Iowa Code

Iowa Code § 684.1 (2026)

Definitions

✓ current as of July 2026

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As used in this chapter: 1. “Affiliate” means any of the following: a. A person that directly or indirectly owns, controls, or holds with power to vote, twenty percent or more of the outstanding voting securities of the debtor, other than a person that holds the securities as either of the following: (1) As a fiduciary or agent without sole discretionary power to vote the securities. (2) Solely to secure a debt, if the person has not in fact exercised the power to vote. b. A corporation twenty percent or more of whose outstanding voting securities are directly or indirectly owned, controlled, or held with power to vote, by the debtor or a person that directly or indirectly owns, controls, or holds with power to vote, twenty percent or more of the outstanding voting securities of the debtor, other than a person that holds the securities as either of the following: (1) As a fiduciary or agent without sole discretionary power to vote the securities. (2) Solely to secure a debt, if the person has not in fact exercised the power to vote. c. A person whose business is operated by the debtor under a lease or other agreement, or a person substantially all of whose assets are controlled by the debtor. d. A person that operates the debtor’s business under a lease or other agreement or controls substantially all of the debtor’s assets. 2. “Asset” means property of a debtor, but does not include any of the following: a. Property to the extent it is encumbered by a valid lien. b. Property to the extent it is generally exempt under nonbankruptcy law. c. An interest in property held in tenancy by the entireties to the extent it is not subject to process by a creditor holding a claim against only one tenant. 3. “Claim”, except as used in “claim for relief”, means a right to payment, whether or not the right is reduced to judgment, liquidated, unliquidated, fixed, contingent, matured, unmatured, disputed, undisputed, legal, equitable, secured, or unsecured. 4. “Creditor” means a person that has a claim. 5. “Debt” means liability on a claim. 6. “Debtor” means a person that is liable on a claim. 7. “Electronic” means relating to technology having electrical, digital, magnetic, wireless, optical, electromagnetic, or similar capabilities. 8. “Insider” includes all of the following: a. If the debtor is an individual, all of the following: (1) A relative of the debtor or of a general partner of the debtor. (2) A partnership in which the debtor is a general partner. (3) A general partner in a partnership described in subparagraph (2). (4) A corporation of which the debtor is a director, officer, or person in control.

Tue Dec 09 21:57:13 2025 Iowa Code 2026, Chapter 684 (32, 0) §684.1, VOIDABLE TRANSACTIONS 2\n\n b. If the debtor is a corporation, all of the following: (1) A director of the debtor. (2) An officer of the debtor. (3) A person in control of the debtor. (4) A partnership in which the debtor is a general partner. (5) A general partner in a partnership described in subparagraph (4). (6) A relative of a general partner, director, officer, or person in control of the debtor. c. If the debtor is a partnership, all of the following: (1) A general partner in the debtor. (2) A relative of a general partner in, or a general partner of, or a person in control of the debtor. (3) Another partnership in which the debtor is a general partner. (4) A general partner in a partnership described in subparagraph (3). (5) A person in control of the debtor. d. An affiliate, or an insider of an affiliate as if the affiliate were the debtor. e. A managing agent of the debtor. 9. “Lien” means a charge against or an interest in property to secure payment of a debt or performance of an obligation, and includes a security interest created by agreement, a judicial lien obtained by legal or equitable process or proceedings, a common-law lien, or a statutory lien. 10. “Organization” means a person other than an individual. 11. “Person” means an individual, estate, business or nonprofit entity, public corporation, government or governmental subdivision, agency, or instrumentality, or other legal entity. 12. “Property” means anything that may be the subject of ownership. 13. “Record” means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form. 14. “Relative” means an individual related by consanguinity within the third degree as determined by the common law, a spouse, or an individual related to a spouse within the third degree as so determined, and includes an individual in an adoptive relationship within the third degree. 15. “Sign” means, with present intent to authenticate or adopt a record to do either of the following: a. Execute or adopt a tangible symbol. b. Attach to or logically associate with the record an electronic symbol, sound, or process. 16. “Transfer” means every mode, direct or indirect, absolute or conditional, voluntary or involuntary, of disposing of or parting with an asset or an interest in an asset, and includes payment of money, release, lease, license, and creation of a lien or other encumbrance. 17. “Valid lien” means a lien that is effective against the holder of a judicial lien subsequently obtained by legal or equitable process or proceedings. 94 Acts, ch 1121, §5; 2016 Acts, ch 1040, §1, 15 2016 amendment applies to a transfer made or an obligation incurred, as provided in §684.6, on or after July 1, 2016; 2016 Acts, ch 1040, §15

Notes of Decisions

Cited in 11 cases (2 in the last 5 years), 1980–2022 · leading case: Webster Indus., Inc. v. Northwood Doors, Inc., 320 F. Supp. 2d 821 (N.D. Iowa 2004).

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Webster Indus., Inc. v. Northwood Doors, Inc., 320 F. Supp. 2d 821 (N.D. Iowa 2004). · cites it 8× “” Iowa Code § 684.1 (11) (emphasis added). Thus, a “transfer,” and more specifically, a “fraudulent transfer,” must involve an “asset.”

Eide v. Nat'l City Capital Corp. (In Re RiversideWorld, Inc.), 366 B.R. 34 (Bankr. D. Iowa 2007). · cites it 12× “Iowa Code § 684.1 (7). If the debtor is a corporation, insiders include all of the following: (1) a director of the debtor (2) an officer of the debtor (3) person in control of the debtor (4) a partnership in which debtor is a general partner (5) a general partner in a…”

In Re Schaefer, 331 B.R. 401 (Bankr. D. Iowa 2005). · cites it 6× “" Iowa Code § 684.1 (2). In adopting the UFTA test for insolvency, the Iowa Supreme Court stated: Solvency that is based on exempt property is no better than insolvency to a creditor, because the property is not available without affirmative action by the debtor.”

Eley v. Pizza Hut of Am., Inc., 500 N.W.2d 61 (Iowa 1993). · cites it 2× “(Iowa Code section 684.1 provides that we “may” answer the question.”

Sec. Sav. Bank v. Huston, 293 N.W.2d 249 (Iowa 1980). · cites it 2× “Security sought further review under section 684.1(4), The Code, only from that portion of the court of appeals decision which remanded the case.”

Sergeant v. G.R.D. Investments L.L.C. (Schaefer), 331 B.R. 401 (Bankr. D. Iowa 2005). · cites it 6× “” Iowa Code § 684.1 (2). In adopting the UFTA test for insolvency, the Iowa Supreme Court stated: Solvency that is based on exempt property is no better than insolvency to a creditor, because the property is not available without affirmative action by the debtor.”

In the Matter of Est. of Gauch, 308 N.W.2d 88 (Iowa 1981). “This stems from article V, section 4, of the Iowa Constitution and sections 684.1 and 684.35 of the Code, implemented by rule 4 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure: Review in equity cases shall be de novo.”

Renae E. Hindman v. Brian E. Hindman & Cody E. Hindman (Iowa Ct. App. 2022). · cites it 6× “See Iowa Code § 684.1 (3) (broadly defining “claim”), (4) (defining “creditor” to mean “a person that has a claim”).”

Golden Enter., LLC & Kathryn Leann Golden v. Iowa Dist. Court for Polk Cnty. (Iowa Ct. App. 2016). · cites it 2× “First American filed a resistance to the motion to quash its subpoenas, contending the objectors were “insiders” as that term is defined in Iowa Code section 684.1(7)(a) (fraudulent transfers), and thus “by public policy have been determined to have a relationship with the…”

Flanagan Corp. v. Lake Cabin Partners, LLC (Iowa Ct. App. 2022). · cites it 2× “See Iowa Code § 684.1 (8) (defining insider).”

Alice M. Shea v. Theresa Lorenz & Mark Lorenz, defendants-appellees/cross-appellants, & Kristin Ostrander, Valerie Bisanz, Thomas Lorenz, Heidi Lorenz, Rob E. Dickinson & R.E. Dickinson Inv. Advisors, LLC (Iowa Ct. App. 2015). · cites it 2× “” Iowa Code § 684.1 (11). A transfer is made, according to the statutory provisions, “when it becomes effective between the debtor and the transferee.”

— Iowa Code § 684.1(4) — 1 case

Sec. Sav. Bank v. Huston, 293 N.W.2d 249 (Iowa 1980). “Security sought further review under section 684.1(4), The Code, only from that portion of the court of appeals decision which remanded the case.”

— Iowa Code § 684.1(7)(a) — 1 case

Golden Enter., LLC & Kathryn Leann Golden v. Iowa Dist. Court for Polk Cnty. (Iowa Ct. App. 2016). “First American filed a resistance to the motion to quash its subpoenas, contending the objectors were “insiders” as that term is defined in Iowa Code section 684.1(7)(a) (fraudulent transfers), and thus “by public policy have been determined to have a relationship with the…”

— Iowa Code § 684.1(8)(a)(1) — 1 case

Renae E. Hindman v. Brian E. Hindman & Cody E. Hindman (Iowa Ct. App. 2022). “See Iowa Code § 684.1 (3) (broadly defining “claim”), (4) (defining “creditor” to mean “a person that has a claim”).”

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