Long v. State, 700 S.E.2d 399 (Ga. 2010). · Go Syfert
Long v. State, 700 S.E.2d 399 (Ga. 2010). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
263 citation events (263 in the last 25 years) across 4 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Floyd v. State (ga, 2025-06-10)
Treatment trajectory · 2011 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
2011 2018 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Floyd v. State (2×)
Ga. · 2025 · confidence medium
Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 887-888 (1) (700 SE2d 399) (2010) (holding that the appellant’s contention that evidence was insufficient as to certain counts was moot because the counts had merged). 9 found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jason Thompson v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2024 · confidence medium
This argument was waived by Thompson’s failure to raise it in the trial court. 13 See Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 888-889 (1) - (2) ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010) (holding that a claim of insufficient evidence and a contention regarding an erroneous jury charge on a conviction that has been merged into another conviction for sentencing purposes was moot). 10 Thompson was indicted for possession of a firearm during the commission of the felony of aggravated battery.
examined Cited as authority (rule) Jones v. State (6×) also: Cited "see"
Ga. · 2023 · confidence medium
See Hood, 309 Ga. at 502-03; Long, 287 Ga. at 888-89 (2) (recognizing that aggravated assault with a deadly weapon merges into felony murder predicated on armed robbery).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Benjamin Smith
11th Cir. · 2023 · confidence medium
An “offensive weapon” for purposes of Georgia’s armed robbery statute means a “deadly weapon.” Long v. State, 700 S.E.2d 399, 402 (Ga. 2010).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Hood v. State (3×) also: Cited "see"
Ga. · 2020 · confidence medium
As to the counts concerning Smith, the surviving victim, Hood was charged with and found guilty of both aggravated assault and 9 “[T]he same merger analysis applies in determining whether the . . . aggravated assault merged into either the armed robbery conviction or the felony murder predicated on that armed robbery.” Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 888 (2) n.2 ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010). armed robbery.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Xavier Porter v. United States
6th Cir. · 2020 · confidence medium
At the time of Porter’s convictions, a person committed Georgia armed robbery when he took “property of another from the person or the immediate presence of another by use of an offensive weapon, or any replica, article, or device having the appearance of such weapon” with the “intent to commit theft.” Ga. Code Ann. § 16-8-41 (a) (1995).1 According to the Georgia Supreme Court, an “offensive weapon” is the same as a “deadly weapon.” Long v. State, 700 S.E.2d 399, 402 (Ga. 2010).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Williams v. State
Ga. · 2019 · confidence medium
Faust v. State, 302 Ga. 211 , 213 n.3 ( 805 SE2d 826 ) (2017); Anderson v. State, 299 Ga. 193 , 196 n.4 ( 787 SE2d 202 ) (2016); Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 887-888 (1) ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010). 5.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Rhoden v. State
Ga. · 2018 · confidence medium
See Lupoe v. State, 300 Ga. 233, 242 (2) (c) ( 794 SE2d 67 ) (2016); Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 890 (3) ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010); Avellaneda, 261 Ga. App. at 88-89 ; Wayne R.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Simmons v. the State (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
Ga. Ct. App. · 2017 · confidence medium
Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 889 (2) ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010) (citation and punctuation omitted).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Duncan v. the State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2017 · confidence medium
Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 889-890 (2) *536 ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Adkins v. State
Ga. · 2017 · confidence medium
Under OCGA § 16-1-7 (a) (2), “[wjhen the same conduct of an accused may establish the commission of more than one crime, the accused may be prosecuted for each crime” but may not be convicted of more than one crime if “[tjhe crimes differ only in that one is defined to prohibit a designated kind of conduct generally and the other to prohibit a specific instance of such conduct.” To determine whether one crime merges into the other as a lesser included offense, “we examine whether each offense requires proof of a fact which the other does not.” Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 888 (2) (…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Adkins v. State
Ga. · 2017 · confidence medium
Under OCGA § 16-1-7 (a) (2), “[w]hen the same conduct of an accused may establish the commission of more than one crime, the accused may be prosecuted for each crime” but may not be convicted of more than one crime if “[t]he crimes differ only in that one is defined to prohibit a designated kind of conduct generally and the other to prohibit a specific instance of such conduct.” 3 For reasons that are unclear, the trial court granted Adkins’s motion for new trial to the extent that Adkins argued the court should have merged Counts 5 and 6, the corresponding aggravated assault counts…
examined Cited as authority (rule) Morris v. the State (9×) also: Cited "see"
Ga. Ct. App. · 2017 · confidence medium
Both crimes require proof of an intent to rob, and the ‘assault’ requirement of aggravated assault is the equivalent of the armed robbery requirement that the taking be ‘by use of an offensive weapon’ since ‘use of an offensive weapon’ takes place when the weapon is used as an instrument of actual or constructive force—that is, actual violence exerted on the victim or force exerted upon the victim by operating on the victim’s fears of injury to the person, property, or character of the victim.”). 79 Long, 287 Ga. at 889 (2); accord Lucky, 286 Ga. at 482 (2). 80 Long, 287 Ga. …
cited Cited as authority (rule) Hernandez v. State
Ga. · 2016 · confidence medium
See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 691-694 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984); Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 891 ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Burney v. State
Ga. · 2016 · confidence medium
See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 687, 694 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984); Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 891 ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Daniel v. the State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2016 · confidence medium
See McDuffie v. State, 298 Ga. 112, 115 (2) ( 779 SE2d 620 ) (2015); Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 891 (4) ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Blackmon v. the State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2016 · confidence medium
See McDuffie v. State, 298 Ga. 112 , 4 115 (2) ( 779 SE2d 620 ) (2015); Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 891 (4) ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010).Blackmon has made both of these showings. a.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Battle v. State
Ga. · 2016 · confidence medium
See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 687, 694 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984); Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 891 ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Moss v. State
Ga. · 2016 · confidence medium
See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 687, 694 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984); Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 891 ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010).
cited Cited as authority (rule) McDuffie v. State
Ga. · 2015 · confidence medium
See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 687, 694 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984); Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 891 ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jernigan v. the State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2015 · confidence medium
Compare Tesfaye v. State, 275 Ga. 439, 442 (4) ( 569 SE2d 849 ) (2002) (two armed robberies merged where defendants had taken cash from the victim and vehicle keys from the victim at two sites under the same roof); Randolph v. State, 246 Ga. App. 141, 144 (l) ( 538 SE2d 139 ) (2000) (two armed robbery counts merged where defendant had robbed victim of store’s money at one end of a store, and then robbed him of his wallet at the other end of the store); Creecy v. State, 235 Ga. 542, 544 (5) ( 221 SE2d 17 ) (1975) (only one armed robbery where rohber had taken, in a single transaction, a walle…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Brooks v. the State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2015 · confidence medium
To determine whether convictions merge, we apply the “required evidence” test, under which we “examine whether each offense requires proof of a fact which the other does not.” Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 888 (2) ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010) (citation and punctuation omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Mathis v. the State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2014 · confidence medium
(Mackey pled guilty prior to trial; Hurt was tried jointly with Mathis and found guilty only of robbery by force, as a lesser offense of armed robbery.). 5 Haynes v. State, 322 Ga. App. 57, 60 (2) ( 743 SE2d 617 ) (2013). 6 Thomas v. State, 289 Ga. 877, 880 (3) ( 717 SE2d 187 ) (2011) (citations and punctuation omitted). 7 McGlasker v. State, 321 Ga. App. 614 ( 741 SE2d 303 ) (2013); see Bradley v. State, 292 Ga. 607, 610 (1) (c) ( 740 SE2d 100 ) (2013); Thomas, supra at 880-881 (3). 8 See generally Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 889 (2) ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010) (“For purposes of armed robbery, …
examined Cited as authority (rule) Johnnie Culbreath v. State (4×) also: Cited "see"
Ga. Ct. App. · 2014 · confidence medium
“Under [the required evidence] test, we examine whether each offense requires proof of a fact which the other does not.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 888 (2) ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Culbreath v. State (4×) also: Cited "see"
Ga. Ct. App. · 2014 · confidence medium
“Under [the required evidence] test, we examine whether each offense requires proof of a fact which the other does not.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 888 (2) ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Polanco v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2014 · confidence medium
We therefore conclude that there is no element of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon that is not contained in armed robbery[.] (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 889-890 (2) ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Pablo Polanco v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2014 · confidence medium
We therefore conclude that there is no element of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon that is not contained in armed robbery[.] (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 889-890 (2) ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Dean v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2014 · confidence medium
Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 889 (2) ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010) (finding that the “deadly weapon” requirement of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon is the equivalent of the “offensive weapon” requirement of armed robbery, and relying on Lucky v. State, 286 Ga. 478, 481 ( 689 SE2d 825 ) (2010), which established that the assault requirement of aggravated assault is the equivalent of the “use of an offensive weapon” requirement of armed robbery).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Michael Dean v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2014 · confidence medium
In the indictment, the state alleged that Dean committed aggravated assault in that he did “assault [N. J.] by pointing a .38 Taurus revolver at him, a firearm, which is a deadly weapon.” In the indictment, the state also alleged that Dean committed armed robbery in that he did “with intent to commit theft, take U. S. Currency and a red Verizon cell phone, property of [N. J.], from the person and immediate presence of [N. J.] by use of a .38 Taurus revolver, a firearm, which is an offensive weapon.” [The Supreme Court of Georgia has] held that there is no element of aggravated assault …
cited Cited as authority (rule) Jones v. State
Ga. · 2014 · confidence medium
State, 287 Ga. 886, 891 ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Emmett Lenoir v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2013 · confidence medium
Specifically, Lenoir cites the detective’s testimony that: (i) after Miranda rights were read to him during transport to the county jail, he said nothing; and (ii) after Miranda rights were read to him in the detective’s office, he asked for a lawyer. 16 Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 891 (4) ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010), citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LEd2d 674 ) (1984). 17 See Division 2, supra. 13 “Certainly, the fact that a defendant has exercised the right to remain silent is not to be used against the defendant at trial.”18 Pretermitting whether trial …
cited Cited as authority (rule) Lenoir v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2013 · confidence medium
Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 891 (4) ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010), citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668 ( 104 SCt 2052 , 80 LE2d 674) (1984).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Darius Darnell Haynes v. State (5×) also: Cited "see"
Ga. Ct. App. · 2013 · confidence medium
Long[, 287 Ga. at 888 (2)].
examined Cited as authority (rule) Haynes v. State (5×) also: Cited "see"
Ga. Ct. App. · 2013 · confidence medium
Long[, 287 Ga. at 888 (2)].
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Mullis v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2013 · confidence medium
Thomas v. State, 289 Ga. 877, 880 (3) ( 717 SE2d 187 ) (2011), citing Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 888-889 ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010); Drinkard, 281 Ga. at 215 .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Barry Mullis v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2013 · confidence medium
As alleged, Mullis’s pushing of Freeman was part of his effort to control her during the robbery.11 Under these circumstances, the aggravated assault arose out of the same “act or transaction” as the criminal attempt to commit armed robbery, and therefore, the convictions 9 (Punctuation omitted.) Id. at 215 , quoting Blockburger v. U. S., 284 U.S. 299, 304 ( 52 SCt 180 , 76 LEd 306 ) (1932). 10 Thomas v. State, 289 Ga. 877, 880 (3) ( 717 SE2d 187 ) (2011), citing Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 888-889 ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010); Drinkard, 281 Ga. at 215 . 11 See McClasker v. State, ___ Ga. App…
examined Cited as authority (rule) Whitney McGlasker v. State (3×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2013 · confidence medium
(Citations and punctuation 5 omitted.) Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 888 (2) ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010).
examined Cited as authority (rule) McGlasker v. State (3×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2013 · confidence medium
Under that test, we examine whether each offense requires proof of a fact which the other does not.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 888 (2) ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Carey Granger v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2013 · confidence medium
We disagree. 16 Mojica v. State, 210 Ga. App. 826, 826 (1) ( 437 SE2d 806 ) (1993) (A party seeking a reversal must show not only error, but injury arising from the error alleged). 17 See Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 891 (4) ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010). 10 Admissibility of evidence is a matter which rests largely within the discretion of the trial court.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Bradley v. State
Ga. · 2013 · confidence medium
We have held “that there is no element of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon that is not contained in armed robbery.” Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 889 (2) ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010) (finding that the “deadly weapon” requirement of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon is the equivalent of the “offensive weapon” requirement of armed robbery, and relying on Lucky v. State, 286 Ga. 478, 481 ( 689 SE2d 825 ) (2010), which established that the assault requirement of aggravated assault is the equivalent of the “use of an offensive weapon” requirement of armed robbery).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Brown v. State (2×) also: Cited "see"
Ga. · 2013 · confidence medium
See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 687, 694 (104 SC 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984); Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 891 ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Toomer v. State
Ga. · 2012 · confidence medium
In particular, we “ ‘need not determine whether counsel’s performance was deficient before examining the prejudice suffered by the defendant as a result of the alleged deficiencies.’ "Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 891 ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010) (quoting Strickland, 466 U. S. at 697 ).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Stephens v. State
Ga. · 2012 · confidence medium
Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 891 ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 687, 694 (104 SC 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984)).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Crowley v. State (3×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2012 · confidence medium
Long v. State, 287 Ga. at 889 (2). 8 Consequently, “convictions for both offenses will merge — but only if the crimes are part of the same ‘act or transaction.’ ” (Citations omitted.) Thomas v. State, 289 Ga. 877, 880 (3) ( 717 SE2d 187 ) (2011).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Teontre Crowley v. State (3×) also: Cited "see"
Ga. Ct. App. · 2012 · confidence medium
Long v. State, 287 Ga. at 889 (2).8 Consequently, “convictions for both offenses will merge – but only if the crimes are part of the same ‘act or transaction.’” (Citations omitted.) Thomas v. State, 289 Ga. 877, 880 (3) ( 717 SE2d 187 ) (2011).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Decapite v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2011 · confidence medium
See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 687, 694 (104 SC 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984); Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 891 ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010). 1.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Brown v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2011 · confidence medium
“Under that test, we examine whether each offense requires proof of a fact which the other does not.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 888 (2) ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Hall v. State (3×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2011 · confidence medium
A person commits an assault when he or she “[clommits an act which places another in reasonable apprehension of immediately receiving a violent injury.” OCGA § 16-5-20 (a) (2). 8 See Lucky, 286 Ga. at 482 (2) (“[T]he ‘assault’ requirement of aggravated assault is the equivalent of the armed robbery requirement that the taking be ‘by use of an offensive weapon’ since ‘use of an offensive weapon’ takes place when the weapon is used as an instrument of actual or constructive force—that is, actual violence exerted on the victim or force exerted upon the victim by operating on …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Thomas v. State
Ga. · 2011 · confidence medium
Because aggravated assault does not require proof of any element that armed robbery does not, convictions for both offenses will merge — but only if the crimes are part of the same “act or transaction.” Long v. State, 287 Ga. 886, 888-889 ( 700 SE2d 399 ) (2010); Drinkard v. Walker, 281 Ga. 211, 215 ( 636 SE2d 530 ) (2006).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Garland v. State (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
Ga. Ct. App. · 2011 · confidence medium
But cf. Felix v. State, 271 Ga. 534, 539, n. 6 ( 523 SE2d 1 ) (1999) (disallowing use of brief to expand the enumeration of errors). 27 Mikell, supra at 725 (3) (citations omitted). 28 Garland, supra, 283 Ga. App. at 622 . 29 281 Ga. 211 ( 636 SE2d 530 ) (2006). 30 Id. at 214. 31 Id. at 215 (punctuation and footnote omitted). 32 OCGA §§ 16-8-41 (a) (person commits armed robbery when, with intent to commit theft, he or she takes property of another from the person or the immediate presence of another by use of an offensive weapon, or any replica, article, or device having the appearance of su…
Long
v.
the State
S10A1322.
Supreme Court of Georgia.
Oct 4, 2010.
700 S.E.2d 399
Charles H. Frier, for appellant., Paul L. Howard, Jr., District Attorney, Bettieanne C. Hart, Elizabeth A. Baker, Assistant District Attorneys, Thurbert E. Baker, Attorney General, Mary Beth Westmoreland, Deputy Attorney General, Paula K. Smith, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Benjamin H. Pierman, Assistant Attorney General, for appellee.
Nahmias.
Cited by 98 opinions  |  Published
NAHMIAS, Justice.

Charles Long and Jamie Watkins were jointly tried for and convicted of numerous crimes committed against Dennis Banks and[*887] Nathaniel Woodard. [1] We have already affirmed Watkins’s convictions. See Watkins v. State, 285 Ga. 107 (674 SE2d 275) (2009). For the reasons that follow, we affirm Long’s convictions in part, vacate his two aggravated assault convictions and sentences, and remand the case to the trial court for resentencing.

1. Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the evidence at trial showed that the victims drove to an apartment complex with Frazier Todd, a friend of Long and Watkins, to buy some marijuana. Todd exited the victims’ car, which was parked in the front of the complex, and walked to the back of the complex, where he spoke with Long and Watkins about selling marijuana to the victims. Long and Watkins, who both had handguns, then walked to the front of the complex and approached the victims while they were sitting in their car. Long approached Banks on the driver’s side and Watkins approached Woodard on the passenger’s side.

Woodard testified that Long asked if they were police officers and pulled out a gun. The victims said they were not police officers. Long began yelling at the victims to give them everything the victims had. Long then started hitting Banks in the head with his gun, and Banks began to cry and was “drenched in blood,” which was “coming from everywhere all over his head.” Watkins then started beating Woodard with his gun and broke a bone between Woodard’s eyes. Watkins’s gun fired while he was beating Woodard, and the bullet hit Banks in the head and killed him. Long and Watkins robbed the victims of their cell phones and wallets.

Long contends that his convictions on Counts 7 and 8 of the indictment, which charged him with aggravated assault of Banks and Woodard by striking them “on or about the head with a firearm,[*888] a deadly weapon,” cannot stand, because there was insufficient evidence to show that the firearms were deadly weapons under the circumstances of this case. This contention, however, is moot, because we conclude in Division 2 below that these two convictions merged into Long’s armed robbery convictions. See Lupoe v. State, 284 Ga. 576, 577, n. 2 (669 SE2d 133) (2008) (holding that a claim of insufficient evidence to support a conviction that has been merged into another conviction for sentencing purposes is moot).

As for Long’s remaining convictions, viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the evidence presented at trial and summarized above was sufficient to authorize a rational jury to find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of those crimes. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U. S. 307, 319 (99 SC 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979).

2. Long contends that his conviction on Count 7 (the aggravated assault on Banks by striking him with a gun) should have merged into the conviction on Count 5 (the armed robbery of Banks) [2] and that the conviction on Count 8 (the aggravated assault on Woodard by striking him with a gun) should have merged into the conviction on Count 4 (the armed robbery of Woodard). We agree.

To determine if the aggravated assaults were lesser included offenses of the armed robberies, we apply the “required evidence” test set forth in Drinkard v. Walker, 281 Ga. 211 (636 SE2d 530) (2006). Under that test, we examine “whether each offense requires proof of a fact which the other does not.” Lucky v. State, 286 Ga. 478, 481 (689 SE2d 825) (2010). In Lucky, the defendant contended that his conviction for aggravated assault with intent to rob should merge into his armed robbery conviction. “Armed robbery (OCGA § 16-8-41) requires an intent to rob, the use of an offensive weapon, and the taking of property from the person or presence of another. Aggravated assault with intent to rob (OCGA § 16-5-21 (a)) requires an assault upon the victim, with the intent to rob.” Lucky, 286 Ga. at 481. We concluded that armed robbery contained a requirement — the taking of property — that aggravated assault did not, but that aggravated assault with intent to rob did not require proof of a fact which armed robbery did not. See id. at 482. Both crimes required proof of an intent to rob, and the assault requirement of aggravated assault — that the defendant attempt to commit a violent injury to the victim or place the victim in reasonable apprehension of receiving a violent injury — was the[*889] equivalent of the “use of an offensive weapon” requirement of armed robbery. See id. Thus, we held that “the aggravated assault with intent to rob merges into the armed robbery conviction.” Id.

In this case, the aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, see OCGA § 16-5-21 (a) (2), also does not require proof of a fact that armed robbery does not. Because Lucky establishes that the assault requirement of aggravated assault is the equivalent of the “use of an offensive weapon” requirement of armed robbery, the controlling issue is whether the “deadly weapon” requirement of this form of aggravated assault is the equivalent of the “offensive weapon” requirement of armed robbery. We conclude that it is.

For purposes of armed robbery,

“the term ‘offensive weapon’ includes not only weapons which are offensive per se, such as firearms loaded with live ammunition, but also embraces other instrumentalities not normally considered to be offensive weapons in and of themselves but which may be found by a jury to be likely to produce death or great bodily injury depending on the manner and means of their use.”

Phillips v. State, 259 Ga. App. 331, 332 (577 SE2d 25) (2003) (quoting Eady v. State, 182 Ga. App. 293, 295 (355 SE2d 778) (1987)). Similarly, with regard to the “deadly weapon” requirement for aggravated assault, our appellate courts have held that a weapon that may be found by a jury to produce death or great bodily injury based on its use in a particular case constitutes a deadly weapon. See Skaggs v. State, 278 Ga. 19, 20-21 (596 SE2d 159) (2004) (holding that fists and feet were deadly weapons because they were, under the circumstances of the case, capable of producing serious bodily injury or death); Johnson v. State, 185 Ga. App. 167, 169-170 (363 SE2d 773) (1987) (holding that it is appropriate to charge that a deadly weapon is one capable of inflicting great bodily injury).

We therefore conclude that there is no element of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon that is not contained in armed robbery and that Long’s aggravated assault convictions merged into his armed robbery convictions. Those convictions and the sentences entered for them must therefore be vacated and the case remanded to the trial court for resentencing. [3] This holding also moots Long’s contention regarding the trial court’s jury charge on aggravated assault. See Vergara v. State, 287 Ga. 194, 196 (695 SE2d 215) (2010)[*890] (holding that a contention regarding an erroneous jury charge on a conviction that has been merged into another conviction for sentencing purposes is moot).

3. Long contends that the trial court erred in failing to grant his motion to sever his trial from Watkins’s trial. To prevail on this claim, however, Long must demonstrate, among other things, that a joint trial prejudiced his defense and resulted in a denial of due process. See Krause v. State, 286 Ga. 745, 749 (691 SE2d 211) (2010). Long contends that he was prejudiced because he could not call Watkins as a witness at the joint trial. However, Long’s assertion that he could have called his co-defendant as a witness at a separate trial, without Watkins’s invoking his right against self-incrimination, was mere speculation, and Long also failed to show that Watkins’s testimony would have been favorable to him. Long therefore failed to carry his burden to show the required prejudice. See Owen v. State, 266 Ga. 312, 314 (467 SE2d 325) (1996) (holding that Owen failed to show prejudice from the denial of her motion to sever, because she “made no showing that her co-defendants would be more likely to testify if they were tried separately; nor did she show that her co-defendants’ testimony would tend to exculpate her”).

4. Long contends that the trial court erred in rejecting his claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. We disagree.

When Long was arrested, he gave a statement to Detective Wilson. The detective testified at trial that Long was “advised of his rights” before he made the statement, but the detective was not asked by either party to explain what that entailed, that is, the specific rights of which he advised Long. Detective Wilson then testified that Long had admitted that he was at the scene and approached the victims’ vehicle on the driver’s side. During closing argument, Long’s counsel told the jurors that the trial court would instruct them not to consider Long’s statement to Detective Wilson unless they found that Long was “given his Miranda warnings” and knowingly and voluntarily waived them. Counsel then argued that there was no testimony that Long was “given his Miranda warnings” and that the jurors therefore could not consider Long’s statement. In his closing, the prosecutor responded by stating: “You know what Miranda rights are — you’ve heard it a hundred thousand times on television. . . . The suggestion from Mr. Long’s counsel that that was not done ... is totally inaccurate. [Detective Wilson] said [Long] agreed to give a statement and that he read him his Miranda rights.”

Long argues that his trial counsel was ineffective in failing to object to the prosecutor’s reference to television, because the State is not permitted to forego its burden of producing evidence and[*891] witnesses by allowing jurors to substitute their own understanding based on television viewing. At the motion for new trial hearing, trial counsel explained that she did not object because she does not object to closing arguments unless an argument is so objectionable that it would warrant a mistrial, that she thought the trial court would say that “closing argument is just argument,” that she knew the court would instruct the jury on the law relating to Miranda warnings, that she had a strong argument for why the jury should conclude that Miranda warnings had not been given, and that she thought the prosecutor’s response was weak.

Decided October 4, 2010. Charles H. Frier, for appellant. Paul L. Howard, Jr., District Attorney, Bettieanne C. Hart, Elizabeth A. Baker, Assistant District Attorneys, Thurbert E. Baker, [*892] Attorney General, Mary Beth Westmoreland, Deputy Attorney General, Paula K. Smith, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Benjamin H. Pierman, Assistant Attorney General, for appellee.

[*891] To prevail on his ineffective assistance claim, Long must show that his trial counsel provided deficient performance and that, but for that unprofessional performance, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome of the proceeding would have been different. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 687, 694 (104 SC 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984). In examining an ineffectiveness claim, a court need not “address both components of the inquiry if the defendant makes an insufficient showing on one. In particular, a court need not determine whether counsel’s performance was deficient before examining the prejudice suffered by the defendant as a result of the alleged deficiencies.” Id. at 697.

Here, even assuming that trial counsel performed deficiently in failing to object to the prosecutor’s argument, despite her explanation of her strategy, Long has failed to carry his burden to show prejudice. The trial court instructed the jury that closing arguments were not evidence and that it was the jury’s responsibility to decide the case based on the evidence introduced in court, which would exclude what the jury might have heard on television. In addition, the other evidence against Long was strong, including the testimony of two witnesses (one of them Long’s then girlfriend) present at the apartment complex regarding Long’s involvement in the crimes. Thus, even if Long’s counsel had objected to the argument and the trial court had sustained the objection and instructed the jurors specifically not to rely on what they had heard on television, there is no reasonable probability that the result of the trial would have been different. Accordingly, we conclude that Long’s ineffective assistance claim is without merit.

Judgment affirmed in part, vacated in part, and case remanded for resentencing.

Ml the Justices concur.
1

The crimes occurred on November 1, 2004. On May 20, 2005, Long and Watkins were jointly indicted as follows: Count 1 - malice murder of Banks; Count 2 - felony murder of Banks, with armed robbery as the underlying felony; Count 3 - felony murder of Banks, with aggravated assault as the underlying felony; Count 4 - armed robbery of Woodard; Count 5 - armed robbery of Banks; Count 6 - aggravated assault with a deadly weapon of Banks “by shooting him with a firearm, a deadly weapon”; Count 7 - aggravated assault with a deadly weapon of Banks “by striking him on or about the head with a firearm, a deadly weapon”; Count 8 - aggravated assault with a deadly weapon of Woodard “by striking him on or about the head with a firearm, a deadly weapon”; Count 9 - possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony; and Count 10 - possession of a firearm by a convicted felon (Long only; the State later dead docketed this charge). On August 25, 2006, the jury acquitted Long and Watkins of malice murder but found them guilty of the remaining crimes. The trial court sentenced Long and Watkins to life in prison for the felony murder (armed robbery) count; to 20 years each for the armed robbery of Woodard, the aggravated assault of Banks based on striking him in the head (Count 7), and the aggravated assault of Woodard (Count 8), all running consecutively to the life sentence; and to five consecutive years for possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony. The trial court merged the convictions on Counts 3, 5, and 6. The trial court denied Long’s motion for new trial on November 20, 2009. Long’s timely appeal was docketed in this Court for the April 2010 Term, and was submitted for decision on the briefs.

2

The trial court merged the Count 5 armed robbery of Banks into the felony murder (armed robbery) conviction, but the same merger analysis applies in determining whether the Count 7 aggravated assault merged into either the armed robbery conviction or the felony murder predicated on that armed robbery. We will simply refer to armed robbery in the analysis below.

3

We note that Long’s co-defendant did not raise this merger issue in his appeal. See Watkins, 285 Ga. 107.