State v. Handa, 897 P.2d 225 (N.M. Ct. App. 1995). · Go Syfert
State v. Handa, 897 P.2d 225 (N.M. Ct. App. 1995). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
219 citation events (193 in the last 25 years) across 4 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: State of Iowa v. Aki Malik Ross (iowa, 2014-03-21)
Treatment trajectory · 1996 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1996 2011 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers.
examined Cited as authority (rule) State of Iowa v. Aki Malik Ross (3×)
Iowa · 2014 · confidence medium
State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38 , 897 P.2d 225, 232 (N.M.Ct.App.1995).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Harris
N.M. Ct. App. · 2013 · confidence medium
Finally, the State relies on State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 45-46 , 897 P.2d 225, 232-33 (Ct. App. 1995), where the defendant had included a conditional discharge as a prior felony in his plea agreement.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Tafoya
N.M. · 2012 · signal: cf. · confidence medium
Cf. State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 46 , 897 P.2d 225, 233 (Ct. App. 1995) (holding that the use of a conditional discharge to convict the defendant of felon in possession of a firearm and to enhance sentence for assault on a peace officer did not violate double jeopardy). 5 D.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Fierro
N.M. Ct. App. · 2011 · confidence medium
State v. Andazola, 2003-NMCA-146, ¶ 2 , 134 N.M. 710 , 82 P.3d 77 4 (“Because the charges were resolved by a plea agreement, we have the factual 5 background in the record proper, including the affidavit to the criminal complaint and 6 the sworn depositions of the victims, as well as the transcript of the hearings in this 7 case.”); State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 40-42 , 897 P.2d 225, 227-29 (Ct. App. 1995) 8 (relying on facts from a pretrial motion to strike and from a sentencing memorandum 9 to determine double jeopardy claim); State v. Jackson, 116 N.M. 130, 132 , 860 P.2d 10 772, 774 (C…
cited Cited as authority (rule) State v. Hauck
N.M. Ct. App. · 2011 · confidence medium
State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 45-46 , 897 P.2d 225, 232-33 (Ct. App. 16 1995).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Larry A
N.M. Ct. App. · 2010 · confidence medium
While we will 4 consider an unpreserved issue that involves fundamental error, “the doctrine of 5 fundamental error has no application in cases where the defendant, by his own actions, 6 invites error.” State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 46 , 897 P.2d 225, 233 (Ct. App. 1995). 7 At trial, defense counsel moved for a directed verdict on the charge of shooting 8 at or from a motor vehicle, arguing that there was no evidence that Child fired a bullet 9 that hit Young.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Byrd
N.M. Ct. App. · 2010 · confidence medium
Defendant refers also to State v. Franklin, 78 N.M. 127 , 428 14 P.2d 982 (1967), and State v. Boyer, 103 N.M. 655 , 712 P.2d 1 (Ct. App. 1985) in 15 support of his argument. [MIO 5] As discussed in our notice, because the prior 16 felony that served as the predicate for Defendant’s felon-in-possession-of-a-firearm 17 conviction was not also used as a predicate for an habitual-offender enhancement of 18 the same felon in possession conviction, no double jeopardy violation took place. 2 1 See, e.g., State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 46 , 897 P.2d 225, 233 (Ct. App. 1995) 2 (holding no double jeopa…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. E Martinez
N.M. Ct. App. · 2009 · confidence medium
“To allow a defendant to invite error and to subsequently 18 complain about that very error would subvert the orderly and equitable administration 19 of justice.” State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 45-46 , 897 P.2d 225, 232-33 (Ct. App. 1995) 8 1 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 2 Because Defendant has not provided this Court all the facts material to our 3 consideration of the new issue sought to be raised and because it does not appear to 4 be viable on the record before us, we deny Defendant’s motion to amend.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. B Dorris
N.M. Ct. App. · 2009 · confidence medium
All references 4 will be to the record in CR 2007-323. 5 Issues 1-3: Defendant continues to claim, pursuant to State v. Franklin, 78 6 N.M. 127 , 129, 428 P.2d 982, 984 (1967), and State v. Boyer, 103 N.M. 655, 658-60 , 7 712 P.2d 1, 4-6 (Ct. App. 1985), that double jeopardy requires merger for many of his 8 convictions. [MIO 4] Cf. State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 40-43, 46 , 897 P.2d 225 , 227- 9 30 (Ct. App. 1995) (concluding that double jeopardy issues may be raised 10 notwithstanding plea, but noting that appropriate remedy for violation would be 11 remand to permit withdrawal of plea). 12 Be…
examined Cited as authority (rule) State v. Garcia (3×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
N.M. Ct. App. · 2009 · confidence medium
See State v. Demongey, 2008-NMCA-066, ¶ 15 , 144 N.M. 333 , 187 P.3d 679 (holding that firing three shots separated by minutes and distance traveled was unitary conduct, where the shots were fired during one high-speed chase in an extreme attempt to escape from a pursuing officer), cert. granted, 2008-NMCERT-005 , 144 N.M. 332 , 187 P.3d 678 ; State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 44 , 897 P.2d 225, 231 (Ct.App.1995) (holding that without proof that each shot was a separate and distinct act, multiple gunshots could not support separate counts of assault because there was no proof that the acts arose a…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Haskins
N.M. Ct. App. · 2008 · confidence medium
Jessica’s massage lasted a full hour, there was at least one intervening event, and the record and jury instructions clearly distinguished each of the three counts of CSCM challenged by Defendant. {23} We also distinguish this case from cases in which our appellate courts found double jeopardy violations by applying the Herron factors to nonsexual crimes, such as battery on a police officer, State v. Ford, 2007-NMCA-052, ¶¶ 13-16 , 141 N.M. 512 , 157 P.3d 77 , resisting, evading, or obstructing an officer, State v. LeFebre, 2001-NMCA-009, ¶¶ 15-18 , 130 N.M. 130 , 19 P.3d 825 , assault o…
examined Cited as authority (rule) State v. Demongey (8×) also: Cited "see"
N.M. Ct. App. · 2008 · confidence medium
See State v. Gonzales, 113 N.M. 221, 224 , 824 P.2d 1023, 1026 (1992) (determining that the defendant's conduct of firing multiple gunshots into the victim's truck in rapid succession constituted one continuous course of conduct because the shots were not separated by either time or space); State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 44 , 897 P.2d 225, 231 (Ct.App.1995) (concluding that only one assault occurred in a single, continuous act where the defendant fired three shots at a peace officer and there was little if any time between the first and the subsequent shots); see also State v. Varela, 1999-NMSC-…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Collins
N.M. Ct. App. · 2007 · confidence medium
Although the district court had exhausted its extensions and the parties should have sought an extension of the rule with the Supreme Court, we believe that “[t]o allow a defendant to invite error and to subsequently complain about that very error would subvert the orderly and equitable administration of justice.” State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 45-46 , 897 P.2d 225, 232-33 (Ct.App.1995) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Ford
N.M. Ct. App. · 2007 · confidence medium
Id. ¶¶ 2, 17-18 (indicating that evading officers in a ear in town, followed by a chase out of town, and an accident a half-hour later, followed by evading on foot, and eventually hiding under a tree, is unitary conduct and but one crime of evading); State v. Laguna, 1999-NMCA-152, ¶¶ 38-39 , 128 N.M. 345 , 992 P.2d 896 (indicating that the defendant’s moving his hand up the victim’s leg several times, and being rebuffed each time, was but one crime); State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 43-45 , 897 P.2d 225, 230-32 (Ct.App.1995) (indicating that the defendant’s shooting the victim, pausing,…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Bernal
N.M. · 2006 · confidence medium
See, e.g., DeGraff, 2006-NMSC-011, ¶ 35 , 139 N.M. 211 , 131 P.3d 61 ; State v. Morro, 1999-NMCA-118, ¶ 10 , 127 N.M. 763 , 987 P.2d 420 ; Barr, 1999-NMCA-081, ¶ 16 , 127 N.M. 504 , 984 P.2d 185 ; State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 43 , 897 P.2d 225, 230 (Ct.App.1995); State v. Mares, 112 N.M. 193, 199 , 812 P.2d 1341, 1347 (Ct.App.1991). {18} The number of victims has been a particularly significant indicator in determining whether acts are distinct.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Herrera
N.M. Ct. App. · 2001 · confidence medium
See generally State v. Hodge, 118 N.M. 410, 414 , 882 P.2d 1, 5 (1994) (stating that “a plea of guilty or nolo contendere, when voluntarily made after advice of counsel and with full understanding of the consequences, waives objections to pri- or defects in the proceedings and also operates as a waiver of statutory or constitutional rights, including the right to appeal”); cf State v. Padilla, 104 N.M. 446, 450-51 , 722 P.2d 697, 701-02 (Ct.App.1986) (determining that defendant, who requested and was given an instruction on lesser offense of voluntary manslaughter, which was not supported …
examined Cited as authority (rule) State v. Nunez (6×) also: Cited "see"
N.M. · 1999 · confidence medium
State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 41 , 897 P.2d 225, 228 (Ct.App.1995).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Borja-Guzman
N.M. Ct. App. · 1996 · confidence medium
Following the approach set forth in Herron, this Court has also applied a similar analysis and guidelines in cases involving multiple convictions of battery, State v. Mares, 112 N.M. 193, 199 , 812 P.2d 1341, 1347 (Ct.App.), cert. denied, 112 N.M. 235 , 814 P.2d. 103 (1991), and multiple convictions of assault with intent to commit a violent felony upon a peace officer, State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 40 , 897 P.2d 225, 227 (Ct.App.), cert. denied, 119 N.M. 771 , 895 P.2d 671 (1995). 10.Defendant argues that his acts of giving the samples followed by delivery of the controlled substances agreed u…
discussed Cited "see" State v. Gage (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2025 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Handa, 1995-NMCA-042 , ¶ 28, 120 N.M. 38 , 897 P.2d 225 .
discussed Cited "see" State v. Sivils (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2023 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Handa, 1995-NMCA-042 , ¶ 35, 120 N.M. 38 , 897 P.2d 225 (“[T]he doctrine of fundamental error has no application in cases where the defendant, by [their] own actions, invites error.”).
discussed Cited "see" State v. Sivils (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2023 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Handa, 1995-NMCA-042 , ¶ 35, 120 N.M. 38 , 897 P.2d 225 (“[T]he doctrine of fundamental error has no application in cases where the defendant, by [their] own actions, invites error.”).
discussed Cited "see" State v. Chimal (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2022 · signal: see · confidence high
This Court has been clear that “a party may not invite error and then proceed to complain about it on appeal.” State v. Jim, 2014-NMCA-089, ¶ 22 , 332 P.3d 870 ; see State v. Handa, 1995-NMCA-042 , ¶ 35, 120 N.M. 38 , 897 P.2d 225 (“To allow a defendant to invite error and to subsequently complain about that very error would subvert the orderly and equitable administration of justice.” (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted)).
discussed Cited "see" State v. Prieto-Lozoya (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2021 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Handa, 1995-NMCA-042 , ¶ 35, 120 N.M. 38 , 897 P.2d 225 (“[T]he doctrine of fundamental error has no application in cases where the defendant, by his own actions, invites error.”).
discussed Cited "see" State v. Desersa (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2020 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Handa, 1995-NMCA-042 , ¶ 39, 120 N.M. 38 , 897 P.2d 225 (stating that the remedy for double jeopardy bar in a plea is to allow a defendant to vacate the plea).
discussed Cited "see" State v. Madrid
N.M. Ct. App. · 2017 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Handa, 1995-NMCA-042 , ¶ 11, 120 8 N.M. 38 , 897 P.2d 225 (noting “there is a difference between ‘preserving’ and 9 ‘reserving’ an issue for appeal” and explaining that preservation occurs by invoking 10 a ruling on the question, and reservation occurs by specifying the issue as a condition 11 to a guilty plea).
discussed Cited "see" State v. Franco (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2016 · signal: see · confidence high
State v. Nunez, 2000-NMSC-013 , ¶ 99, 129 N.M. 63 , 2 P.3d 264 ; see State v. Handa, 1995-NMCA-042 , ¶¶ 8-9, 17, 120 N.M. 38 , 897 P.2d 225 . {9} Perhaps most apropos to the factual scenario we see here is State v. Breit, 1996-NMSC-067 , 122 N.M. 655 , 930 P.2d 792 .
discussed Cited "see" State v. Bustillos (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2014 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Handa, 1995-NMCA-042 , ¶ 35, 120 N.M. 38 , 897 P.2d 225 6 (“To allow a defendant to invite error and to subsequently complain about that very 7 error would subvert the orderly and equitable administration of justice.” (alterations, 8 internal quotation marks, and citation omitted)).
discussed Cited "see" State v. Osborne (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2013 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 45-46 , 897 P.2d 225, 232-33 (Ct. App. 5 1995) (stating that “[t]o allow a defendant to invite error and to subsequently 6 complain about that very error would subvert the orderly and equitable administration 7 of justice,” and indicating that this principle also applies to claims of fundamental 8 error) (internal quotation marks omitted)). 9 {9} Furthermore, we note that although Osborne points to the evidence introduced 10 at her sentencing hearing to suggest that she would have wanted to introduce such 11 evidence at trial [MIO 21], it equally supports t…
discussed Cited "see" State v. Martinez (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2012 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 46 , 897 P.2d 225, 233 (Ct. App. 14 1995) (holding that when a defendant has been convicted pursuant to a plea agreement 15 of a crime in violation of his double jeopardy rights, he is permitted to withdraw his 16 plea, unless, in the state’s discretion, it agrees to vacate the improper conviction). 17 IT IS SO ORDERED. 18 __________________________________ 19 CELIA FOY CASTILLO, Chief Judge 4 1 WE CONCUR: 2 __________________________________ 3 MICHAEL E.
discussed Cited "see" State v. Harris (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2012 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Mares, 119 N.M. 48, 51 , 888 P.2d 930, 933 (1994) (observing 15 the sentencing court’s broad discretion to apply the unique terms of a plea agreement, 16 which may deviate from the statutory punishment that would otherwise occur). 17 Finally, the State relies on State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 45-46 , 897 P.2d 225 , 232-33 18 (Ct. App. 1995), where the defendant had included a conditional discharge as a prior 19 felony in his plea agreement.
discussed Cited "see" State v. Anaya (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2012 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 45-46 , 897 P.2d 225, 232-33 (Ct. App. 1995) (reasoning that a party cannot invite an error and subsequently complain about that very error); see also State v. Bankert, 117 N.M. 614, 622 , 875 P.2d 370, 378 (1994) (concluding the doctrine of fundamental error has no application in cases where the defendant, by his own actions, invites error).
discussed Cited "see" State v. Anaya (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2012 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 45-46 , 897 P.2d 225, 232-33 (Ct. App. 1995) (reasoning that a party cannot invite an error and subsequently complain about that very error); see also State v. Bankert, 117 N.M. 614, 622 , 875 P.2d 370, 378 (1994) (concluding the doctrine of fundamental error has no application in cases where the defendant, by his own actions, invites error).
discussed Cited "see" State v. Urioste (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2011 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 45-46 , 897 P.2d 225, 232-33 (Ct.App.1995) (stating that a defendant may not invite error and later complain about it); State v. Padilla, 104 N.M. 446, 450 , 722 P.2d 697, 701 (Ct.App.1986) (stating that a defendant may not "urge his own action as a ground for reversing his conviction" (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
discussed Cited "see" State v. Urioste (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2011 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 45-46 , 897 P.2d 225, 232-33 (Ct. App. 1995) (stating that a defendant may not invite error and later complain about it); State v. Padilla, 104 N.M. 446, 450 , 722 P.2d 697, 701 (Ct. App. 1986) (stating that a defendant may not “urge his own action as a ground for reversing his conviction” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).
examined Cited "see" State v. Vega (4×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
N.M. Ct. App. · 2011 · signal: see · confidence high
See 13 State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 45-46 , 897 P.2d 225, 232-33 (Ct. App. 1995) (“To allow 14 a defendant to invite error and to subsequently complain about that very error would 15 subvert the orderly and equitable administration of justice.” (alteration omitted) 16 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); see also id., 120 N.M. at 46 , 897 P.2d 17 at 233 (stating that fundamental error has no application when the defendant invited 18 the error). 19 Ineffective Assistance of Counsel 4 1 Defendant contends that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. [DS 2 unnumbered page …
discussed Cited "see" State v. Gonzales (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2011 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 46 , 897 P.2d 225 , 233 19 (Ct. App. 1995).
discussed Cited "see" State v. Gonzalez (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2010 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 46 , 897 P.2d 225 , 233 19 (Ct. App. 1995).
discussed Cited "see" State v. Garcia
N.M. Ct. App. · 2010 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 45-46 , 897 18 P.2d 225 , 232-33 (Ct. App. 1995) (stating that a defendant is not entitled to relief on 19 appeal for errors, even fundamental errors, that he invited). 5 6 1 Multiple Conspiracy Convictions 2 Defendant asserts that her forty conspiracy convictions violate her right to be 3 free from double jeopardy because she believes the evidence indicates that there was 4 a single agreement to commit multiple criminal acts, rather than multiple agreements 5 to commit individual criminal acts.
discussed Cited "see" PAPATHEOFANIS v. Allen (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2010 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 46 , 897 P.2d 225, 233 (Ct.App. 1995) (noting that the doctrine of fundamental error, another exception to our preservation requirement, “has no application in cases where the defendant, by his own actions, invites error”).
discussed Cited "see" State v. Tsu (2×)
N.M. · 2009 · signal: see · confidence high
See Rule 5-602(E) (“A statement made by a person 14 during a mental examination or treatment subsequent to the commission of the alleged 15 crime shall not be admissible in evidence against such person in any criminal 16 proceeding on any issue other than that of the person’s sanity, ability to form specific 17 intent or competency to stand trial.”). 18 {22} We need not decide whether the district court’s reliance on these statements was 19 improper under Rule 5-602(E), because we conclude that the alleged error was invited 20 by Defendant. “[T]o allow a defendant to invite error and…
discussed Cited "see" State v. an Xuan Nguyen (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2008 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 45-46 , 897 P.2d 225, 232-33 (Ct.App.1995) (stating that a defendant may not invite error and later complain about it and that the doctrine of fundamental error has no application when the defendant has invited the error); State v. Padilla, 104 N.M. 446, 450-51 , 722 P.2d 697, 701-02 (Ct.App. 1986) (stating that when a defendant invites error, he may not later rely on it).
discussed Cited "see" State v. Watchman (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2005 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 46 , 897 P.2d 225, 233 (Ct.App.1995). {14} Further, “knew or should have known” was an element that was omitted from the jury instruction.
discussed Cited "see" State v. Stewart (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2005 · signal: see · confidence high
See id. (analyzing other factors in deciding whether the acts were sufficiently distinct).
examined Cited "see" State v. Padilla (4×)
N.M. · 2002 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 45-46 , 897 P.2d 225, 232-33 (Ct.App.1995) (“[T]o allow a defendant to invite error and to subsequently complain about that very error would subvert the orderly and equitable administration of justice.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
cited Cited "see" Marquez v. Dorsey
10th Cir. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Handa, 897 P.2d 225, 233 (N.M.
examined Cited "see" State v. Sanchez (5×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 41-42 , 897 P.2d 225, 228-29 (Ct.App.) (using facts from a pretrial motion to strike and from a sentencing memorandum to determine double jeopardy claim), cert. denied, 119 N.M. 771 , 895 P.2d 671 (1995); State v. Jackson, 116 N.M. 130, 132 , 860 P.2d 772, 774 (Ct.App.) (basing double jeopardy decision upon summary of facts put on the record at plea hearing), cert. denied, 115 N.M. 795 , 858 P.2d 1274 (1993); Tsethlikai, 109 N.M. at 372-74 , 785 P.2d at 283-85 (using sentencing memorandum for double jeopardy analysis).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." State v. Anaya (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2022 · signal: see also · confidence low
We remind counsel of the obligations set forth in Rule 12-318(A)(3) NMRA (stating that the brief in chief shall contain “a summary of proceedings, briefly describing the nature of the case, the course of proceedings, and the disposition in the court below, and including a summary of the facts relevant to the issues presented for review”). defendant’s own invited mistakes.” State v. Campos, 1996-NMSC-043 , ¶ 47, 122 N.M. 148 , 921 P.2d 1266 , abrogated on other grounds as stated in State v. Groves, 2021- NMSC-003, 478 P.3d 915 ; see also State v. Handa, 1995-NMCA-042 , ¶ 35, 120 N.M. …
discussed Cited "see, e.g." State v. Cummings (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2022 · signal: see also · confidence low
See State v. Padilla, 1986-NMCA-063 , ¶ 18, 104 N.M. 446 , 722 P.2d 697 ; see also State v. Handa, 1995-NMCA-042 , ¶ 35, 120 N.M. 38 , 897 P.2d 225 (“[T]he doctrine of fundamental error has no application in cases where the defendant, by his own actions, invites error.”). {28} For these reasons, we conclude that the admission of the therapist’s testimony was not plain error.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Bernstein v. Gaffney (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 2014 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., State v. Handa, 1995-NMCA-042 , ¶ 35, 120 N.M. 38 , 897 P.2d 225 17 (stating that a defendant may not invite error and later complain about it and that the 18 doctrine of fundamental error has no application when the defendant has invited the 19 error). 3 1 {4} As we discussed in the calendar notice, the district court dismissed Defendants’ 2 appeal of the metropolitan court judgment on the basis that Defendants had failed to 3 record the bench trial in metropolitan court, and therefore the district court had no 4 record to review on appeal in accordance with its role as an appel…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." State v. Herbstman (2×)
N.M. Ct. App. · 1998 · signal: see also · confidence low
Laws, ch. 283, §§ 1-2; see also State v. Handa, 120 N.M. 38, 45 , 897 P.2d 225, 232 (Ct.App.1995) (prior to the 1993 amendment to Section 31-18-17, a conditional discharge was not an enumerated type of “prior conviction” for enhancement purposes).
STATE of New Mexico, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Michael J. HANDA, Defendant-Appellant
15541.
New Mexico Court of Appeals.
Apr 12, 1995.
897 P.2d 225
Tom Udall, Atty. Gen., Shari Weinstein, Sp. Asst. Atty. Gen., William McEuen, Asst. Atty. Gen., Santa Fe, for plaintiff-appellee., Charles W. Daniels, Nancy Hollander, Gary Wayne Nelson, Freedman, Boyd, Daniels, Peifer, Hollander, Guttmann & Goldberg, P.A., Albuquerque, for defendant-appellant.
Flores, Alarid, Black.
Cited by 75 opinions  |  Published

OPINION

FLORES, Judge.

Defendant appeals his conviction and sentence for two counts of assault with intent to commit a violent felony on a peace officer, one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm; and one count of being a habitual offender. Defendant raises five issues on appeal: (1) whether Defendant’s guilty plea bars him from raising his double jeopardy claims on appeal; (2) whether Defendant’s conviction for two counts of assault with intent to commit a violent felony on a peace officer was in violation of Defendant’s double jeopardy rights in that Defendant’s acts constituted a single offense; (3) whether the trial court lacked jurisdiction to adjudicate and sentence Defendant as a habitual offender because no criminal information charging him as a habitual offender was made part of the record; (4) whether the use of Defendant’s conditional discharge was improper because it did not constitute a prior conviction at the time Defendant was sentenced; and (5) whether using Defendant’s prior conditional discharge to prove both the crime of felon in possession of a firearm and his status as a habitual offender violated Defendant’s double jeopardy rights.

With regard to the first issue, we hold that Defendant is not barred from raising his double jeopardy claim on appeal and address the issue on the merits. We reverse on the second issue, and hold that two convictions and punishments for assault violated Defendant’s double jeopardy rights. We reject Defendant’s arguments on the third issue, and hold that the criminal information charging Defendant as a habitual offender was made part of the record. As to the fourth issue, we also reject Defendant’s argument. We cannot allow Defendant to profit from breaching his agreement with the trial court that he would agree to the use of his prior conditional discharge for sentencing purposes and would not raise that issue on appeal. Finally, since we determine that the use of Defendant’s conditional discharge was proper under the facts and circumstances of this case, we address issue five and hold that the use of Defendant’s conditional discharge to convict him of felon in possession of a firearm and to enhance his sentence for assault on a peace officer did not violate double jeopardy.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

On March 8, 1990, State Police Officer Fred Laird stopped Defendant near La Ciénega, New Mexico, because Defendant’s vehicle had broken lights. Defendant was in the driver’s seat and there was one passenger in the vehicle. Officer Laird approached the vehicle, obtained Defendant’s license, and returned to his patrol car to do a computer check. The computer check revealed an outstanding warrant for Defendant on a probation violation. Officer Laird returned to Defendant’s vehicle and informed Defendant that he was placing him under arrest. Defendant pointed a gun at Officer Laird and fired three shots.

Defendant was indicted on three counts of attempt to commit a felony, to wit: first degree murder, or in the alternative, assault with intent to commit a violent felony on a peace officer. Defendant was also indicted on one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm. Defendant filed a motion to strike Counts II and III of the indictment, alleging that the State was violating Defendant’s double jeopardy rights by charging him with three counts of attempted first degree murder, or in the alternative, assault with the intent to commit a violent felony on a peace officer. Defendant argued that the act of firing three successive shots at Officer Laird constituted a single offense, whether of attempted murder or assault. The trial court denied the motion to strike.

Thereafter, pursuant to a written plea agreement, Defendant pleaded guilty to two counts of assault with intent to commit a violent felony on a peace officer (Counts I and II of the indictment), one count of being a felon in possession of a firearm, and one count of being a habitual offender. One count of assault with intent to commit a violent felony on a peace officer (Count III), was dismissed.

On December 10, 1990, Defendant filed a sentencing memorandum raising the same double jeopardy claim previously addressed in Defendant’s motion to strike. At his sentencing hearing, on December 12, 1990, Defendant again raised the double jeopardy issue. The trial court again considered the issue, rejected it, and sentenced Defendant to a total of twenty years.

Following entry of the trial court’s judgment and sentence, Defendant’s counsel failed to file a timely appeal. Thereafter, the public defender’s office appealed the case on behalf of Defendant. This Court, by memorandum opinion, dismissed Defendant’s appeal because the notice of appeal was untimely. State v. Handa, No. 13,174 (N.M.Ct.App. July 10,1992), cert. denied, 114 N.M. 123, 835 P.2d 839 (1992). Defendant then filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus with the First Judicial District Court, requesting that the court vacate the judgment and sentence and enter a new judgment and sentence either (1) sentencing Defendant to no more than one statutory term for assault with intent to commit a violent felony against Officer Laird, or (2) allowing Defendant to file a timely appeal. The court granted the writ on the ground that Defendant had been denied his constitutional right to appeal and resenteneed Defendant, thus, giving Defendant an opportunity to file a timely appeal. During the habeas corpus hearing, Defendant raised an additional double jeopardy claim, contending that the State had used the same prior felony to prove both the crime of felon in possession of a firearm and his status as a habitual offender. The court rejected the argument and resentenced Defendant to the same twenty-year sentence previously imposed. Defendant appealed.

DISCUSSION

I. Right of Appeal

We first address the State’s argument that we are precluded from reaching the merits of Defendant’s double jeopardy claim. Relying on United States v. Broce, 488 U.S. 563, 109 S.Ct. 757, 102 L.Ed.2d 927 (1989), the State argues that by pleading guilty to two counts of assault on a peace officer, Defendant is barred from asserting his double jeopardy claims on appeal. We disagree, and rely on State v. Jackson, 116 N.M. 130, 860 P.2d 772 (Ct.App.), cert. denied, 115 N.M. 795, 858 P.2d 1274 (1993), where we applied the exception adopted in Broce and New Mexico’s anti-waiver statute. [1] Id. at 132-33, 860 P.2d at 774-75.

The general rule is that a guilty plea waives a Defendant’s right to appeal. See State v. Ball, 104 N.M. 176, 184, 718 P.2d 686, 694 (1986); Baird v. State, 90 N.M. 667, 670, 568 P.2d 193, 196 (1977). Here, the State contends that Defendant signed a plea and disposition agreement which contained a standard waiver provision, without reserving his right to appeal. See Baird, 90 N.M. at 670, 568 P.2d at 196. However, we hold that under Jackson, we may address the merits of Defendant’s double jeopardy claims.

Before turning to Jackson, we address the State’s request to apply State v. Hodge, 118 N.M. 410, 882 P.2d 1 (1994) in order to bar Defendant from raising his double jeopardy claim on appeal. Hodge held valid the procedure whereby a defendant may use a conditional guilty plea or nolo contendere to reserve specific issues for appeal. Id. at 415-16, 882 P.2d at 6-7. Such a plea must be in writing and must specify a particular pretrial issue for appeal with the approval of the court and the consent of the prosecution. Id. at 416, 882 P.2d at 7.

Since this case was on appeal at the time that Hodge was decided, we agree that Hodge applies here. See State v. Kurley, 114 N.M. 514, 518, 841 P.2d 562, 566 (Ct.App.), cert. denied, 114 N.M. 413, 839 P.2d 623 (1992). However, we conclude that this does not bar our review of Defendant’s double jeopardy claim in this instance. In applying Hodge, we note that there is a difference between “preserving” and “reserving” an issue for appeal. “One preserves an issue for appeal by invoking a ruling from the court on the question; one reserves an issue for appeal ... by specifying the issue as a condition to a plea of guilty----” Hodge, 118 N.M. at 418, 882 P.2d at 9. In this case, Defendant properly preserved the double jeopardy issue by invoking a ruling from the trial court on his motion to strike. The crucial question under Hodge is whether Defendant reserved the issue for appeal. Id. We determine that under the particular facts and circumstances in this case, he did reserve his right to raise the double jeopardy defense.

“[T]he critical requirements for a conditional plea are that the defendant express an intention to reserve a particular pretrial issue for appeal and that neither the prosecution nor the trial court oppose such a plea.” Id. at 417, 882 P.2d at 8. In Hodge, our Supreme Court interpreted these requirements leniently “in light of Defendants’ ignorance of any specific requirements for conditional pleas when they entered their guilty pleas, and in light of the fact that it was obvious to all concerned that each defendant intended to seek an appellate ruling on the question [at issue].” Id. We do the same in this case.

Here, Defendant filed a motion to strike Counts II and III from the indictment on double jeopardy grounds, which the trial court denied. Prior to the sentencing hearing, Defendant filed a sentencing memorandum asking the court to reconsider his motion to strike. At the sentencing hearing, Defendant again raised the double jeopardy issue and asked the court to merge the counts to which he pleaded guilty. After denying Defendant’s request to merge the counts, the trial judge stated: “I suppose it would not shock me though that a specific panel of our appellate court could find that it was all one continuous act____” Taking all of this into consideration, we believe it was obvious to both the trial court and the State that Defendant intended to seek appellate review on the question of whether convicting and punishing him for two counts of assault violated his double jeopardy rights. Neither the trial court nor the State indicated that they were opposed to Defendant seeking appellate review of the double jeopardy issue. Moreover, because Hodge was not decided until after Defendant entered a guilty plea, Defendant had no reason to doubt his right to raise his double jeopardy claim on appeal, particularly in light of New Mexico’s anti-waiver statute and Jackson.

In Jackson, we held that a defendant who pleaded guilty could still appeal a conviction on double jeopardy grounds. Jackson, 116 N.M. at 132-33, 860 P.2d at 774-75. In doing so, we addressed Broce and the exception recognized therein. Broce held that if a guilty plea is counseled and voluntary, then a collateral attack based on double jeopardy is typically barred. Broce, 488 U.S. at 574, 109 S.Ct. at 764-65. The exception is that a guilty plea does not waive a claim that on its face is one that the state cannot constitutionally prosecute. Id. at 575, 109 S.Ct. at 765-66. This exception applies where the state is barred from bringing certain charges because the defendant has already been tried on those charges, or because the charges were brought in retaliation for the exercise of protected rights. See id. In such cases, it is plain “on the face of the record the court had no power to enter the conviction or impose the sentence.” Id. at 569, 109 S.Ct. at 762. The United States Supreme Court noted that “the guilty pleas are alone a sufficient basis for [the] conclusion” of whether the defendant was charged with two identical counts of conspiracy. See id. at 571 n*, 109 S.Ct. at 763 n*.

Applying the Broce exception and New Mexico’s anti-waiver statute, we held, in Jackson, that the defendant did not waive the right to appeal his double jeopardy claims. Jackson, 116 N.M. at 132-33, 860 P.2d at 774-75. We determined that based on the record at the time of the plea, the defendant’s two conspiracy convictions violated his double jeopardy rights. Id. at 132, 860 P.2d at 774. Moreover, we held that under New Mexico’s anti-waiver statute, “‘double jeopardy may not be waived and may be raised by the accused at any stage of a criminal prosecution, either before or after judgment.’ ” Id. at 132-33, 860 P.2d at 774-75 (quoting Section 30-1-10). After deciding that we could address the double jeopardy claims on the merits, we held that convicting and punishing the defendant for two conspiracies violated his double jeopardy rights. Id. at 132, 860 P.2d at 774.

The State criticizes Jackson for misinterpreting the Broce exception and argues that the exception is inapplicable to this case. We disagree. The facts of Broce revealed that the indictments alleged two distinct agreements underlying the two separate counts of conspiracy. Broce, 488 U.S. at 570, 109 S.Ct. at 762-63. The first agreement began in 1978 to rig bids on one specified highway project and the second began fifteen months later to rig bids on a different project. Id. The United States Supreme Court found that when the defendants “pleaded guilty to two charges of conspiracy on the explicit premise of two agreements which started at different times and embraced separate objectives, they conceded guilt to two separate offenses.” Id. at 571, 109 S.Ct. at 763.

On the other hand, in Jackson, the defendant was charged with two counts of conspiracy to commit armed robbery that were identically worded except for the names of the victims. Jackson, 116 N.M. at 133, 860 P.2d at 775. Therefore, we held that the facts of Broce were distinguishable, applied the Broce exception, and addressed the appeal on the merits. Id. at 132, 860 P.2d at 774; see also Thomas v. Kerby, 44 F.3d 884, 888 (10th Cir.1995) (recognizing qualification on waiver rule announced in Broce whereby claim not waived if double jeopardy violation apparent on face of the indictment and/or the record at the time of the plea). Similarly, in this case, Defendant’s indictment under Counts I, II, and III for attempt to commit a felony, to wit: first degree murder, or in the alternative, assault with intent to commit a violent felony on a peace officer were identically worded, including the name of the victim. Applying the analysis of Jackson, Defendant in this case did not plead guilty to charges that, on their face, described separate and distinct offenses. Contra Broce, 488 U.S. at 575-76, 109 S.Ct. at 765-66. Rather, the charges in all three counts of the indictment appeared to be identical. Moreover, in Jackson, we recognized that our anti-waiver statute permits a defendant to raise a double jeopardy claim at any time after judgment. Jackson, 116 N.M. at 132-33, 860 P.2d at 774-75. No similar waiver provision was considered in Broce. Thus, we decide to reach the merits of Defendant’s double jeopardy claims.

II. Double Jeopardy

Since we have decided that we will reach the merits of Defendant’s double jeopardy claims, we next address whether Defendant’s acts constituted a single offense or multiple offenses. Defendant contends that he was subjected to multiple convictions and punishments in violation of the double jeopardy clauses of the United States and New Mexico Constitutions for acts that constituted a single offense.

The proper unit of prosecution for determining the number of assaults with which Defendant should have been charged has not yet been addressed by New Mexico courts. However, we previously adopted the guidelines set out in a criminal sexual penetration case decided by our Supreme Court and applied them to a battery case. State v. Mares, 112 N.M. 193, 199, 812 P.2d 1341, 1347 (Ct.App.), cert. denied, 112 N.M. 235, 814 P.2d 103 (1991) (citing Herron v. State, 111 N.M. 357, 805 P.2d 624 (1991)). The factors in determining whether acts are separate and distinct include “the time between criminal acts, the location of the victim at the time of each criminal act, the existence of any intervening event, distinctions in the manner of committing the criminal acts, the defendant’s intent, and the number of victims.” Mares, 112 N.M. at 199, 812 P.2d at 1347 (citation omitted).

The relevant portion of the statute under which Defendant was convicted states:

A. Assault with intent to commit a violent felony upon a peace officer consists of any person assaulting a peace officer while he is in the lawful discharge of his duties with intent to kill the peace officer.

NMSA 1978, § 30-22-23 (Repl.Pamp.1994) (emphasis added). To find separate and distinct acts, the record must establish that Defendant’s intent to kill Officer Laird existed before the first shot, the intent ceased, and then the intent was reformulated before any subsequent shots. See State v. Brooks, 117 N.M. 751, 755, 877 P.2d 557, 561 (1994) (state required to show separate intent for each taking to convict the defendant of several acts of embezzlement under the single larceny doctrine).

The day after the incident, Defendant provided a statement regarding the shooting. Defendant admits in his brief in chief that after he fired the first shot at Officer Laird,

He looked really surprised and hurt.
Hj J}s H* * Hi %
I don’t reeall firing three other rounds, I shot at him and then I shot in his direction after he fell down.
Hi Hi Hi Hi Hi ^
Twice, I shot two more times in his direction, cause you know, I knew he wasn’t dead you know, and I wanted him to leave me alone and I figured it would scare him you know.
Hi Hi Hi Hi Hi Hi
I saw him on the ground, and I saw him, he looked like he was hurt, but I knew he wasn’t dead you know, and that’s why I fired the other two rounds, to scare him, cause I figured, you know, he’s either going to shoot me back, you know and kill me, or he’ll leave me alone you know.

The State argues that this predicate supports an inference that Defendant shot Officer Laird with the intent to kill him with the first shot. The State further argues that at the completion of that act, Defendant paused and upon seeing that Officer Laird was hit, but not dead, decided that Officer Laird needed to be shot again. Defendant then fired two more shots in Officer Laird’s direction. Therefore, the State contends that Defendant formulated the intent to kill once and then reformulated the intent again after assessing the situation, thereby justifying two counts of assault. We disagree.

We note that the State initially brought three identical counts of assault against Defendant, presumably on the assumption that each shot fired by Defendant would serve as the basis for a separate offense. However, just as each penetration may not serve as the basis for separate counts of criminal sexual penetration without first establishing separate and distinct acts, Herron, 111 N.M. at 361-62, 805 P.2d at 628-29, neither can each shot fired, without further proof that each shot was a separate and distinct act, serve as the basis for separate counts of assault. Thus, absent proof that each act of pulling the trigger was somehow distinct from the others, we conclude that only one assault occurred.

We find no evidence in the record to support the existence of more than a single, continuous intent. Defendant’s statement fails to establish that separate and distinct acts arose as a result of a separate, independent intent. See Mares, 112 N.M. at 200, 812 P.2d at 1348 (“[T]he record [did] not prove that the intent behind the attack changed during the course of the attack.”). Here, the successive shots were all pursuant to a single, continuous intent to execute a single, overall objective: to kill Officer Laird. The three shots were not separate and considered distinct acts but part of a single contact arising from a single, sustained intent. Thus, each shot was accompanied by “one protracted intention” such “that [they] may be implicated within a single charge.” State v. Pedroncelli, 100 N.M. 678, 681, 675 P.2d 127, 130 (1984).

Nor are we convinced by the argument that the time between the shots constituted an intervening event. In Mares, we determined that because the record failed to indicate the time between criminal acts, mere speculation was not sufficient to support a verdict of multiple batteries. Mares, 112 N.M. at 200, 812 P.2d at 1348. During the course of the battery, another vehicle drove up and apparently interrupted the defendant so that he found it necessary to move the victim to the bushes. Id. We noted that the testimony failed to reveal how much of an intervention there was. Id. In considering the lapse of time, this Court stated, “[w]e cannot determine whether it was but for a moment, or for an extended period of time.” Id. We concluded that the incidents of battery including choking and hitting the victim in the car, on the ground, and in the bushes, all entailed “one violent rampage with little time between offensive contacts.” Id. Accordingly, we held that, as a matter of law, the defendant was guilty of only one count of aggravated battery. Id.

Similarly, in this case, it appears that there was little, if any, time between the first and subsequent shots. A statement from Officer Laird taken approximately two to two and a half hours after the shooting indicates that Officer Laird’s impression was that it was one incident. He described the event as follows:

[I]t’s not like after the first shot he tried following up, I think he just, and it’s just a personal opinion, there again, you know, I think he shot, he just kept, kept squeezing because I didn’t see the gun come out of the window like he was following me down____
I never heard any ricochets or anything like it was hitting the pavement around me or I never heard any whizzes go by me or anything, so I think they just went straight up in the air.

Furthermore, unlike Mares where the record established that the beating took place in three different locations, in this case, all three shots were fired in the same location. Therefore, the similarity of the location and the way the shots were fired, the temporal proximity of the shots, [2] the defendant’s intent, and the absence of an intervening event all indicate one continuous act, and thus, one assault. See State v. Gonzales, 113 N.M. 221, 224, 824 P.2d 1023, 1026 (1992) (multiple shots fired in rapid succession into victim’s truck not “separated by either time or space” constituted one criminal act).. We hold that an assault arising from a series of three successive shots to a single victim, not separated by a significant amount of time, and arising from a single, continuous intent constitutes one offense under Section 30-22-23.

Under these facts, reasonable minds could not disagree that only one assault was committed. Thus, we hold that, as a matter of law, the record in this case establishes that Defendant was guilty of one assault. As such, convicting and sentencing Defendant on two counts of assault violated Defendant’s double jeopardy rights.

III. Filing of Information

Defendant acknowledges that there was a great deal of discussion regarding the supplemental information being filed, but claims that the State failed to file it. However, the record shows that the supplemental information charging Defendant as a habitual offender was given to the trial court. The judge stated on the record that the information “is received and filed herewith in open court.” Defendant made no objection to the supplemental information being filed and agreed to waive any right he may have had with regard to this issue. Thereafter the trial judge apparently failed to file the supplemental information with the court clerk. Nevertheless, we hold that the supplemental information was properly filed in open court.

IV. Conditional Discharge

Defendant argues that enhancing his sentence using a prior conditional discharge violated the Criminal Sentencing Act, NMSA 1978, § 31-18-17 (Repl.Pamp.1994), because a conditional discharge did not constitute a prior conviction in 1990 when he was initially sentenced.

Although the current Section 31-18-17 permits the use of a conditional discharge as the underlying conviction for enhancement purposes, that was not the case in 1990, when Defendant was initially sentenced. Section 31-18-17 was amended in 1993 to allow a conditional discharge to be used as a prior conviction for habitual purposes. NMSA 1978, Section 31-18-17 (Cum.Supp.1993). Prior to that time, a conditional discharge was not enumerated as a type of “prior conviction” for enhancement purposes.

In response, the State argues that at the plea proceeding it was Defendant who suggested that the State use Defendant’s conditional discharge for cocaine possession rather than an Oregon conviction for burglary. The record shows that after some discussion of the problem with using a conditional discharge that had not been adjudicated, defense counsel stated that they would forego any appeal on that issue. Thus, the State argues that Defendant waived any right he may have had to object to the use of a conditional discharge.

Prior to entry of the plea, the State gave notice that it intended to introduce a certified copy of a judgment from Oregon to show that Defendant had a prior felony conviction for burglary. At the plea proceeding, however, defense counsel urged the prosecutor to use the conditional discharge. Defense counsel represented that, although Defendant had pled to an adult felony in Oregon, Defendant was actually a juvenile when he committed the crime. The State’s prosecutor noted that there was a “minor problem” in defense counsel’s proposal because a conditional discharge was not an actual adjudication.

After further discussion, defense counsel stated that Defendant would agree to forego any appeal on use of the conditional discharge. The prosecutor agreed to that proposal, as long as Defendant himself understood the issue and waived any appeal on the use of the conditional discharge. The trial judge then spoke directly to the Defendant. The judge told Defendant that there was a legal issue concerning whether the conditional discharge could be used for certain enhancement purposes or to show habitual offender status. The court asked if Defendant understood the agreement proposed by defense counsel, and allowed the Defendant to consult with his attorney. After a brief consultation, Defendant represented to the court that he had no questions about the proposal.

A supplemental information based on the conditional discharge was later filed in open court. The supplemental information alleged that Defendant had been convicted of cocaine possession and conditionally discharged on or about July 7,1989. Defendant then admitted that he was the same person convicted of felony cocaine possession on July 7, 1989.

“[T]o allow a defendant to invite error and to subsequently complain about that very error would subvert the orderly and equitable administration of justice.” State v. Young, 117 N.M. 688, 690, 875 P.2d 1119, 1121 (Ct.App.), cert. denied, 117 N.M. 778, 877 P.2d 579 (1994). Furthermore, the doctrine of fundamental error has no application in cases where the defendant, by his own actions, invites error. State v. Bankert, 117 N.M. 614, 622, 875 P.2d 370, 378 (1994); State v. Padilla, 104 N.M. 446, 450-51, 722 P.2d 697, 701-02 (Ct.App.), cert. denied, 104 N.M. 378, 721 P.2d 1309 (1986). While it is true that the trial court cannot impose an unauthorized sentence, even where the defendant agrees to it, State v. Crespin, 96 N.M. 640, 642-43, 633 P.2d 1238, 1240-41 (Ct.App.1981), that is not the issue before us. The issue is whether a defendant can knowingly and voluntarily inform the trial judge that he will not raise an issue on appeal and then renege on that representation.

This Court cannot allow Defendant to represent to the trial court that no appellate challenge will be made to the use of the conditional discharge, and then turn around and seek to contest the use of that discharge in this Court. Cf. Hodge, 118 N.M. at 414, 882 P.2d at 5 (plea of guilty “when voluntarily made after advice of counsel and with full understanding of the consequences, waives objections to prior defects in the proceedings and also operates as a waiver of statutory or constitutional rights, including the right to appeal”). Thus, we hold that the trial court did not err in using the conditional discharge to enhance Defendant’s sentence.

V. Double Use of Conditional Discharge

Relying on State v. Haddenham, 110 N.M. 149, 151-54, 793 P.2d 279, 281-84 (Ct.App.), cert. denied, 110 N.M. 183, 793 P.2d 865 (1990), Defendant argues that using his conditional discharge as the prior felony both to convict him as a felon in possession of a firearm and to enhance his assault sentences under Section 31-18-17 violated his double jeopardy rights. We disagree.

In Haddenham, we held that using the same prior felony convictions both to enhance the defendants’ sentences for felon in possession of a firearm and to prove that the defendants were felons, an element of the underlying conviction for felon in possession of a firearm, violated the defendants’ double jeopardy rights. Id. at 154, 793 P.2d at 284; accord State v. Najar, 118 N.M. 230, 880 P.2d 327 (Ct.App.), cert. denied, 118 N.M. 90, 879 P.2d 91 (1994); State v. Yparrea, 114 N.M. 805, 845 P.2d 1259 (Ct.App.1992), cert. denied, 114 N.M. 720, 845 P.2d 814 (1993). Here, Defendant’s conditional discharge was used to prove that he was a felon in order to convict him of felon in possession of a firearm. However, unlike Haddenham, Defendant’s conditional discharge was not used to enhance his sentence for that same conviction. Rather, it was used to enhance Defendant’s sentence for the underlying assault convictions. Therefore, we find Haddenham distinguishable from the instant case and conclude that there was no double jeopardy violation.

CONCLUSION

Although Defendant specifically challenges only the second count of assault and the sentence enhancement, we treat his appeal as a request to vacate the entire plea. Jackson, 116 N.M. at 135, 860 P.2d at 777 (citing State v. Gibson, 96 N.M. 742, 743, 634 P.2d 1294, 1295 (Ct.App.1981)) (“[A] plea bargain stands or falls as a unit ... [defendant may not be relieved of a part of his plea bargain without giving up benefits he received in the bargain.”). Thus, on remand, Defendant is entitled to have his plea vacated, if the State agrees. Id. at 135, 860 P.2d at 777. However, the State may choose to accept the sentence previously imposed, as corrected by our requirement that one assault conviction and sentence be vacated. See id.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

ALARID and BLACK, JJ., concur.
1

. The relevant portion of NMSA 1978, Section 30-1-10 (Repl.Pamp.1994), which has not changed since the 1984 Replacement Pamphlet cited in Jackson, states:

No person shall be twice put in jeopardy for the same crime. The defense of double jeopardy may not be waived and may be raised by the accused at any stage of a criminal prosecution, either before or after judgment.
2

. We emphasize that the time between each act is not dispositive. For example, if multiple shots are fired all pursuant to a single, continuous intent, they constitute a single offense, irrespective of whether an extensive period of time elapses between each shot. The proximity in time between criminal acts merely indicates that "the greater the interval between acts[J the greater the likelihood of separate offenses.” Herron, 111 N.M. at 361, 805 P.2d at 628 (emphasis added).