Bell v. Bd. of Educ. of the City of New York, 687 N.E.2d 1325 (NY 1997). · Go Syfert
Bell v. Bd. of Educ. of the City of New York, 687 N.E.2d 1325 (NY 1997). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
155 citation events (130 in the last 25 years) across 13 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: T.N. v. Great Neck Pub. Schs. Bd. of Educ. (nysupctnss, 2024-03-12)
Treatment trajectory · 1997 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1997 2011 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) T.N. v. Great Neck Pub. Schs. Bd. of Educ.
N.Y. Sup. Ct., Nassau Cty. · 2024 · signal: see · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
hen the intervening act, intentional act of another is itself the foreseeable harm that shapes the duty imposed, the defendant who fails to guard against such conduct will not be relieved of liability when that act occurs
examined Cited as authority (quoted) Hulett v. City of Syracuse (3×)
N.D.N.Y. · 2017 · signal: see also · quote attribution · 3 verbatim quotes · confidence low
while foreseeability is generally an issue for the fact finder, where only one conclusion can be drawn, proximate cause may be decided as a matter of law.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) K.J. v. Great Oaks Charter Sch.
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2026 · confidence medium
Absent actual or constructive notice of a specific danger, a school will not be held liable for unanticipated behavior of students or third parties (Bell v. Bd. of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 948-49 [1997]; Brandy B. v. Eden Cent.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) R.L. v. Holland Cent. Sch. Dist.
N.Y. App. Div. · 2025 · confidence medium
Prior knowledge of an individual's propensity to engage in criminal conduct is not required to establish a cause of action for the negligent supervision of a student inasmuch as there are situations in which such conduct " 'may . . . be a "reasonably foreseeable" consequence of circumstances created by the defendant' " ( Murray v Research Found. of State Univ. of N.Y. , 283 AD2d 995 , 997 [4th Dept 2001], lv denied 96 NY2d 719 [2001], quoting Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y. , 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997]; see Blanchard v Moravia Cent.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) R.L. v. Holland Cent. Sch. Dist.
N.Y. App. Div. · 2025 · confidence medium
Prior knowledge of an individual's propensity to engage in criminal conduct is not required to establish a cause of action for the negligent supervision of a student inasmuch as there are situations in which such conduct " 'may . . . be a "reasonably foreseeable" consequence of circumstances created by the defendant' " ( Murray v Research Found. of State Univ. of N.Y. , 283 AD2d 995 , 997 [4th Dept 2001], lv denied 96 NY2d 719 [2001], quoting Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y. , 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997]; see Blanchard v Moravia Cent.
examined Cited as authority (rule) Salter v. Meta Platforms, Inc. (3×) also: Cited "see"
N.Y. App. Div. · 2025 · confidence medium
It is too early to determine as a matter of law whether "only one conclusion can be drawn" on the issue of causation ( Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y. , 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997]).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) AB 511 Doe v. Lyndonville Cent. Sch. Dist.
N.Y. App. Div. · 2024 · confidence medium
Prior knowledge of an individual's propensity to engage in criminal conduct is not required to establish a cause of action for the negligent supervision of a student inasmuch as there are situations in which such conduct " 'may . . . be a "reasonably foreseeable" consequence of circumstances created by the defendant' " ( Murray v Research Found. of State Univ. of N.Y. , 283 AD2d 995 , 997 [4th Dept 2001], lv denied 96 NY2d 719 [2001], quoting Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y. , 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997]).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Blanchard v. Moravia Cent. Sch. Dist.
N.Y. App. Div. · 2024 · confidence medium
Prior knowledge of an individual's propensity to engage in criminal conduct is not required to establish a claim for the negligent supervision of a student inasmuch as there are situations in which such conduct "may . . . be a reasonably foreseeable consequence of circumstances created by the defendant" ( Murray v Research Found. of State Univ. of N.Y. , 283 AD2d 995 , 997 [4th [*2]Dept 2001], lv denied 96 NY2d 719 [2001], quoting Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y. , 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997]).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) BL Doe 5 v. Fleming (2×) also: Cited "see"
N.Y. App. Div. · 2024 · confidence medium
All concur except Whalen, P.J., who concurs in the result in the following memorandum: I concur with the majority that Supreme Court properly denied the motion for summary judgment of defendant Rochester City School District (defendant) inasmuch as defendant failed to meet its prima facie burden of establishing that the sexual abuse that led to plaintiff's injuries was unforeseeable as a matter of law ( see Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y. , 90 NY2d 944, 946-947 [1997]).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Fernandez v. MercyFirst
N.Y. App. Div. · 2022 · confidence medium
Therefore, a jury could find that the resulting harm to plaintiff was "a 'reasonably foreseeable' consequence of circumstances created by the defendant" ( Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y. , 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997], quoting Kush v City of Buffalo , 59 NY2d 26, 33 [1983]).THIS CONSTITUTES THE DECISION AND ORDER OF THE SUPREME COURT, APPELLATE DIVISION, FIRST DEPARTMENT.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Fernandez v. MercyFirst
N.Y. App. Div. · 2022 · confidence medium
Therefore, a jury could find that the resulting harm to plaintiff was "a 'reasonably foreseeable' consequence of circumstances created by the defendant" ( Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y. , 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997], quoting Kush v City of Buffalo , 59 NY2d 26, 33 [1983]).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Powers-Barnhard v. Butler
N.D.N.Y. · 2020 · confidence medium
In another case Plaintiff cites, Bell v. Board. of Education of the City of New York, 90 N.Y.2d 944, 946 (1997), a Court of Appeals case, the court did not address the premises element at issue here, and reversed because it found that a “rational jury . . . could have determined . . . that the foreseeable result of the danger created by defendant’s alleged lack of supervision was injury such as occurred here.” Id. at 946–47.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Eddy v. John Hummel Custom Builders, Inc.
N.Y. App. Div. · 2016 · confidence medium
“While foreseeability is generally an issue for the fact finder, where only one conclusion can be drawn, proximate cause may be decided as a matter of law” (Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997]; see Campbell v Central N.Y.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Mayo v. New York City Transit Authority
N.Y. App. Div. · 2015 · confidence medium
The criminal intervention of third parties may, however, be a ‘reasonably foreseeable’ consequence of circumstances created by the defendant” (Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997] [citations omitted]).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Sacher v. Beacon Associates Management Corp.
N.Y. App. Div. · 2014 · confidence medium
Further, the question of whether responsibility for Beacon’s losses may be reasonably attributed to Friedberg’s alleged negligence in light of Madoff s criminal scheme is an issue for determination by the fact-finder (see Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 947 [1997]; Kush v City of Buffalo, 59 NY2d 26, 33 [1983]; Derdiarian v Felix Contr.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Sacher v. Beacon Associates Management Corp.
N.Y. App. Div. · 2014 · confidence medium
Further, the question of whether responsibility for Beacon’s losses may be reasonably attributed to Friedberg’s alleged negligence in light of Madoff s criminal scheme is an issue for determination by the fact-finder (see Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 947 [1997]; Kush v City of Buffalo, 59 NY2d 26, 33 [1983]; Derdiarian v Felix Contr.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Hecht v. Andover Associates Management Corp.
N.Y. App. Div. · 2014 · confidence medium
The question of whether responsibility for Andover’s losses may be reasonably attributed to Citrin Cooperman’s alleged negligence in light of Madoff’s criminal scheme is an issue for determination by the fact-finder (see Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 947 [1997]; Kush v City of Buffalo, 59 NY2d 26, 33 [1983]; Derdiarian v Felix Contr.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Hecht v. Andover Associates Management Corp.
N.Y. App. Div. · 2014 · confidence medium
The question of whether responsibility for Andover’s losses may be reasonably attributed to Citrin Cooperman’s alleged negligence in light of Madoff’s criminal scheme is an issue for determination by the fact-finder (see Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 947 [1997]; Kush v City of Buffalo, 59 NY2d 26, 33 [1983]; Derdiarian v Felix Contr.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Geywits v. Charlotte Valley Central School District (2×)
N.Y. App. Div. · 2012 · confidence medium
The Court of Appeals has held that criminal intervention of a third party against a student may “be a ‘reasonably foreseeable’ consequence of circumstances created by” a school district’s lack of supervision (Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y, 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997], quoting Kush v City of Buffalo, 59 NY2d 26, 33 [1983]).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Geywits v. Charlotte Valley Central School District (2×)
N.Y. App. Div. · 2012 · confidence medium
The Court of Appeals has held that criminal intervention of a third party against a student may “be a ‘reasonably foreseeable’ consequence of circumstances created by” a school district’s lack of supervision (Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y, 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997], quoting Kush v City of Buffalo, 59 NY2d 26, 33 [1983]).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Steering Committee v. Port Authority of New York & New Jersey
NY · 2011 · confidence medium
Of course, “foreseeability is generally an issue for the fact finder” (Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997]).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Davis v. Brookdale University Hospital & Medical Center
N.Y. Sup. Ct. · 2010 · confidence medium
While foreseeability is generally an issue for the fact finder, where only one conclusion can be drawn, proximate cause may be decided as a matter of law (see, e.g., Benitez v New York City Bd. of Educ., 73 NY2d 650, 659 ).” (Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997].) In the instant case, the opposition papers are sufficient to support the plaintiffs argument that the assault upon her was the culmination of threatening and menacing behavior by the three assailants which defendant’s hospital personnel and defendant’s hospital security staff were aware of for approxim…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Mays v. City of Middletown
N.Y. App. Div. · 2010 · confidence medium
Although an intervening criminal act may sever the causal connection under some circumstances (see Ingrassia v Lividikos, 54 AD3d 721, 724 [2008]), some criminal acts may be “a reasonably foreseeable consequence of circumstances created by the defendant” (Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997] [internal quotation marks omitted]; see Kush v City of Buffalo, 59 NY2d at 33 ).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Fowleb v. Mission
N.Y. App. Div. · 2009 · confidence medium
Where the intervening, intentional act of a third party is itself the foreseeable harm that shapes the duty imposed, a defendant who fails to guard against such conduct will not be relieved of liability when that act occurs (see Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997]; Kush v City of Buffalo, 59 NY2d 26, 33 [1983]; Vetrone v Ha Di Corp., 22 AD3d 835, 839 [2005]).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Ingrassia v. Lividikos (2×)
N.Y. App. Div. · 2008 · confidence medium
“Where third-party criminal acts intervene between defendant’s negligence and plaintiffs injuries, the causal connection may be severed, precluding liability” (Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997]; see Derdiarian v Felix Contr.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Pabon v. Nouveau Elevator Industries, Inc.
N.Y. App. Div. · 2008 · confidence medium
Even assuming that Pabon had, in fact, previously observed the elevator traveling faster than normal, that by itself is not, as a matter of law, an unforeseeable superseding cause which severed any causal connection between Nouveau’s negligence and the plaintiffs’ injuries, precluding liability (see Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 946-947 [1997]; Kush v City of Buffalo, 59 NY2d 26 [1983]; Derdiarian v Felix Contr.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Barton v. City of New York
N.Y. Sup. Ct. · 2007 · confidence medium
Corp., 51 NY2d at 315 .) “In such a case, liability turns upon whether the intervening act is a normal or foreseeable conse quence of the situation created by the defendant’s negligence.” (Id.) “An intervening act may not serve as a superseding cause, and relieve an actor of responsibility, where the risk of the intervening act occurring is the very same risk which renders the actor negligent.” (Id. at 316.) Even the “criminal intervention of third parties may . . . be a ‘reasonably foreseeable’ consequence of circumstances created by the defendant”; the question is whether t…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Doe v. Fulton School District
N.Y. App. Div. · 2006 · confidence medium
The District may, however, be held liable for an injury that is the reasonably foreseeable consequence of circumstances it created by its inaction (see Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 946-947 [1997]; Murray v Research Found. of State Univ. of N.Y., 283 AD2d 995, 997 [2001], lv denied 96 NY2d 719 [2001]), and a jury could find that the injury to plaintiffs’ son was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the District’s failure to provide adequate supervision in the locker room, even in the absence of notice of a prior sexual assault (see Murray, 283 AD2d at 997 ; Garcia …
cited Cited as authority (rule) Sandra M. v. St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center
N.Y. App. Div. · 2006 · confidence medium
The needs of a vulnerable population such as children, the disabled, or the infirm require greater care and supervision (see Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 947 [1997]).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Vetrone v. Ha Di Corp.
N.Y. App. Div. · 2005 · confidence medium
Corp., 96 NY2d 222, 233 [2001]) and where the acts are “a ‘reasonably foreseeable’ consequence of circumstances created by the defendant” (Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997], quoting Kush v City of Buffalo, supra; see also Gerbino v Tinseltown USA, supra [injury to theater security guard who was assaulted while trying to prevent a fight between two patrons was normal and foreseeable consequence of theater owner’s negligence]; Mancuso v State of New York, 226 AD2d 320 [1996] [whether fight among spectators at a basketball game was foreseeable as to stadium …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Doe v. Whitney
N.Y. App. Div. · 2004 · confidence medium
A factfinder could reasonably conclude that the failure to notice the plaintiff’s absence at recess and the teachers’ allowing Whitney to constantly remove the infant plaintiff from class without explanation constituted breaches of the duty of a parent of ordinary prudence (see Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997]).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Matter of World Trade Ctr. Bombing Litig.
N.Y. Sup. Ct., New York Cty. · 2004 · confidence medium
Whether a risk is foreseeable under particular circumstances has traditionally and soundly been left to the trier of fact to resolve, even where the facts are essentially undisputed. ( See Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y. , 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997]; Kahane v Marriott Hotel Corp. , 249 AD2d at 165 ; Rotz v City of New York , 143 AD2d at 304 .) The court finds that there are triable issues of fact as to the foreseeability of this catastrophic event, warranting denial of the Port Authority's motion.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) In re World Trade Center Bombing Litigation
N.Y. Sup. Ct. · 2004 · confidence medium
(See Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997]; Kahane v Marriott Hotel Corp., 249 AD2d at 165 ; Rotz v City of New York, 143 AD2d at 304 .) The court finds that there are triable issues of fact as to the foreseeability of this catastrophic event, warranting denial of the Port Authority’s motion.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Sheila C. v. Povich
N.Y. Sup. Ct. · 2003 · confidence medium
The proper inquiry here is whether the complaint claims that deficient supervision was a substantial contributing factor to injury to a minor by the harmful action of a third party, outside the presence of the supervisor, in a setting arising from the supervisor’s failure to anticipate an obvious, inherent danger (Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 947 [1997] [student separated from supervised class trip, rape held reasonably foreseeable consequence of earlier inadequate supervision, Court noting “the very purpose of the . . . supervision was to shield (a) vulnerable schoo…
examined Cited as authority (rule) Sawyer v. Wight (5×) also: Cited "see"
E.D.N.Y · 2002 · confidence medium
Bell v. Bd. of Educ., 90 N.Y.2d 944 , 665 N.Y.S.2d 42 , 687 N.E.2d 1325, 1327 (1997).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Thomas v. City Lights School, Inc.
D.D.C. · 2000 · confidence medium
E.g., Bell v. Board of Education of the City of New York, 90 N.Y.2d 944 , 665 N.Y.S.2d 42 , 687 N.E.2d 1325, 1327 (1997) (school’s duty to supervise during field trip to park includes guarding against foreseeable risk of rape); Fazzolari v. Portland Sch.
discussed Cited "see" BL Doe 4 v. Fleming
N.Y. App. Div. · 2024 · signal: see · confidence high
Further, although unanticipated third-party acts generally will not give rise to liability ( see Brandy B. , 15 NY3d at 302 ), a school district may nonetheless "be held liable [*2]for an injury that is the reasonably foreseeable consequence of circumstances it created by its inaction" ( Doe v Fulton School Dist. , 35 AD3d 1194, 1195 [4th Dept 2006]; see Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y. , 90 NY2d 944, 946-947 [1997]; Mirand , 84 NY2d at 49-51 ; BL Doe 2 , — AD3d at &mdash, 2024 NY Slip Op 03610, *1-2 ).
discussed Cited "see" Visiko v. Fleming
N.Y. App. Div. · 2024 · signal: see · confidence high
Further, although unanticipated third-party acts generally will not give rise to liability ( see Brandy B. , 15 NY3d at 302 ), a school district may nonetheless "be held liable for an injury that is the reasonably foreseeable consequence of circumstances it created by its inaction" ( Doe v Fulton School Dist. , 35 AD3d 1194, 1195 [4th Dept 2006] [hereinafter Fulton School Dist. ]; see Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y. , 90 NY2d 944, 946-947 [1997]; Mirand , 84 NY2d at 49-51 ; [*2]Murray v Research Found. of State Univ. of N.Y. , 283 AD2d 995, 997 [4th Dept 2001], lv denied 96 NY2d 719 [200…
discussed Cited "see" BL Doe 2 v. Fleming
N.Y. App. Div. · 2024 · signal: see · confidence high
Further, although unanticipated third-party acts generally will not give rise to liability ( see Brandy B. , 15 NY3d at 302 ), a school district may nonetheless "be held liable for an injury that is the reasonably foreseeable consequence of circumstances it created by its inaction" ( Doe v Fulton School Dist. , 35 AD3d 1194, 1195 [4th Dept 2006] [hereinafter Fulton School Dist. ]; see Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y. , 90 NY2d 944, 946-947 [1997]; Mirand , 84 NY2d at 49-51 ; [*2]Murray v Research Found. of State Univ. of N.Y. , 283 AD2d 995, 997 [4th Dept 2001], lv denied 96 NY2d 719 [200…
discussed Cited "see" Turturro ex rel. Turturro v. City of New York (2×)
NY · 2016 · signal: see · confidence high
“Given the unique nature of the inquiry in each case,” proximate cause is generally an issue for the trier of fact, so long as “the court has been satisfied that a prima facie case has been established” and the evidence could support various reasonable inferences (id.; see generally Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997]; Alexander v Eldred, 63 NY2d 460, 468 [1984]).
cited Cited "see" Williams v. Beemiller, Inc.
N.Y. App. Div. · 2013 · signal: see · confidence high
Corp., 51 NY2d 308, 315 [1980], rearg denied 52 NY2d 784 [1980]; see Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997]).
cited Cited "see" Williams v. Beemiller, Inc.
N.Y. App. Div. · 2013 · signal: see · confidence high
Corp., 51 NY2d 308, 315 [1980], rearg denied 52 NY2d 784 [1980]; see Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997]).
cited Cited "see" Williams v. Beemiller, Inc.
N.Y. App. Div. · 2012 · signal: see · confidence high
Corp., 51 NY2d 308, 315 [1980], rearg denied 52 NY2d 784 [1980]; see Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997]).
cited Cited "see" Williams v. Beemiller, Inc.
N.Y. App. Div. · 2012 · signal: see · confidence high
Corp., 51 NY2d 308, 315 [1980], rearg denied 52 NY2d 784 [1980]; see Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997]).
discussed Cited "see" Chalen v. Glen Cove School District
N.Y. App. Div. · 2006 · signal: see · confidence high
School Dist., 93 NY2d 664, 672 [1999]; see Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997]), to impose liability on the school, it must have sufficiently specific knowledge of the particular danger (see Mirand v City of New York, supra at 49; Nocilla v Middle Country Cent.
discussed Cited "see" Haughton v. T & J Electrical Corp.
N.Y. App. Div. · 2003 · signal: see · confidence high
Such determinations are generally “for the fact finder to resolve” unless “only one conclusion may be drawn from the established facts” (id. at 315; see Bell v Board of Educ. of City of N.Y., 90 NY2d 944, 946 [1997]).
discussed Cited "see" People v. Chilson
N.Y. App. Div. · 2001 · signal: see · confidence high
Had a psychological evaluation been performed and defendant sought to introduce such expert’s testimony on the issue of susceptibility, we note that such testimony has been rejected by courts and other experts as “highly controversial” (People v Kanani, supra, at 187 ; see, People v Washington, 238 AD2d 263, 264 , lv denied 90 NY2d 944 ; but see, People v Michael M., 162 Misc 2d 803 [court ordered a suppression hearing to determine whether child was subject to suggestive questioning]).
discussed Cited "see" Jeffrey Washington v. Sunny Schriver, Superintendent, Wallkill Correctional Facility (2×)
2d Cir. · 2001 · signal: see · confidence high
See People v. Washington, 90 N.Y.2d 944 , 687 N.E.2d 659 , 664 N.Y.S.2d 762 (1997). 5.
cited Cited "see" Jeffrey Washington v. Sunny Schriver, Superintendent, Wallkill Correctional Facility
2d Cir. · 2001 · signal: see · confidence high
See People v. Washington, 90 N.Y.2d 944 , 687 N.E.2d 659 , 664 N.Y.S.2d 762 (1997). 5.
discussed Cited "see" Heidt v. Rome Memorial Hospital
N.Y. App. Div. · 2000 · signal: see · confidence high
Further, although the infant’s catastrophic injuries were directly caused by the intentional criminal act of the infant’s father, there is an issue of fact whether that act was a “reasonably foreseeable” consequence of defendants’ alleged negligence (Kush v City of Buffalo, 59 NY2d 26, 33 ; see, Bell v Board of Educ., 90 NY2d 944, 946 ; cf., Levitt v Lenox Hill Hosp., 184 AD2d 427, 429 ).
Scupella Bell, Appellant,
v.
Board of Education of the City of New York, Respondent
New York Court of Appeals.
Oct 16, 1997.
687 N.E.2d 1325
APPEARANCES OF COUNSEL, Alexander J. Wulwick, New York City, and Pollack, Pollack, Isaac & DeCicco (Brian J. Isaac of counsel), for appellant., Paul A. Crotty, Corporation Counsel of New York City (Timothy J. O’Shaughnessy and Kristin M. Helmers of counsel), for respondent.
Kaye and Judges Titone, Bellacosa, Smith, Levine, Ciparick and Wesley Concur.
Cited by 101 opinions  |  Published
1 passages pin-cited by 1 case
Pinpoint authority: bottom 60%
Citer courts: N.D. New York (3)

OPINION OF THE COURT

Memorandum.

The order of the Appellate Division should be reversed, with costs, and the case remitted to that court for consideration of issues raised but not determined on appeal.

On June 3, 1988, plaintiff’s sixth grade class, along with five other fifth and sixth grade classes, attended a drug awareness fair at a park near the school. * Sponsored by defendant Board of Education and the police department, the fair permitted students to walk through the park on their own and participate in program activities that interested them. Seven teachers and four or five aides supervised the group.

Before the outing, plaintiff’s teacher told his class where to meet so that they might return to school together. Plaintiff[*946] testified that at around noon, her teacher gave her permission to leave the park, with friends, for lunch at a nearby pizzeria. At 12:30 p.m., in preparation for return to school, plaintiffs teacher took a head count of his students and discovered that plaintiff was missing. He looked for her in the park, but did not inform any of the other teachers or police officers providing security at the fair that he could not locate her.

Plaintiff’s teacher and his class left the park at 1:00 p.m., without plaintiff, but stopped first at her house before returning to school. He told plaintiff’s mother (who usually met her daughter at school dismissal time to accompany her home) of the disappearance but he did not disclose the incident to school officials.

Meanwhile, at about 12:50 p.m., plaintiff was in the pizzeria when another student told her that her class had left. She hurried to the park but could not find them, and she started to walk home alone. At approximately 1:30 p.m., a block from the park, plaintiff met John Gibson (a student at the nearby junior high school), Chivelle Stallworth and a third boy whose name she did not know. Gibson and Stallworth began accosting her on the street and threatened to hurt her if she left. They then took her to Stallworth’s house where they raped and sodomized her for 21h hours. When they released her, plaintiff ran home and told her mother what had occurred. Plaintiff’s mother, who had just informed the school of the disappearance, then called the police. Gibson and Stallworth were arrested later that day. Each pleaded guilty to first degree rape.

After a jury verdict in plaintiff’s favor, the Appellate Division, one Justice dissenting, reversed and dismissed the complaint. The court held that as a matter of law, the rape was an unforeseeable superseding event absolving defendant of liability (230 AD2d 610). We disagree.

Where third-party criminal acts intervene between defendant’s negligence and plaintiff’s injuries, the causal connection may be severed, precluding liability (see, Kush v City of Buffalo, 59 NY2d 26, 33; Derdiarian v Felix Contr. Corp., 51 NY2d 308, 315). The criminal intervention of third parties may, however, be a "reasonably foreseeable” consequence of circumstances created by the defendant (Kush v City of Buffalo, supra). While foreseeability is generally an issue for the fact finder, where only one conclusion can be drawn, proximate cause may be decided as a matter of law (see, e.g., Benitez v New York City Bd. of Educ., 73 NY2d 650, 659).

On this record, we cannot say that the intervening act of rape was unforeseeable as a matter of law. A rational jury[*947] hearing the trial testimony could have determined, as the jury in this case did, that the foreseeable result of the danger created by defendant’s alleged lack of supervision was injury such as occurred here. A fact finder could have reasonably concluded that the very purpose of the school supervision was to shield vulnerable schoolchildren from such acts of violence. As we have previously recognized, "[w]hen the intervening, intentional act of another is itself the foreseeable harm that shapes the duty imposed, the defendant who fails to guard against such conduct will not be relieved of liability when that act occurs” (Kush v City of Buffalo, 59 NY2d at 33, supra).

Chief Judge Kaye and Judges Titone, Bellacosa, Smith, Levine, Ciparick and Wesley concur.

Order reversed, with costs, and case remitted to the Appellate Division, First Department, for further proceedings in accordance with the memorandum herein.

*

Because plaintiff prevailed at trial, the evidence is summarized in a light most favorable to her (see, Cohen v Hallmark Cards, 45 NY2d 493, 499).