— This case is one of paramount importance, both in the amount of money involved and the gravity of the legal questions presented. It has been argued by learned counsel, with great and unusual ability, and we have endeavored to give the case that careful and deliberate consideration which its magnitude demands.

i pleading-on answer, practice: judgment up-I. The District Court did not err in rendering judgment on plaintiff’s motion for the sum, confessed by the answer to. ^e due and ™p&id as taxes, upon the north half of its bridge. The answer, in plain and unqualified language, says that the “ plaintiff is entitled to the[*638] sum of $3,500,” for taxes on the north half of its railroad bridge for the year 1871, “ for which amount and costs to the date of filing this answer, defendant tenders judgment.” The Statute, (Revision section 3135,) provides that “if only part of the claim is controverted by the pleading, judgment may, at any time, be rendered for the part not controverted.” The petition claims to recover city taxes levied upon the depot grounds and buildings thereon, upon its railway tracks, side tracks, switches and road bed within the city limits, and also upon the north half of its railroad bridge across the Mississippi river, also within the city limits for the years 1867,1868, 1869, 1870 and 1871. Now the claim for taxes on the north half of the bridge, for the year 1871, the defendant does not controvert, but confesses that they are due and payable, and offers judgment therefor. The case comes very clearly within tire section of the statute above quoted. The plaintiff claims taxes on different properties for different years. The defendant does not controvert the claim on one of the pieces of property named, for one of the years. This being so, the court did not err in rendering judgment for the sum admitted. The confession in the answer is not to be governed by section 3404 of the Revision. The offer to confess judgment, there provided for, does not contemplate admissions or confessions contained in the pleadings. Under that section the offer must be made in court in presence of the plaintiff, or after notice to him that the offer will be made. It is collateral to the pleading, for, if not accepted, it “ shall not be deemed an admission of the cause of action or amount to which the plaintiff is entitled, nor be given in evidence at the trial.” The offer likewise must be as broad as the .acceptance is required to be, and since the acceptance must be in full of all demands, it follows that the offer must be equally broad. It is quite clear that the answer in this case does not come within the provisions of this section.

• II. Did the court err in sustaining the demurrer to the first division of the answer?

[*639] 2 taxation • upon groa?: -earnings.[*638] The substance of this count in the answer, is that having, for each and every- year for which plaintiff .claims, fully paid[*639] to the State of Iowa, the taxes on its gross receipts, according to the requirements of the statutes, the defendant was n°t' liable to pay the taxes claimed, except those on the north half of its bridge, for 1870 and 1871, that the payment of taxes by the defendant, on its gross receipts, was in lieu of all other taxes, including taxes which might have been levied by the city.

In Dunleith & Dubuque Bridge v. The City of Dubuque, 32 Iowa, 427, this court held (Cole, J., dissenting) that payment by a railroad company, of a tax of one per centum, on the gross éarnings of the road,'under chapter 169 of the Acts of the Twelfth General Assembly, did not relieve the railroad company from the payment of city taxes, levied upon its property within the limits of the city. The act was held to be confined in its operation to State and county taxes. Under the doctrine of that case, the first count of the answer presented no defense and the demurrer therefore was properly sustained.

3. estopml : year’s a separate cause of action. III. In the second count of the answer, the defendant pleads, as an estoppel, a judgment rendered, February, 1867, in the District Court of Scott county, enjoining the city of Davenport from collecting city taxes, f , ® , \ , levied by it upon the same property on which taxes are claimed in this case, for the years 1863,1864 and 1865, in a suit brought by the Mississippi & Missouri Eailroad Company against the plaintiff herein, and alleging that the defendant in this suit is now the owner of the said property, on which taxes were levied, having purchased the same in 1866, at sheriff’s sale, on special execution, issued on a judgment of foreclosure of a mortgage on said property. The demurrer raises the question whether that judgment works an estoppel of the plaintiff, to collect the taxes sued for in this action. We are of opinion that it does not. While this action may be conceded to be between parties and privies to the former decree, yet we think it is clear that the subject matter of the two actions are not the same. The taxes enjoined in the former suit were those for 1863, 1864 and 1865. This action is to recover for subsequent taxes. Each year’s taxes constitute[*640] a distinct and separate canse of action, and the determination of the matters, involved in the injunction suit, reached no farther than the taxes of the years then in question. The cases are unlike those where two causes of actions, (as two proinisory notes,) forming the subject matter of successive actions between the same parties, both growi/ng out of the same transaction, in which a defense set up in the first suit, and held good, will conclude the parties in the second. So a judgment of a competent court upon the validity of coupons attached to a bond is conclusive in another action, between the same parties upon other coupons attached to the same bond, Bochard v. Dias, 3 Denio, 238; Whittaker v. Johnson County, 12 Iowa, 595. But the taxes of sepai’ate years do not in any just sense grow out of the same transaction. They are like distinct claims on two different promissory notes made upon two distinct and separate, though similar transactions between the same parties. A judgment on one of such notes, it is quite clear, would not be of .any force as an estoppel in an action on the other note between the same parties.

In support of these views, see the following cases: Arnold v. Arnold, 17 Pick., 4; Ferrer's Case 6, Coke, 7; Cleaton v. Chambliss, 6 Rand (Va.), 86; Clark v. Young, 1 Cranch, 181; Beere v. Fleming, 13 Irish, C. L., 506; Norton v. Huxley, 13 Gray, 285; Ricker v. Hooper, 35 Vert., 457; Harding v. Hale, 2 Gray, 399; Marsh v. Pier, 4 Rawle, 273; Packet Co. v. Sickels, 5 Wall., and cases cited; Meyers v. Johnson County, 14 Iowa, 47; Simmons v. Van Pelt, 12 Id., 368, and cases cited.

Again, this case does not fall within the principle involved where a particular issue of fact is tried and determined, and judgment rendered upon such determination, which judgment estops both parties from afterwards denying the fact thus found and determined. See Bigelow on Estoppel, page 22.

____ -• In addition to what has been above said on this point, it may be further remarked that, the statute under which the former judgment was rendered, was repealed by chapter 196, of the laws of 1868, which took effect' April 29th 1868, and this act was superceded by chapter 106,[*641] of the laws of 1870. Thus the taxes of 1868, and subsequent years were levied under statutes passed after the adjudication pleaded as an estoppel, and while the act of 1868, is similar in its main features to the act .of 1862, which was in force when the injunction decree was rendered, yet a judgment involving the construction of a statute, and turning upon such construction, cannot be invoked after its repeal as an estoppel as to the law, under a subsequent statute though similar in its provisions, for this would deny to the court the power to-determine whether the subsequent statute should receive the same, or a different interpretation from that placed upon the repealed statute. It would tie the hands of the court and prevent a construction of the subsequent statute. This cannot be allowed. The former decision may be an aicthority in a case arising under the subsequent statute, but it cannot be admitted as an estoppel upon the law questions involved in the subsequent action.

, Mr. Justice Cold does not concur in the holding on this point, but holds that since the prior adjudication was based upon, and rendered under the statute as it then stood, and held that the city had no power to levy any tax upon the property; this want of power was therefore adjudicated and as effectually disposed of as it could be by litigating the taxes of each subsequent year. The tax for 1867, was levied under the same law as those embraced in the prior adjudication; other taxes for 1868 and 1869, under laws identical in these respects with it, and as to all these he holds the adjudication conclusive.

5.--; partion. IY. The third division of the answer sets up, by way of estoppel, a decree rendered in the Circuit Court of the United States for Iowa, November 2d, 1869, enjoining the city and its Marshal' from collecting the city taxes, levied on the defendant’s same property for the year 1868, in a suit by David Dows, of the State of New York, in which case it is alleged that he was then “ a stockholder in the defendant’s railroad.” The tax involved in that case is one of those sued for in this case, but the parties are not the same in that case as in this. The plaintiff in the former case described himself as a stockholder in the defendant’s railroad, it is true. This[*642] was necessary for the purpose of showing that he had an interest in the relief prayed, and this was the object of the averment. It does not appear to have been made with a view of prosecuting the suit for the benefit, or on behalf, of the defendant; nor is it made to appear in any manner that the railroad company claimed the benefit of the proceedings, or even knew of their pendency. It is clear, therefore, that the defendant was neither party nor privy to that action. Nor would the decree in that case have bound the defendant if it had been adverse to the plaintiff" therein. For this reason, also, the decree cannot be made a bar to this action. In order to constitute a bar the former adjudication should have the effect to equally estop both parties. Meyers v. Johnson county, supra.

V. In the fourth count of the answer, the defendant claims to have been released from the payment of the taxes sued for under and by virtue of chapter 26, of the Laws of the "Fourteenth General Assembly, approved April 6th, 1872.

6^taxation: property: constitutional law. The ninth section of this act reads'as follows: “Every railroad company which shall have paid all taxes on gross earnings, provided for by chapter 106, of the acts of the Thirteenth General Assembly, shall be ' released from the payment of all other taxes which may have been levied upon the road bed, right of way, track, rolling stock, and necessary buildings for operating their road, and no taxes for prior years for State, county, municipal, or any other purpose for which any tax can be levied under the laws of the State, up to the first day of January last, shall be collected from any such railroad company on such property.”

The act embracing the above provision was passed after the taxes sued for in this action were levied, and after this action .had been commenced.

It is insisted fry plaintiff’s counsel that this section of the act is unconstitutional, and therefore invalid.

The second section of Article 8, of the State Constitution, is in these words: “ The property of all corporations for pecuniary profit shall be subject to taxation, the same as that of individuals.”

[*643] The first inquiry which presents itself in reference to this' clause of the constitution is, whether the language used is to be understood as merely conferring upon the General Assembly the power to tax this class of property, or whether it is in the nature of a mandate — requiring that such property shall-be taxed the same as the property of individuals. Taxation is an attribute of sovereignty. It. is one of the powers necessary to the life and existence of the State, and unless • restricted in the fundamental law, the power of the State is full and ample to subject all species of property within its limits to taxation for all lawful purposes. This power is vested in the General Assembly by the people, who are the source of political power, in the following broad and comprehensive language : “ The legislative authority of this State shall be vested in a General Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Bepresentatives.” ' See State Constitution, Sec. I, of Art. 3. Taxes can be levied only in pursuance of law. The law making authority of the State is the General Assembly. This power is given in general terms, and confers the authority upon that body to legislate uj>on all rightful subjects of legislation, unless prohibited from so doing, expressly or by clear implication. Morrison v. Springer, 15 Iowa, 342-3; Stewart v. Supervisors of Polk Co., 30 Iowa, 18. The taxing power being one of the sovereign powers of the State, vested in the General Assembly, and not being limited in the Constitution as to the kinds or classes of property subject to taxation, it follows that the General Assembly possesses the power, derived from its general legislative authority, to subject all kinds and classes of property to taxation for all proper purposes, and that the clause first above quoted was not necessary to enable it to pass laws for the taxation of the property of corporations.

The power of taxation reaches all classes of property alike, independently of this provision of the Constitution. We, therefore, conclude that since it must have been intended to give some force and effect to this section as a part of the fundamental law, it must be understood as a command to, and as enjoining it as a duty upon, the General Assembly, to provide[*644] by law for the taxation, of the property of corporations for pecuniary profit the same as that of individuals. In other words, this clause requires the legislature to provide for the taxation of this class of property the same as that of individuals.

In the next place, what are we to understand to be intended by the language “the same as that of individuals”? We need not determine whether this language requires that corporate property shall be taxed in the same manner as that of natural persons. It seems, however, quite clear that it was intended by this language to require the legislature to impose the burdens of taxation upon the property of corporations for pecuniary profit the same as, or equally with, that of individuals; that the property of this class of corporations shall bear the same burdens of taxation as are placed upon that of individuals; that each shall be taxed for the same objects, and in the same degree, so that individuals shall not be required to pay any taxes on their property which are not also assessed and laid upon the property of corporations of the class named, nor in any greater proportion. When the legislature provides for taxing the property of individuals, this clause of the Constitution requires it to tax the property of corporations for pecuniary profit, to the same extent and for the same purposes. If the property of individuals be taxed for State, county,. school and municipal purposes, the property of this class of corporations must be subjected to the- same taxes and at the same rates. The one cannot be exempt and the other liable.

This state of things existed under the law at the time of the passage of the act of the General Assembly under consideration. The property of railroad corporations, (which are conceded to be corporations for pecuniary profit), was, like that of individuals, subject to taxation for city purposes. See Dunleith & Dubuque Bridge Co. v. City of Dubuque, 82 Iowa, 427. The laws then in force subjected the property of railroad corporations to taxation for municipal purposes the same as that of individuals. The act of the General Assembly under consideration interposes and declares that those railroad companies which shall have paid all taxes assessed against[*645] them for other purposes shall be released from these city tames, which have been levied upon their road bed, right of way, tracks, rolling stock, and necessary buildings for operating their road, which would be otherwise subject to such taxation under the law. It seems very clear that here is a direct and palpable conflict between this act of the legislature and the constitutional provision requiring the property of these corporations to be taxed for the same purposes, and to the same extent as that of individuals. The effect of the act, if held valid, would be to exempt the property of railroad corporations situated in cities and incorporated towns from municipal taxes, while the property of individuals similarly situated would be subject thereto, which is the very result that was intended to be prevented by the framers of the constitution.

It is insisted by counsel for defendant that the act operates as a release of taxes on railroad property, and not on railroad corporations, and that it makes no distinction in respect to such property, between corporations and individuals. In this we cannot concur with the learned counsel. The act under consideration deals in terms with railroad corporations only. The language is, “ Every railroad eo'/npany which shall have paid all taxes on gross earnings, etc,, shall be released from the payment of all other taxes which may have been levied on the road, bed, right of way, rolling stock, and necessary buildings for operating their road, and no taxes for prior years, for State, county, municipal, or any other purpose for which any tax can be levied under the laws of the State, etc., shall be collected from any such railroad company, on such property.”

The act releases the railroad companies who have paid, etc., from all taxes levied for any purpose on the property named. It is not an exemption or release from taxation, of a class of property, irrespective of the ownership, but a release of these corporations from .taxes which had been levied alike on their property and that of individuals. The act attempts to remove the burden from the corporations and leave it remaining upon individuals having property within the incorporated cities and towns of the State. The terms “ railroad companies ” are used[*646] in the act as synonymous with “railroad corporations.” These' terms are used indiscriminately throughout the legislation of the State, and are so used as meaning the same thing. The terms “ railroad companies ” are more frequently used in the' legislative acts than the terms “railroad' corporations.” In the use of the former terms, in the act under consideration, it is beyond doubt that they were used as synonymous with “ railroad corporations.” Indeed this seems to be conceded by counsel for the defendant; but they claim that this objection of class legislation applies to all the legislation of the State in reference to railroads. We are not now considering how far the General Assembly may go in- making laws oii other subjects than taxation which apply specially and peculiarly to railroad corporations, or to what extent “ class legislation,” as it is called, in respect to these c -rporations, may be carried. On this subject of taxation the constitution has forbidden any discrimination in favor of the property of this class 'of corporations.

But if the kind of property mentioned in the act under examination, viz: railroad property, be of a character that it may be owned and controlled by a natural person, still it would, under the laws of the State, be subject to be taxed for municipal purposes when situated within the limits of an incorporated city or town, for the act purporting to release raiVroad companies from the payment of sftch taxes, cannot be construed to release a private individual from the payment of -such taxes on the same kind of property when owned by him. This results in discriminating in favor of corpiox’ations and against individuals, and is plainly violative of the constitution. -Again, if railroad property be of such a nature as that it may not be owned or held by an individual, but can only be owned and held by railroad corporations, the act is equally vulnerable to the constitutional objection, for it affects the property only when held by corporations. It exempts the property of railroad corporations from taxation, while that of individuals remains, under the laws of the State, subject thereto. To prevent this state of things was- the purpose of the constitutional provision herein set out.

[*647] • Finding, therefore, that there is this direct and palpable conflict between the enactment under consideration, and the constitution, it becomes our plain duty to declare the former invalid, and of no effect. Stewart v. Board of Supervisors, supra.

• It is urged that the 13th section of the act of 1872, which provides-that “all laws and parts of laws inconsistent with the of this act, are hereby repealed,” takes away the power and right to collect the city taxes due and unpaid prior to the taking effect of .that act. We think there are two satisfactory answers to this claim. First, the only laws declared repealed are those inconsistent with the provisions of that act. The only provision in that act conflicting with the prior statutes upon this question, is the 9th section, which we have just seen is in conflict with the constitution and void. Being void; it is to be treated as if stricken out of the act, which leaves nothing therein inconsistent with the former statutes upon this subject, and hence, they are not repealed. Second, if the effect of the repealing section would be to release the railroad company from taxation upon their property for city purposes, while that of natural persons similarly situated is subjected thereto, then such repeal is in violation of the constitution, for the reason that it creates this inequality, and is invalid and inoperative.

Mr. Justice Cole dissents from the holding in the foregoing division of this opinion, on the grounds and for the reasons stated by him in his dissenting opinion in the case of The City of Dubuque v. The Illinois Central Railroad Company, present term.

VI. In the view we have taken of this constitutional question, it becomes unnecessary for us to examine and determine the question, (very ably argued,) whether the plaintiff, a municipal corporation, had such á vested right in the taxes due, and delinquent upon the property of the defendant situated within the city limits, at the time of the passage of the act releasing the-same,.as that the legislature could not constitutionally interpose and release them.

[*648] 8_. 0_ pafcorpora-*tions.[*647] VII. Counsel on both sides have also very exhaustively[*648] argued the question of the right of the plaintiff to sue, and maintain an ordinary action at law for taxes due anfl unpaid. This question is not raised in any manner by the demurrer, and is urged for the first time in this court. It is not a jurisdictional question that may be taken advantage of at any time. If there is anything in the objection, it is that delinquent taxes are not the subject of a civil action, or in other words, that the facts that taxes have been regularly levied on the defendant’s property which remain due and delinquent, do not constitute a cause of action. This objection must be raised by demurrer or otherwise in the court below, and cannot be presented for the first time in this court. We therefore, refrain from intimating any opinion on this question.

[*648] On the defendant’s appeal the judgment of the District Court will be affirmed. But as the court erred in overruling the demurrer to the fourth count of'defendant’s answer, the judgment will on plaintiff’s appeal be

Reversed.