Neb. Rev. Stat. » Chapter 28

Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416

Prohibited acts; violations; penalties

Find cases: SyfertCases citing this section NE-LEGnebraskalegislature.gov JustiaChapter on Justia CornellLII Search CasesGoogle Scholar

(1) Except as authorized by the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, it shall be unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally: (a) To manufacture, distribute, deliver, dispense, or possess with intent to manufacture, distribute, deliver, or dispense a controlled substance; or (b) to create, distribute, or possess with intent to distribute a counterfeit controlled substance.

(2) Except as provided in subsections (4), (5), (7), (8), (9), and (10) of this section, any person who violates subsection (1) of this section with respect to: (a) A controlled substance classified in Schedule I, II, or III of section 28-405 which is an exceptionally hazardous drug shall be guilty of a Class II felony; (b) any other controlled substance classified in Schedule I, II, or III of section 28-405 shall be guilty of a Class IIA felony; or (c) a controlled substance classified in Schedule IV or V of section 28-405 shall be guilty of a Class IIIA felony.

(3) A person knowingly or intentionally possessing a controlled substance, except marijuana or any substance containing a quantifiable amount of the substances, chemicals, or compounds described, defined, or delineated in subdivision (c)(28) of Schedule I of section 28-405, unless such substance was obtained directly or pursuant to a medical order issued by a practitioner authorized to prescribe while acting in the course of his or her professional practice, or except as otherwise authorized by the act, shall be guilty of a Class IV felony. A person shall not be in violation of this subsection if section 28-472 or 28-1701 applies.

(4)(a) Except as authorized by the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, any person eighteen years of age or older who knowingly or intentionally manufactures, distributes, delivers, dispenses, or possesses with intent to manufacture, distribute, deliver, or dispense a controlled substance or a counterfeit controlled substance (i) to a person under the age of eighteen years, (ii) in, on, or within one thousand feet of the real property comprising a public or private elementary, vocational, or secondary school, a community college, a public or private college, junior college, or university, or a playground, or (iii) within one hundred feet of a public or private youth center, public swimming pool, or video arcade facility shall be punished by the next higher penalty classification than the penalty prescribed in subsection (2), (7), (8), (9), or (10) of this section, depending upon the controlled substance involved, for the first violation and for a second or subsequent violation shall be punished by the next higher penalty classification than that prescribed for a first violation of this subsection, but in no event shall such person be punished by a penalty greater than a Class IB felony.

(b) For purposes of this subsection:

(i) Playground means any outdoor facility, including any parking lot appurtenant to the facility, intended for recreation, open to the public, and with any portion containing three or more apparatus intended for the recreation of children, including sliding boards, swingsets, and teeterboards;

(ii) Video arcade facility means any facility legally accessible to persons under eighteen years of age, intended primarily for the use of pinball and video machines for amusement, and containing a minimum of ten pinball or video machines; and

(iii) Youth center means any recreational facility or gymnasium, including any parking lot appurtenant to the facility or gymnasium, intended primarily for use by persons under eighteen years of age which regularly provides athletic, civic, or cultural activities.

(5)(a) Except as authorized by the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, it shall be unlawful for any person eighteen years of age or older to knowingly and intentionally employ, hire, use, cause, persuade, coax, induce, entice, seduce, or coerce any person under the age of eighteen years to manufacture, transport, distribute, carry, deliver, dispense, prepare for delivery, offer for delivery, or possess with intent to do the same a controlled substance or a counterfeit controlled substance.

(b) Except as authorized by the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, it shall be unlawful for any person eighteen years of age or older to knowingly and intentionally employ, hire, use, cause, persuade, coax, induce, entice, seduce, or coerce any person under the age of eighteen years to aid and abet any person in the manufacture, transportation, distribution, carrying, delivery, dispensing, preparation for delivery, offering for delivery, or possession with intent to do the same of a controlled substance or a counterfeit controlled substance.

(c) Any person who violates subdivision (a) or (b) of this subsection shall be punished by the next higher penalty classification than the penalty prescribed in subsection (2), (7), (8), (9), or (10) of this section, depending upon the controlled substance involved, for the first violation and for a second or subsequent violation shall be punished by the next higher penalty classification than that prescribed for a first violation of this subsection, but in no event shall such person be punished by a penalty greater than a Class IB felony.

(6) It shall not be a defense to prosecution for violation of subsection (4) or (5) of this section that the defendant did not know the age of the person through whom the defendant violated such subsection.

(7) Any person who violates subsection (1) of this section with respect to cocaine or any mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of cocaine in a quantity of:

(a) One hundred forty grams or more shall be guilty of a Class IB felony;

(b) At least twenty-eight grams but less than one hundred forty grams shall be guilty of a Class IC felony; or

(c) At least ten grams but less than twenty-eight grams shall be guilty of a Class ID felony.

(8) Any person who violates subsection (1) of this section with respect to base cocaine (crack) or any mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of base cocaine in a quantity of:

(a) One hundred forty grams or more shall be guilty of a Class IB felony;

(b) At least twenty-eight grams but less than one hundred forty grams shall be guilty of a Class IC felony; or

(c) At least ten grams but less than twenty-eight grams shall be guilty of a Class ID felony.

(9) Any person who violates subsection (1) of this section with respect to heroin or any mixture or substance containing a detectable amount of heroin in a quantity of:

(a) One hundred forty grams or more shall be guilty of a Class IB felony;

(b) At least twenty-eight grams but less than one hundred forty grams shall be guilty of a Class IC felony; or

(c) At least ten grams but less than twenty-eight grams shall be guilty of a Class ID felony.

(10) Any person who violates subsection (1) of this section with respect to amphetamine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of its isomers, or with respect to methamphetamine, its salts, optical isomers, and salts of its isomers, in a quantity of:

(a) One hundred forty grams or more shall be guilty of a Class IB felony;

(b) At least twenty-eight grams but less than one hundred forty grams shall be guilty of a Class IC felony; or

(c) At least ten grams but less than twenty-eight grams shall be guilty of a Class ID felony.

(11) Any person knowingly or intentionally possessing marijuana weighing more than one ounce but not more than one pound shall be guilty of a Class III misdemeanor.

(12) Any person knowingly or intentionally possessing marijuana weighing more than one pound shall be guilty of a Class IV felony.

(13) Except as provided in section 28-1701, any person knowingly or intentionally possessing marijuana weighing one ounce or less or any substance containing a quantifiable amount of the substances, chemicals, or compounds described, defined, or delineated in subdivision (c)(28) of Schedule I of section 28-405 shall:

(a) For the first offense, be guilty of an infraction, receive a citation, be fined three hundred dollars, and be assigned to attend a course as prescribed in section 29-433 if the judge determines that attending such course is in the best interest of the individual defendant;

(b) For the second offense, be guilty of a Class IV misdemeanor, receive a citation, and be fined four hundred dollars and may be imprisoned not to exceed five days; and

(c) For the third and all subsequent offenses, be guilty of a Class IIIA misdemeanor, receive a citation, be fined five hundred dollars, and be imprisoned not to exceed seven days.

(14) Any person convicted of violating this section, if placed on probation, shall, as a condition of probation, satisfactorily attend and complete appropriate treatment and counseling on drug abuse provided by a program authorized under the Nebraska Behavioral Health Services Act or other licensed drug treatment facility.

(15) Any person convicted of violating this section, if sentenced to the Department of Correctional Services, shall attend appropriate treatment and counseling on drug abuse.

(16)(a) Any person convicted of a violation of subsection (1) of this section shall be punished by the next higher penalty classification than the penalty prescribed in subsection (2), (7), (8), (9), or (10) of this section if:

(i) The person knowingly or intentionally possessed a firearm while in violation of subsection (1) of this section; or

(ii) Such violation resulted in the use of the controlled substance and directly and proximately caused the death of, or serious bodily injury to, another person.

(b) A penalty enhanced under this subsection shall in no event result in a penalty greater than a Class IB felony.

(17) A person knowingly or intentionally in possession of money used or intended to be used to facilitate a violation of subsection (1) of this section shall be guilty of a Class IV felony.

(18) In addition to the existing penalties available for a violation of subsection (1) of this section, including any criminal attempt or conspiracy to violate subsection (1) of this section, a sentencing court may order that any money, securities, negotiable instruments, firearms, conveyances, or electronic communication devices as defined in section 28-833 or any equipment, components, peripherals, software, hardware, or accessories related to electronic communication devices be forfeited as a part of the sentence imposed if it finds by clear and convincing evidence adduced at a separate hearing in the same prosecution, following conviction for a violation of subsection (1) of this section, and conducted pursuant to section 28-1601, that any or all such property was derived from, used, or intended to be used to facilitate a violation of subsection (1) of this section.

(19) In addition to the penalties provided in this section:

(a) If the person convicted or adjudicated of violating this section is eighteen years of age or younger and has one or more licenses or permits issued under the Motor Vehicle Operator's License Act:

(i) For the first offense, the court may, as a part of the judgment of conviction or adjudication, (A) impound any such licenses or permits for thirty days and (B) require such person to attend a drug education class;

(ii) For a second offense, the court may, as a part of the judgment of conviction or adjudication, (A) impound any such licenses or permits for ninety days and (B) require such person to complete no fewer than twenty and no more than forty hours of community service and to attend a drug education class; and

(iii) For a third or subsequent offense, the court may, as a part of the judgment of conviction or adjudication, (A) impound any such licenses or permits for twelve months and (B) require such person to complete no fewer than sixty hours of community service, to attend a drug education class, and to submit to a drug assessment by a licensed alcohol and drug counselor; and

(b) If the person convicted or adjudicated of violating this section is eighteen years of age or younger and does not have a permit or license issued under the Motor Vehicle Operator's License Act:

(i) For the first offense, the court may, as part of the judgment of conviction or adjudication, (A) prohibit such person from obtaining any permit or any license pursuant to the act for which such person would otherwise be eligible until thirty days after the date of such order and (B) require such person to attend a drug education class;

(ii) For a second offense, the court may, as part of the judgment of conviction or adjudication, (A) prohibit such person from obtaining any permit or any license pursuant to the act for which such person would otherwise be eligible until ninety days after the date of such order and (B) require such person to complete no fewer than twenty hours and no more than forty hours of community service and to attend a drug education class; and

(iii) For a third or subsequent offense, the court may, as part of the judgment of conviction or adjudication, (A) prohibit such person from obtaining any permit or any license pursuant to the act for which such person would otherwise be eligible until twelve months after the date of such order and (B) require such person to complete no fewer than sixty hours of community service, to attend a drug education class, and to submit to a drug assessment by a licensed alcohol and drug counselor.

A copy of an abstract of the court's conviction or adjudication shall be transmitted to the Director of Motor Vehicles pursuant to sections 60-497.01 to 60-497.04 if a license or permit is impounded or a juvenile is prohibited from obtaining a license or permit under this subsection.

Notes of Decisions
Cited in 448 cases (83 in the last 5 years), 1980–2026 · leading case: State v. Manjikian
Sort: Relevance Newest Treatment
State v. Manjikian (2019) neb · cites it 9× “Additionally, the district court did not err in accepting the plea as it did not violate double jeopardy, because Manjikian waived his rights as evidenced by the language of the plea agreement. Further, the district court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing Manjikian to a…”
State v. Schriner (2019) neb · cites it 5× “Schriner was charged with and convicted of manufacturing a controlled substance (marijuana) within 1,000 feet of a school under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416 (Reissue 2016), a Class II felony, and possession of a controlled substance (methamphetamine) under § 28-416, a Class IV…”
State v. Kantaras (2016) neb · cites it 4× “Kantaras was convicted of distribution of a controlled substance, marijuana, in viola- tion of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416 (1)(a) (Cum. Supp.”
State v. Rocha (2017) neb · cites it 3× “As the criminal attempt statute makes clear, a person com- mits an attempted crime when he or she “[i]ntentionally engages in conduct” that “constitutes a substantial step” toward the completion of the crime.”
State v. Draganescu (2008) neb · cites it 5× “[85] In looking to the elements, Neb.Rev. Stat. § 28-416(1) (Cum.Supp.2006) provides in part: "Except as authorized by the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, it shall be unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally: (a) To manufacture, distribute, deliver, dispense, or…”
State v. Vanness (2018) neb · cites it 3× “2016), a Class III misdemeanor (Count 1); possession of a controlled substance (methamphetamine), Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416 (3) (Supp. 2015), a Class IV felony (Count 2); possession of a controlled substance (hydrocodone), § 28-416(3), a Class IV felony (Count 3); and possession…”
State v. Utter (2002) neb · cites it 11× “Utter was charged with two counts of possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver in violation of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416 (l)(a) (Cum. Supp.”
State v. Savage (2018) neb · cites it 3× “During trial, the State produced evidence of text messages from what was purported to be Savage's cell phone, which indicated that Savage was selling the illegal drug methamphetamine.”
State v. Sherrod (2019) nebctapp · cites it 7× “Any person who violates § 28-416(1) with respect to crack cocaine in a quantity of at least 10 grams but less than 28 grams is guilty of a Class ID felony. § 28-416(8). The penalty is enhanced for a person knowingly or intentionally possessing a firearm while in violation of §…”
State v. Johnson (2001) neb · cites it 10× “STATEMENT OF FACTS Johnson was convicted of two counts of distribution of a controlled substance, marijuana, in violation of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416 (1)(a) (Cum. Supp.”
State v. Carpenter (2016) neb · cites it 3× “The jury found Carpenter guilty of possession of metham- phetamine with intent to deliver, a violation of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416 (Cum. Supp. 2014), and it found that the amount of methamphetamine possessed by Carpenter was 32.”
State v. Warlick (2021) neb · cites it 6× “BACKGROUND Following a bench trial in the York County District Court, Jeremiah Warlick was convicted of (1) possession of a con- trolled substance, marijuana, with intent to distribute, in viola- tion of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416 (Cum. Supp. 2020); (2) posses- sion of a…”
Show all 448 citing cases →
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(1) — 38 cases
State v. Draganescu (2008) neb “[85] In looking to the elements, Neb.Rev. Stat. § 28-416(1) (Cum.Supp.2006) provides in part: "Except as authorized by the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, it shall be unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally: (a) To manufacture, distribute, deliver, dispense, or…”
State v. Sherrod (2019) nebctapp “Any person who violates § 28-416(1) with respect to crack cocaine in a quantity of at least 10 grams but less than 28 grams is guilty of a Class ID felony. § 28-416(8). The penalty is enhanced for a person knowingly or intentionally possessing a firearm while in violation of §…”
State v. Utter (2002) neb “Utter was charged with two counts of possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver in violation of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416 (l)(a) (Cum. Supp.”
State v. Cortis (1991) neb
State v. Messersmith (1991) neb
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(1)(a) — 25 cases
State v. Manjikian (2019) neb “Additionally, the district court did not err in accepting the plea as it did not violate double jeopardy, because Manjikian waived his rights as evidenced by the language of the plea agreement. Further, the district court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing Manjikian to a…”
State v. Kantaras (2016) neb “Kantaras was convicted of distribution of a controlled substance, marijuana, in viola- tion of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416 (1)(a) (Cum. Supp.”
State v. Havlat (1986) neb
State v. Draganescu (2008) neb “[85] In looking to the elements, Neb.Rev. Stat. § 28-416(1) (Cum.Supp.2006) provides in part: "Except as authorized by the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, it shall be unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally: (a) To manufacture, distribute, deliver, dispense, or…”
State v. Ortiz (1999) neb
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(10) — 2 cases
State v. Bensing (1996) neb
State v. Rein (2018) nebctapp
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(10)(a) — 3 cases
State v. Tinlin (2020) nebctapp
State v. Knight (2020) nebctapp
State v. Bourquin (2025) nebctapp
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(10)(b) — 2 cases
State v. Carpenter (2016) neb “The jury found Carpenter guilty of possession of metham- phetamine with intent to deliver, a violation of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416 (Cum. Supp. 2014), and it found that the amount of methamphetamine possessed by Carpenter was 32.”
State v. Buechler (2018) nebctapp
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(11) — 4 cases
State v. Lasu (2009) neb
State v. Scovill (2000) nebctapp
State v. McCain (2021) nebctapp
State v. Tapia (2015) nebctapp
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(12) — 5 cases
State v. Draganescu (2008) neb “[85] In looking to the elements, Neb.Rev. Stat. § 28-416(1) (Cum.Supp.2006) provides in part: "Except as authorized by the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, it shall be unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally: (a) To manufacture, distribute, deliver, dispense, or…”
State v. Merrill (1997) neb
State v. Samuels (2023) nebctapp
State v. Myles (2018) nebctapp
State v. Aguilar (2024) nebctapp
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(13) — 7 cases
State v. Seckinger (2018) neb
State v. Johnson (2001) neb “STATEMENT OF FACTS Johnson was convicted of two counts of distribution of a controlled substance, marijuana, in violation of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416 (1)(a) (Cum. Supp.”
In Re Interest of Steven K. (2003) nebctapp
State v. Hawley (2017) nebctapp
State v. Seckinger (2018) neb
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(13)(a) — 6 cases
Ahmann v. NEBRASKA DEPT. OF CORR. SVCS. (2009) neb
United States v. Swan (2004) ned
State v. Beeken (1998) nebctapp
State v. Guardiola (2024) nebctapp
State v. Turner (2016) nebctapp
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(16) — 6 cases
State v. Ortiz (1999) neb
State v. Sherrod (2019) nebctapp “Any person who violates § 28-416(1) with respect to crack cocaine in a quantity of at least 10 grams but less than 28 grams is guilty of a Class ID felony. § 28-416(8). The penalty is enhanced for a person knowingly or intentionally possessing a firearm while in violation of §…”
State v. Rein (2018) nebctapp
State v. Eacker (2021) nebctapp
State v. Sherrod (2019) nebctapp
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(17) — 10 cases
State v. Murillo-Godoy (2023) nebctapp
State v. Dolinar (2023) neb
State v. Warburton (2021) nebctapp
State v. Warburton (2021) nebctapp
State v. McCain (2021) nebctapp
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(18) — 2 cases
State v. Dolinar (2023) neb
State v. Murillo-Godoy (2023) nebctapp
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(2) — 11 cases
State v. Hinton (1987) neb
State v. Kinkennon (2008) neb
State v. Hernandez (1992) neb
State v. Staten (1991) neb
State v. Lonnecker (1991) neb
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(2)(a) — 12 cases
State v. Estrada Comacho (2021) neb
State v. Jipp (1983) neb
State v. Cain (1986) neb
State v. Fletcher (1985) neb
State v. Golter (1983) neb
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(2)(b) — 8 cases
State v. Draganescu (2008) neb “[85] In looking to the elements, Neb.Rev. Stat. § 28-416(1) (Cum.Supp.2006) provides in part: "Except as authorized by the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, it shall be unlawful for any person knowingly or intentionally: (a) To manufacture, distribute, deliver, dispense, or…”
State v. Bossow (2008) neb
State v. Cortis (1991) neb
State v. McKimmey (2001) nebctapp
State v. Schreck (1987) neb
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(2)(c) — 1 case
State v. Cole (1990) neb
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(3) — 61 cases
State v. Manjikian (2019) neb “Additionally, the district court did not err in accepting the plea as it did not violate double jeopardy, because Manjikian waived his rights as evidenced by the language of the plea agreement. Further, the district court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing Manjikian to a…”
State v. Rocha (2017) neb “As the criminal attempt statute makes clear, a person com- mits an attempted crime when he or she “[i]ntentionally engages in conduct” that “constitutes a substantial step” toward the completion of the crime.”
State v. Vanness (2018) neb “2016), a Class III misdemeanor (Count 1); possession of a controlled substance (methamphetamine), Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416 (3) (Supp. 2015), a Class IV felony (Count 2); possession of a controlled substance (hydrocodone), § 28-416(3), a Class IV felony (Count 3); and possession…”
State v. Wolf (1996) neb
State v. Wenke (2008) neb
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(4) — 3 cases
State v. Green (1991) neb
State v. Walmsley (1984) neb
State v. Caporale (2020) nebctapp
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(4)(A)(ii) — 1 case
State v. Alvarado (2014) nebctapp
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(4)(a) — 1 case
State v. Sailors (2021) nebctapp
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(4)(a)(ii) — 4 cases
State v. Kantaras (2016) neb “Kantaras was convicted of distribution of a controlled substance, marijuana, in viola- tion of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416 (1)(a) (Cum. Supp.”
State v. Sailors (2021) nebctapp
State v. Warrack (2014) nebctapp
State v. Caporale (2020) nebctapp
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(5) — 1 case
State v. Coca (1983) neb
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(6) — 4 cases
State v. Garza (1993) neb
State v. Green (1991) neb
State v. Vermuele (1992) neb
State v. Vermuele (1990) neb
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(6)(a) — 2 cases
State v. Watts (1981) neb
Matter of Marquardt (1989) ariz
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(7) — 2 cases
State v. Utter (2002) neb “Utter was charged with two counts of possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver in violation of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416 (l)(a) (Cum. Supp.”
State v. Farber (1993) nebctapp
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(7)(a) — 2 cases
Perryman v. NEB. DEPT. OF CORR. SERVS. (1997) neb
Perryman v. Nebraska Department of Correctional Services (1997) neb
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(7)(c) — 5 cases
State v. Richardson (2013) neb
State v. Allen (2019) nebctapp
State v. Rodriguez (2021) nebctapp
State v. Tapia (2015) nebctapp
State v. Wells (2015) nebctapp
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(8) — 2 cases
State v. Sherrod (2019) nebctapp “Any person who violates § 28-416(1) with respect to crack cocaine in a quantity of at least 10 grams but less than 28 grams is guilty of a Class ID felony. § 28-416(8). The penalty is enhanced for a person knowingly or intentionally possessing a firearm while in violation of §…”
State v. Sherrod (2019) nebctapp
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(8)(a) — 1 case
State v. Hayes (1995) nebctapp
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(8)(c) — 1 case
State v. Wells (2015) nebctapp
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(l) — 1 case
State v. Franco (1999) neb
— Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416(l)(a) — 23 cases
State v. Johnson (2001) neb “STATEMENT OF FACTS Johnson was convicted of two counts of distribution of a controlled substance, marijuana, in violation of Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-416 (1)(a) (Cum. Supp.”
State v. Spotts (1999) neb
State v. Taylor (1985) neb
State v. Zitterkopf (1990) neb
State v. Thomas (2001) neb
Annotations are extracted automatically from the opinions in the Syfert caselaw corpus and ranked by authority, recency, and treatment. Dots show Syfertize treatment of the citing case itself.