (1931); Duignan v. United States, 274 U. S. 195, 200 (1927).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Spinelli v. United States (2×)
SCOTUS · 1969 · confidence medium
Technical requirements of elaborate specificity once exacted under common law pleadings have no proper place in this area." See also Husty v. United States, 282 U. S. 694, 700-701 (1931).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Terry v. Ohio (2×)
SCOTUS · 1968 · confidence medium
See Beck v. Ohio, 379 U. S. 89, 96-97 (1964); Ker v. California, 374 U. S. 23, 34-37 (1963); Wong Sun v. United States, 371 U. S. 471, 479-484 (1963); Rios v. United States, 364 U. S. 253, 261-262 (1960); Henry v. United States, 361 U. S. 98, 100-102 (1959); Draper v. United States, 358 U. S. 307, 312-314 (1959); Brinegar v. United States, 338 U. S. 160, 175-178 (1949); Johnson v. United States, 333 U. S. 10, 15-17 (1948); United States v. Di Re, 332 U. S. 581, 593-595 (1948); Husty v. United States, 282 U. S. 694, 700-701 (1931); Dumbra v. United States, 268 U. S. 435, 441 (1925); Carroll v. …
cited Cited as authority (rule) State v. Boykins
N.J. · 1967 · confidence medium
The seizure in such a proceeding comes before the arrest as section 26 [of the statute there involved] indicates.” So in Husty v. United States, 282 U. S. 694, 700 , 51 S. Ct. 240, 241 , 75 L.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Berger v. New York (2×)
SCOTUS · 1967 · confidence medium
Carroll v. United States, 267 U. S. 132, 162 (1925); Husty v. United States, 282 U. S. 694, 700-701 (1931) ; Brinegar v. United States, 338 U. S. 160, 175-176 (1949).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Croker v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 1966 · confidence medium
"To show probable cause it is not necessary that the arresting officer should have had before him legal evidence of the suspected illegal act." Husty v. U. S., 282 U. S. 694, 700-701 (51 SC 240, 75 LE 629, 74 ALR 1407 ).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Goss v. State
Alaska · 1964 · confidence medium
Busby v. United States, supra note 13, 296 F.2d at 332 ; Husty v. United States, 282 U.S. 694, 700 , 51 S.Ct. 240 , 75 L.Ed. 629, 632 (1931). 15 . 361 U.S. 98 , 80 S.Ct. 168 , 4 L.Ed.2d 134 (1959). 16 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Jackson
D.D.C. · 1958 · confidence medium
A similar situation was sustained also in Draper v. United States, 10 Cir., 1957, 248 F.2d 295 and Husty v. United States, 1930, 282 U.S. 694 , 51 S.Ct. 240 , 75 L.Ed. 629 .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Lawn v. United States (2×)
SCOTUS · 1958 · confidence medium
Duignan v. United States, 274 U. S. 195, 200 ; Husty v. United States, 282 U. S. 694, 701, 702 .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) The United States of America v. Farris Walker
7th Cir. · 1957 · confidence medium
We recently held, however, in United States v. Heitner, 2 Cir., 149 F.2d 105 , 106 that an arrest may be made upon hearsay evidence, and cited as authority the ruling in Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132, 160, 161 , 45 S.Ct. 280 , 69 L.Ed. 543 ; Dumbra v. United States, 268 U.S. 435, 441 , 45 S.Ct. 546 , 69 L.Ed. 3032 ; Husty v. United States, 282 U.S. 694, 700, 701 , 51 S.Ct. 240 , 75 L.Ed. 629 .” 7 .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Willson v. Superior Court (2×)
Cal. · 1956 · confidence medium
(See Husty v. United States, 282 U.S. 694, 701 [ 51 S.Ct. 240 , 75 L.Ed. 629 , 74 A.L.R. 1407 ]; United States v. One 1941 Oldsmobile Sedan, 158 F.2d 818, 820 ; Wisniewski v. United States, 47 F.2d 825, 826 ; Hawthorne v. State, 110 Tex.Crim. 646 [ 10 S.W.2d 724, 725 ].) The alternative writ of prohibition is discharged and the peremptory writ is denied.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) People v. Gale (2×)
Cal. · 1956 · confidence medium
(Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132, 153 [ 45 S.Ct. 280 , 69 L.Ed. 543 , 39 A.L.R. 790 ]; Husty v. United States, 282 U.S. 694, 700-701 [ 51 S.Ct. 240 , 75 L.Ed. 629 , 74 A.L.R. 1407 ]; Scher v. United States, 305 U.S. 251 , 254- 255 [ 59 S.Ct. 174 , 83 L.Ed. 151 ]; Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 164 [ 69 S.Ct. 1302 , 93 L.Ed. 1879 ].) The foregoing cases all recognized, however, that ordinarily in the absence of such reasonable cause, or the right to arrest an occupant of the automobile, its search is not permissible without a warrant. ‘ ‘ It would be intolerable and unreaso…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) People v. Blodgett (2×)
Cal. · 1956 · confidence medium
(Carrol v. United States, 267 U.S. 132, 149 [ 45 S.Ct. 280 , 69 L.Ed. 543 , 39 A.L.R. 790 ]; Husty v. United States, 282 U.S. 694, 701 [ 51 S.Ct. 240 , 75 L.Ed. 629 , 74 A.L.R. 1407 ]; Scher v. United States, 305 U.S. 251, 255 [ 59 S.Ct. 174 , 83 L.Ed. 151 ]; Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 165-171 [ 69 S.Ct. 1302 , 93 L.Ed. 1879 ]; United States v. One 1946 Plymouth Sedan Automobile, 167 F.2d 3, 7 .) [4a] Defendant also contends that he did not have a fair trial because of misconduct of the prosecuting attorney in attempting to suggest to the jury that defendant had taken heroin the …
examined Cited as authority (rule) People v. Martin (4×)
Cal. · 1956 · confidence medium
Defendant contends that the search of the automobile without a warrant was unlawful and that the evidence produced thereby was therefore inadmissible. [1] Although the presence of two men in a parked automobile on a lover's lane at night was itself reasonable cause for police investigation (see People v. Simon, 45 Cal.2d 645, 649-651 [ 290 P.2d 531 ]; Gisske v. Sanders, 9 Cal. App. 13, 16-17 [ 98 P. 43 ]), their sudden flight from the officers and the inference that could reasonably be drawn therefrom that they were guilty of some crime ( United States v. Heitner, 149 F.2d 105, 107 ), left no …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Richard
E.D. Tenn. · 1952 · confidence medium
Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132, 133, 155 , 45 S.Ct. 280 , 69 L.Ed. 543 ; Husty v. United States, 282 U.S. 694, 701, 51 , S.Ct. 240, 75 L.Ed. 629 ; Scher v. United States, 305 U.S. 251 , 59 S.Ct. 174 , 83 L.Ed. 151 ; Wisnienski v. United States, 6 Cir., 47 F.2d 825 ; Gilliam v. United States, 6 Cir., 189 F.2d 321, 323 .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Daniels
D.N.J. · 1950 · confidence medium
Dumbra v. United States, 268 U.S. 435, 440, 441 , 45 S.Ct. 546 , 69 L.Ed. 1032 ; Husty v. United States, 282 U.S. 694, 700, 701 , 51 S.Ct. 240 , 75 L.Ed. 629 , 74 A.L.R. 1407 ; Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160, 175, 176, 177 , 69 S.Ct. 1302 , 93 L.Ed. 1879 ; Shore v. United States, 60 App.D.C. 137 , 49 F.2d 519, 521 ; Garhart v. United States, 10 Cir., 157 F.2d 777, 779 ; Lowrey v. United States, 8 Cir., 161 F.2d 30, 33 ; Carney v. United States, 9 Cir., 163 F.2d 784, 786 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Heitner
2d Cir. · 1945 · confidence medium
Ed. 1032 ; Husty v. United States, 282 U.S. 694, 700, 701 , 51 S.Ct. 240 , 75 L.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Somer v. United States
2d Cir. · 1943 · confidence medium
Husty v. United States, 282 U.S. 694, 700, 701 , 51 S.Ct. 240 , 75 L.Ed. 629 , 74 A.L.R. 1407 ; Scher v. United States, 305 U.S. 251, 255 , 59 S.Ct. 174 , 83 L.Ed. 151 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) Levine v. United States
2d Cir. · 1943 · confidence medium
Husty v. United States, 282 U. S. 694, 700, 701 , 51 S.Ct. 240 , 75 L.Ed. 629 , 74 A.L.R. 1407 .
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Keown
W.D. Ky. · 1937 · confidence medium
Compare: Husty v. United States, 282 U.S. 694, 704 , 51 S.Ct. 240, 242, 243 , 75 L.Ed. 629 , 74 A.L.R. 1407 .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Vlahos (2×)
D. Or. · 1937 · confidence medium
Ed. (Rawle’s Third Rev., p. 741) de-fines “curtilage” as “the enclosed space immediately surrounding a dwelling house ■contained within the same enclosure.” 14 4 Blackstone’s Commentaries, 224; N.Y. 561, 574, 27 Am.Rep. 87 ; State Regina v. Gilbert, Carrington and Kirwin’s Reports, 84; Quinn v. People, 71 v. Sampson, 12 S.C. 567 , 32 Am.Rep. 513 . 15 Dillon v. United States, 279 F. 639, 645, 646 (C.C.A.2). 16 Lee Kwong Nom v. United States, 20 F.(2d) 470, 472 (C.C.A.2). 17 Hester v. United States, 265 U.S. 57 , 44 S.Ct. 445 , 68 L.Ed. 898 ; Raine v. United States, 299 F. 407, 4…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Olivito v. United States
9th Cir. · 1933 · confidence medium
The Jones Act of March 2, 1929 ( 45 Stat. 1446 ), provides: “Wherever a penalty or penalties are prescribed in a criminal prosecution by this title, for the illegal manufacture, sale, transportation, importation, or exportation of intoxicating liquor, as defined by section 48 [section 4] of this title, the penalty imposed for each such offense shall be a fine not to exceed $10,-000 or imprisonment not to exceed five years, or both: Provided, That it is the intent of Congress that the court, in imposing sentence hereunder, should discriminate between casual or slight violations and habitual s…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Raftery Ex Rel. Huie Fong v. Bligh (2×)
1st Cir. · 1932 · confidence medium
Husty v. United States, 282 U. S. 694, 700, 701 , 51 S. Ct. 240 , 75 L.
examined Cited "see" State v. Hanson (3×)
Ala. Crim. App. · 1985 · signal: accord · confidence high
Accord, Henry v. United States , 361 U.S. 98 , 102 , 80 S.Ct. 168 , 171 , 4 L.Ed.2d 134 (1959) ("Probable cause exists if the facts and circumstances known to the officer warrant a prudent man in believing that the offense has been committed"), and Husty v. United States , 282 U.S. 694 , 701 , 51 S.Ct. 240 , 242 , 75 L.Ed. 629 (1931) (to show probable cause, "[i]t is enough if the apparent facts which have come to his [the officer's] attention are sufficient, in the circumstances, to lead a reasonably discreet and prudent man to believe" that a crime has been committed).
examined Cited "see" United States v. Joseph Harley (3×)
2d Cir. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
People v. Kreichman, 37 N.Y.2d 693, 699 , 376 N.Y.S.2d 497 , 339 N.E.2d 182 (1975). “[D]eliberately furtive actions and flight at the approach of strangers or law officers are strong indicia of mens rea, and when coupled with specific knowledge on the part of the officer relating the suspect to the evidence of crime, they are proper factors to be considered in the decision to make an arrest.” Sibron v. New York, 392 U.S. 40, 66-67 , 88 S.Ct. 1889, 1904 , 20 L.Ed.2d 917 (1968); see Husty v. United States, 282 U.S. 694, 700-01 , 51 S.Ct. 240, 241 , 75 L.Ed. 629 (1931); United States v. Gomez…
cited Cited "see" United States v. Ross
SCOTUS · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See Husty v. United States, 282 U. S. 694 ; Scher v. United States, 305 U. S. 251 ; Brinegar v. United States, supra; Henry v. United States, supra; Dyke v. Taylor Implement Mfg.
examined Cited "see" United States v. Steven Dale Newbourn, United States of America v. Larry Steven Jeffery (3×)
4th Cir. · 1979 · signal: see · confidence high
See Husty v. United States, 282 U.S. 694, 701 , 51 S.Ct. 240 , 75 L.Ed. 629 (1931).
examined Cited "see" State v. Parker (3×)
Tenn. · 1975 · signal: see · confidence high
See Husty v. United States, 282 U.S. 694 , 51 S.Ct. 240 , 75 L.Ed. 629 (1934); Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160 , 69 S.Ct. 1302 , 93 L.Ed. 1879 (1949); Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U.S. 42 , 90 S.Ct. 1975 , 26 L.Ed.2d 419 (1970).
discussed Cited "see" Brown v. State
Md. Ct. Spec. App. · 1972 · signal: see · confidence high
See Husty v. United States, 282 U. S. 694 ; Scher v. United States, 305 U. S. 251 ; Brinegar v. United States, 338 U. S. 160 ; Preston v. United States, 376 U. S. 364 ; Cooper v. California, 386 U. S. 58 ; Dyke v. Taylor Implement Manufacturing Co., 391 U. S. 216 ; Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U. S. 42 ; Coolidge v. New Hampshire, supra, at 458-464.
examined Cited "see" United States v. Gazaway (4×)
N.D. Ga. · 1969 · signal: see · confidence high
See Husty v. United States, 282 U.S. 694 , 51 S.Ct. 240 , 75 L.Ed. 629 , 74 A.L.R. 1407 (1931); Bruner v. United States, 293 F.2d 621 (5th Cir. 1961); Patenotte v. United States, 266 F.2d 647 (5th Cir. 1959); Pegram v. United States, 267 F.2d 781 (6th Cir. 1959); United States v. O’Leary, 201 F.Supp. 926 (E.D.Tenn.1962). (2) The driver of the vehicle being a known violator of the liquor laws or having a reputation for violating the laws.
examined Cited "see" cadc 1968 (3×)
D.C. Cir. · 1968 · signal: see · confidence high
See Husty v. United States, 282 U.S. 694, 700 , 51 S.Ct. 240 , 75 L.Ed. 629 (1931); United States v. Di Re, 332 U.S. 581, 585 , 68 S.Ct. 222 , 92 L.Ed. 210 (1948).
examined Cited "see" Bailey v. United States (3×)
D.C. Cir. · 1967 · signal: see · confidence high
See Husty v. United States, 282 U.S. 694, 700 , 51 S.Ct. 240 , 75 L.Ed. 629 (1931); United States v. Di Re, 332 U.S. 581, 585 , 68 S.Ct. 222 , 92 L.Ed. 210 (1948).
examined Cited "see" United States v. Peter Joseph Troiano (3×)
3rd Cir. · 1966 · signal: see · confidence high
See Husty v. United States, 1931, 282 U.S. 694, 701 , 51 S.Ct. 240 , 75 L.Ed. 629 ; United States v. Walker, 4th Cir. 1962, 307 F.2d 250, 252 .
examined Cited "see" State v. Griffin (3×)
N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. · 1964 · signal: see · confidence high
See Husty v. United States, 282 U.S. 694, 700 , 51 S.Ct. 240 , 241 75 L.Ed. 629, 632 (1931); State v. Hoover, 219 Or. 288 , 347 P. 2 d 69, 89 A.L.R. 2 d 695 ( Sup. Ct. 1959); Henry v. United States, supra ( 361 U.S. 98, at p. 106 , 80 S.Ct. 168, at p. 173 , 4 L.Ed. 2 d 134, at p. 141) (dissenting opinion); Annotation, 89 A.L.R. 2 d 715 (1963)." (at p. 343) (Emphasis added) The search and seizure in the instant case, which followed the observation by the officers of the stolen goods inside the automobile, were thereafter followed by defendants' arrest.
examined Cited "see" State v. Doyle (3×)
N.J. · 1964 · signal: see · confidence high
See Husty v. United States, 282 U. S. 694, 700 , 51 S. Ct. 240, 241 , 75 L.
examined Cited "see" Boyce Leon Mosco and Fred John Hansen v. United States (3×)
9th Cir. · 1962 · signal: see · confidence high
See Husty v. United States, 282 U.S. 694, 700 , 51 S.Ct. 240 , 75 L.Ed. 629 .
examined Cited "see" Godette v. United States (3×)
4th Cir. · 1952 · signal: see · confidence high
See, Husty v. United States, 282 U.S. 694 , 51 S.Ct. 240 , 75 L.Ed. 629 ; Brinegar v. United States, 338 U.S. 160 , 69 S.Ct. 1302 , 93 L.Ed. 1879 ; Grice v. United States, 4 Cir., 146 F.2d 849 ; Robinson v. United States, 5 Cir., 164 F.2d 271 ; Pearson v. United States, 10 Cir., 150 F.2d 219 ; Ray v. United States, 5 Cir., 84 F.2d 654 .
cited Cited "see" People v. Ríos Flores
prsupreme · 1950 · signal: see · confidence high
See Husty v. United States, 282 U. S. 694 ; People v. Díaz, 71 P.R.R. 472 . 2 The rule justifying a search for weapons incidental to a valid arrest applies to the facts of this case.
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Petrillo (2×)
SCOTUS · 1947 · signal: see · confidence high
See Husty v. United States, 282 U. S. 694, 702 ; Bartell v. United States, 227 U. S. 427, 433-434 ; Dunbar v. United States, 156 U. S. 185, 192 .
cited Cited "see" United Brotherhood of Carpenters & Joiners of America v. United States
SCOTUS · 1947 · signal: see · confidence high
See Husty v. United States, 282 U. S. 694, 703 ; Ashcraft v. Tennessee, 322 U. S. 143, 155-56 ; R.
cited Cited "see" Yasui v. United States
SCOTUS · 1943 · signal: see · confidence high
See Husty v. United States, 282 U. S. 694, 703 .
HUSTY Et Al.
v.
UNITED STATES
477.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Feb 24, 1931.
282 U.S. 694
Mr. Harold A. Kesler, with whom Messrs. John B. McMahon and Percy F. Parrott were on the brief, for petitioners., Mr. Amos W. W. Woodcock, with whom Solicitor General Thacker, Assistant Attorney General Youngquist and Messrs. Claude R. Branch, Special Assistant to the Attorney General, Mahlon D. Kiefer, and W. Marvin Smith were on the brief, for the United States.
Stone.
Cited by 447 opinions  |  Published
2 passages pin-cited by 2 cases
Pinpoint authority: bottom 89%
Citer courts: Illinois Supreme Court (1) · Court of Appeals of Minnesota (1)
[*699] Mb. Justice Stone

delivered the opinion of the Court.

Petitioners were convicted in the District Court for Western Michigan upon two counts of an indictment, the first for transporting, and the second for possessing, intoxicating liquors in violation of the National Prohibition Act. They had been apprehended while in an automobile, and arrested without warrant. The officers had •searched the automobile, without warrant, and found a quantity of intoxicating liquor, which they had seized. A motion by petitioners to suppress the use as evidence of the information thus acquired, on the ground that the arrest and the search and seizure were illegal, was denied. Each count of the indictment set forth a single offense; and the second, that for possession, alleged two prior convictions of petitioner Husty for unlawful possession. Petitioners were sentenced generally on the indictment, without reference to either count, Husty to five years’ imprisonment and to pay a fine of $3000, and Laurel to imprisonment for one year and six months.

In the course of the proceedings before the District Court, petitioners, by appropriate motions and exceptions, challenged the correctness of the order denying the motion to suppress evidence; the sufficiency of th‘e indictment; and the legality of the sentences, the last on the grounds that they were not authorized by the Jones Act of March 2, 1929, c. 473, 45 Stat. 1446, and exceeded'the maximum penalties which could be imposed under § 29 of the National Prohibition Act.

The Court of Appeals for the' Sixth Circuit, without opinión, affirmed the convictions under both counts and held the sentences to be supported by the convictions upon the second count — that for possession — alone. This Court granted certiorari, on a petition which asked review of the rulings of the District Court which have been[*700] mentioned, the government opposing on the ground, among others, that the sentences were proper under the possession count.

1. In the proceeding to suppress evidence, one of the prohibition officers who made the arrest testified that he had known Husty to be a “ bootlegger for a number of years before the arrest, and had arrested him in 1922 and 1928 for violations of the National Prohibition Act, both arrests resulting in conviction and the second in imprisonment. On the day of petitioners’ arrest, the witness had received information over the telephone that Husty had two loads of liquor in automobiles of a particular make and description, parked in particular places on named streets. The witness- was well acquainted with his informant, having known him for about eight years, and had come in frequent contact with him in business and socially. The same person had given similar information to the witness before, which had always been found to be reliable. The officer believed the information, and, acting upon it, found one of the cars'described, at the point indicated, and unattended. Later, petitioners and a third man entered the car. Husty had started it when he was stopped .by the officers. Laurel and the third man fled, and the latter escaped. The officers, believing that the car contained intoxicating liquor, searched it, and found eighteen cases of whiskey.

The Fourth Amendment does not prohibit the search, without warrant, • of an automobile, for liquor illegally transported or possessed, if the search is upon probable cause; and arrest for the transportation or possession need not precede the search. Carroll v. United States, 267 U. S. 132. We think the testimony which we have summarized is ample to establish the lawfulness of the present search. To show probable cause it is not necessary that the arresting officer should have had before him[*701] legal evidence of the suspected illegal act. Dumbra v. United States, 268 U. S. 435, 441; Carroll v. United States, supra. It is enough if the apparent facts which have come to his attention are sufficient, in the circumstances, to lead a reasonably discreet and prudent man to believe that liquor is illegally possessed in the automobile to be searched. See Dumbra v. United States, supra; Stacey v. Emery, 97 U. S. 642, 645.

Here the information, reasonably believed by the officer to be reliable, that Husty, known to him to have been engaged in the illegal traffic, possessed liquor in an automobile of particular description and location; the subsequent discovery of the automobile at the point indicated, in the control of Husty; and the prompt attempt of his 'two companions to escape when hailed by the officers, were reasonable grounds for his belief that liquor illegally possessed would be found in the car. The search was not unreasonable because, as petitioners argue, sufficient time elapsed between the. receipt by the officer of the information and the search of the car to have enabled, him to procure a search warrant. He could not know when Husty ' would come to the car or how soon it would be removed. In such circumstances we do not think the officers should be required to speculate upon the chances of successfully carrying out the search, after the delay and withdrawal from the scene of one or more officers which would have been necessary to procure a warrant. The search was, therefore, on probable cause, and not unreasonable; and the motion to suppress the evidence was rightly denied. Carroll v. United States, supra.

In the course of the hearing on the. motion, questions by petitioners seeking to establish the name and identity of the officer’s informant, were excluded. Petitioners ask review of these rulings on the evidence, but we do not consider them, since they were not assigned as error on the ap[*702] peal to the Court of Appeals, and it does not appear that they were presented or passed upon there. Duignan v. United States, 274 U. S. 195, 200.

2. The indictment is in the form authorized by § 32 of the National Prohibition Act. It charges the transportation of intoxicating liquor as a first offense by both petitioners, and possession as a first offense by Laurel, and as a third offense by Husty, át a named time, and at a place within the jurisdiction of the court. Failure to state more specifically the amount of the liquor, and the time and place of the offenses charged, does not affect the validity of the indictment. It was at most ground for a bill of particulars if timely application had been made.See Durland v. United States, 161 U. S. 306, 315.

It is urged that the indictment is defective, because it fails to state, whether the offenses charged were felonies or misdemeanors,, and whether the petitioners were charged with casual or slight violations, or habitual sales of intoxicating liquor, or attempts to commercialize violations of the law, which, petitioners argue, were made new or aggravated offenses by the Jones Act.

But the Jones Act created no new crime. It increased the penalties for “ illegal manufacture, sale, transportation, importation- or exportation,” as defined by § 1, Title II of the National Prohibition Act, to a fine not exceeding $10,000, or imprisonment not exceeding five years, or both, and added as a proviso, “ that it is the' intent of Congress that the court, in imposing sentence hereunder, • should discriminate between casual or slight violations and habitual sales of intoxicating liquor, or attempts to commercialize violations of the lawt” As the Act added no new criminal offense to those enumerated and defined in the National Prohibition Act, it added nothing to the material allegations required to be set out in indictments for those offenses. The proviso is only a[*703] guide to the discretion of the court in imposing the increased sentences for those offenses for which an increased penalty is authorized by the Act. See Ross v. United States, 37 F. (2d) 557; certiorari denied, 281 U. S. 767. McElvogue v. United States, 40 F. (2d) 889; certiorari denied, post.

3. The sentence imposed on each of the petitioners exceeded the maximum penalty for illegal possession under- § 29 of the National Prohibition Act, which is, for á first offense, $500 fine,-and for a third offense, “ not less than $500 ” fine and not more than two years’ imprisonment. As illegal possession is not one of the offenses enumerated, in the Jones Act for which increased penalties are provided, and' as the sentences imposed exceed any authorized by § 29 of the National Prohibition Act, the court below was in error in holding that they were supported by convictions on the second count, that for possession.

Since the convictions were upheld under the first count, sentences under the Jones Act were authorized, transportation being one of the offenses enumerated in' that Act. But the possession alleged in the second count was not in itself necessarily, an aggravation' of the transportation charge which would warrant heavy sentences under the Jones Act as to either petitioner, and could not be as to Laurel, who, so far as the evidence shows, was a first offender both as to the transportation and possession. While the District Court may have had before it facts other than those appearing of record which it was entitled to consider in imposing sentence under the Jones. Act, we think, in view of the confusion which has arisen with respect to the propriety of the sentences under the possession count, that the District Court should be afforded an opportunity in its discretion to resentence the petitioners in the view of the applicable statutes, as stated.

[*704] The judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded to the District Court for further proceedings in conformity with this opinion.

Reversed.