Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 323 S.E.2d 567 (Va. 1984). · Go Syfert
Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 323 S.E.2d 567 (Va. 1984). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“the institution of criminal charges, as well as their order and timing, are matters of prosecutorial discretion”
90 citation events (58 in the last 25 years) across 8 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Brown v. Clarke (vaed, 2021-06-22)
Treatment trajectory · 1985 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1985 2005 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 37 distinct citers.
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Brown v. Clarke
E.D. Va. · 2021 · signal: see · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
the institution of criminal charges, as well as their order and timing, are matters of prosecutorial discretion
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Richard Dwayne Brunk v. Commonwealth of Virginia
Va. Ct. App. · 2025 · confidence medium
See Watts v. Commonwealth, 38 Va. App. 206, 218 (2002) (“Where a suspect in custody makes spontaneous admissions, which are not a product of interrogation, the statements are admissible and their - 16 - admission does not violate the suspect’s right against self-incrimination.”); Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 490 (1984).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Yohannes Nessibu v. Commonwealth of Virginia
Va. Ct. App. · 2025 · confidence medium
It also raised immediate questions from the trial court regarding which charges should be tried first. - 13 - Generally, “the institution of criminal charges, as well as their order and timing, are matters of prosecutorial discretion.” Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 492 (1984) (citing Hensley v. City of Norfolk, 216 Va. 369, 372-73 (1975)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Yohannes Nessibu v. Commonwealth of Virginia
Va. Ct. App. · 2025 · confidence medium
It also raised immediate questions from the trial court regarding which charges should be tried first. - 13 - Generally, “the institution of criminal charges, as well as their order and timing, are matters of prosecutorial discretion.” Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 492 (1984) (citing Hensley v. City of Norfolk, 216 Va. 369, 372-73 (1975)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Daniel Justin Rose v. Commonwealth of Virginia
Va. Ct. App. · 2024 · confidence medium
And “the institution of criminal charges, as well as their order and timing, are matters of prosecutorial discretion.” Id. (quoting Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 492 (1984)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) William David Rogers v. Commonwealth of Virginia
Va. Ct. App. · 2022 · confidence medium
That discretion extends to “the institution of criminal charges, as well as their order and timing.” Id. (quoting Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 492 (1984)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) William David Rogers v. Commonwealth of Virginia
Va. Ct. App. · 2022 · confidence medium
That discretion extends to “the institution of criminal charges, as well as their order and timing.” Id. (quoting Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 492 (1984)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Herrington v. Clarke
E.D. Va. · 2020 · confidence medium
“Indeed, ‘the institution of criminal charges, as well as their order and timing, are matters of prosecutorial discretion.’” Barrett (Clark) v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 377, 391 (2003) (quoting Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 492 (1984)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Ryan Oneal Davis v. Commonwealth of Virginia
Va. Ct. App. · 2019 · confidence medium
“Indeed, ‘the institution of criminal charges, as well as their order and timing, are matters of prosecutorial discretion.” Barrett (Clark), 41 Va. App. at 391 (quoting Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 492 (1984)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Laronn J. Ramsuer v. Commonwealth of Virginia
Va. Ct. App. · 2017 · confidence medium
Harris v. Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 47, 51 , 408 S.E.2d 599, 600 (1991) (quoting Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 491 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 571 (1984)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jordan Diangelo Champion v. Commonwealth of Virginia
Va. Ct. App. · 2017 · confidence medium
As with other constitutional rights, an accused may waive his or her privilege against self-incrimination and right to counsel “provided the waiver is made voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently.” Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 489 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 570 (1984).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority v. Hagarty
Fairfax Cir. Ct. · 2016 · confidence medium
Barrett v. Commonwealth, 268 Va. 170, 178 , 597 S.E.2d 104, 107-08 (2004). “[T]he institution of criminal charges, as well as their order and timing, are matters of prosecutorial discretion.” Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 492 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 572 (1984).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Kelley v. Stamos
Va. · 2013 · confidence medium
Indeed, "the institution of criminal charges, as well as their order and timing, are 19 matters of prosecutorial discretion." Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 492 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 572 (1984).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Cole v. Commonwealth
Va. Ct. App. · 2011 · confidence medium
Stuart, 11 Va.App. at 218-19 , 397 S.E.2d at 534 (citing Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 492 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 572 (1984)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Mitchell T. Jones v. Commonwealth of Virginia
Va. Ct. App. · 2008 · confidence medium
The defendant was aware from the beginning he was charged with a felony rather than the misdemeanor defined in Code § 18.2-67.4. “‘[T]he institution of criminal charges . . . are matters of prosecutorial discretion.’” Dalton v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 381, 403 , 499 S.E.2d 22, 33 (1998) (quoting Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 492 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 572 (1984)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Doe v. Commonwealth
Fairfax Cir. Ct. · 2007 · confidence medium
A. Injunction Against the Commonwealth’s Attorney In Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 492, 323 S.E.2d 567 (1984), the Court held that “the institution of criminal charges, as well as their order and timing, are matters of prosecutorial discretion.” The decision whether to prosecute is an executive function, Va. Code § 15.2-1627(B), and the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Virginia vests power in three distinct and separate branches of government.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Allan Leigh Rother v. Commonwealth
Va. Ct. App. · 2003 · confidence medium
Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 490 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 570 (1984).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Commonwealth v. Hagwood
Charlottesville Cir. Ct. · 2003 · confidence medium
Crist v. Bretz, 437 U.S. 28, 38 , 98 S. Ct. 2156, 2162 (1978); Rosser v. Commonwealth, 159 Va. 1028 , 167 S.E. 257 (1933); Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 492 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 572 (1984).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Barrett (Clark) v. Com.
Va. Ct. App. · 2003 · confidence medium
Indeed, “the institution of criminal charges, as well as their order and timing, are matters of prosecutorial discretion.” Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 492 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 572 (1984).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Michael Wayne Hash v. Commonwealth of Virginia
Va. Ct. App. · 2002 · confidence medium
Thus, "[w]hether a trial court should examine jurors is a matter addressed to the court's sound discretion, and, absent an abuse of discretion, its decision will not be disturbed on appeal." Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 491 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 571 (1984) (citation omitted).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Harris v. Commonwealth
Va. Ct. App. · 1991 · confidence medium
Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 491 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 571 (1984) (citations omitted).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Martin v. Commonwealth
Va. · 1991 · confidence medium
Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 492 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 572 (1984); Rosser v. Commonwealth, 159 Va. 1028, 1031-32, 1036 , 167 S.E. 257, 257 (1933).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Stuart v. Commonwealth
Va. Ct. App. · 1990 · confidence medium
Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 492 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 572 (1984). 3 For the foregoing reasons, the defendant’s conviction under Code § 18.2-362 is affirmed.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Gray v. Commonwealth
Va. · 1987 · confidence medium
Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 492 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 572 (1984).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Davis v. Commonwealth
Va. Ct. App. · 1987 · confidence medium
Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 492 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 572 (1984).
examined Cited "see" Davis v. Commonwealth (4×)
Va. Ct. App. · 2011 · signal: see · confidence high
See Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 491-92 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 571-72 (1984) (felony charges initiated at separate times but final judgments reached in the same proceeding); Phillips, 257 Va. at 553 , 514 S.E.2d at 343 (misdemeanor and felony charges initiated at *270 separate times with the misdemeanor resolved in general district court and the preliminary hearing waived on the felony); Freeman v. Commonwealth, 14 Va.App. 126, 128-29 , 414 S.E.2d 871, 873 (1992) (misdemeanor and felony charges initiated at the same time, but out of necessity, the misdemeanor was concluded before the felo…
discussed Cited "see" Terry Wayne Wolford v. Commonwealth (2×)
Va. Ct. App. · 2006 · signal: see · confidence high
See Commonwealth v. Williams, 262 5 “[T]he institution of criminal charges, as well as their order and timing, are matters of prosecutorial discretion.” Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 492 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 572 (1984) (citing Hensley v. City of Norfolk, 216 Va. 369, 372-73 , 218 S.E.2d 735, 739 (1975)). -7- Va. 661, 669, 553 S.E.2d 760, 764 (2001) (citing Justis v. Young, 202 Va. 631, 632 , 119 S.E.2d 255, 257 (1961) (“[O]n appeal the judgment of the lower court is presumed to be correct and the burden is on the appellant to present to us a sufficient record from which we can dete…
discussed Cited "see" Watts v. Commonwealth (2×)
Va. Ct. App. · 2002 · signal: see · confidence high
See Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 490 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 570-71 (1984).
discussed Cited "see" Commonwealth v. Wilkins (2×)
Suffolk Cir. Ct. · 2000 · signal: see · confidence high
See Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 490 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 570-71 (1984) (a “spontaneous admission,” after an earlier refusal to cooperate, does not violate Miranda).
examined Cited "see" Dalton v. Commonwealth (4×)
Va. Ct. App. · 1998 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mason v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 321, 323-24 , 228 S.E.2d 683, 684 (1976) (affirming Commonwealth's right to elect between prosecuting crime as misdemeanor or felony). "[T]he institution of criminal charges, as well as their order and timing, are matters of prosecutorial discretion." Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 492 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 572 (1984) (citation omitted).
discussed Cited "see" Gregory Scott Addison v. Commonwealth (2×)
Va. Ct. App. · 1997 · signal: see · confidence high
See Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 490 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 570-71 (1984).
discussed Cited "see" Sean A. Boone v. Commonwealth (2×)
Va. Ct. App. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
See Morris v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 492 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 572 (1984).
cited Cited "see" Commonwealth v. Cothran
vacc · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See, Serfass v. United States, 420 U.S. 377 (1975), Crist v. Bretz, 437 U.S. 28 (1978), Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484 (1984), and Moore v. Commonwealth, 218 Va. 388 (1977).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Commonwealth v. Helvenston (2×)
Norfolk Cir. Ct. · 2010 · signal: see also · confidence low
See id. at 302-03; see also Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 490 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 570 (1984) (Invocation of Miranda rights “does not protect a suspect when he makes a spontaneous admission not induced or initiated by the police.”).
examined Cited "see, e.g." Roe v. Commonwealth (4×)
Va. Ct. App. · 2005 · signal: see also · confidence low
Plead. & Prac. § 517; Cooley’s Const. Lim (5th ed.), pp. 399-400); see also Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484, 492 , 323 S.E.2d 567, 572 (1984).
examined Cited "see, e.g." Parker v. Commonwealth (4×)
Va. Ct. App. · 2004 · signal: see also · confidence low
Jones, 230 Va. at 18 n. 1, 334 S.E.2d at 539 n. 1; see also Bradshaw v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 484 , 492 n. 2, 323 S.E.2d 567 , 569 n. 2 (1984) (refusing to consider challenges of facial constitutionality based upon Code § 18.2-31(g) because they were not raised at trial).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Correll v. Commonwealth
Va. · 1987 · signal: see also · confidence low
This unchallenged ruling became the law of the case, and we are therefore bound by the trial court’s finding that Correll had asserted his right to counsel. 2 The conduct of the police is not in issue because at no time in the trial or appeal of this case has the defense contended that the police used coercive techniques to elicit Correll’s confession. 3 He also responded to questioning concerning the interest and bias of other prosecution witnesses. 4 Code § 19.2-264.5 provides: 5 See, e.g., Wise v. Commonwealth, 230 Va. 322 , 337 S.E.2d 715 (1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S.-, 106 S.Ct. 152…
Bobby Dean Bradshaw
v.
Commonwealth of Virginia
Record 831554.
Supreme Court of Virginia.
Nov 30, 1984.
323 S.E.2d 567
Colin R. Gibb (Warren and Gibb, P.C., on brief), for appellant., Todd E. LePage, Assistant Attorney General (Gerald L. Baliles, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Stephenson.
Cited by 46 opinions  |  Published
STEPHENSON, J.,

delivered the opinion of the Court.

Bobby Dean Bradshaw was charged with capital murder in an indictment alleging that he willfully, deliberately, and with premeditation killed “more than one person, namely: Don Mandell Williams and Troy Lee Hager, as a part of the same act or transaction.” Code § 18.2-31(g). [1] By separate indictments, Bradshaw also was charged with the first-degree murder of Williams and Hager, Code § 18.2-32, and use of a firearm in the commission of each murder, Code § 18.2-53.1.

In a single trial on all indictments, a jury found Bradshaw not guilty of capital murder, guilty of two charges of first-degree murder, and guilty of two charges of use of a firearm. He was sentenced to the penitentiary for life and 35 years, respectively, on the murder convictions and for two years each on the firearm convictions.

In this appeal, Bradshaw contends the trial court erred in refusing to suppress his confession and all evidence derived there[*488] from, refusing to recall and question the jury panel about alleged juror misconduct, and allowing the Commonwealth to proceed under an indictment charging capital murder after it previously elected to proceed under separate charges of first-degree murder. Bradshaw also makes two constitutional challenges to Code § 18.2-31 (g). [2]

In view of the nature of the assignments of error, a cursory description of the crimes will suffice. On July 4, 1982, the victims’ bodies were discovered in Williams’ automobile which was parked near the top of a mountain in Bland County. Williams had suffered two shotgun wounds to his face from a range of between three and five feet. His body was on the driver’s side of the car.

Hager’s body was on the passenger’s side. He also had sustained two shotgun wounds, one to the left, back portion of his skull from a distance of five to 10 feet, and the other to the back of his left shoulder which penetrated both lungs. Neither victim was armed.

Three ejected 12-gauge shotgun shell cases were found at the crime scene. The police later seized a 12-gauge shotgun belonging to the defendant. Ballistics tests established that the shell cases had been fired by the defendant’s shotgun. Bradshaw confessed to both killings.

Bradshaw first contends that the court should have suppressed his confession and all evidence derived therefrom because it was obtained while he was in police custody and after he had requested an attorney. The Attorney General responds that the confession was properly admitted because Bradshaw voluntarily waived his right to counsel.

After the bodies were discovered, police officers went to Bradshaw’s home and informed him that he was a suspect in the killings. They advised the defendant of his Miranda rights, and he executed a written waiver of these rights. Bradshaw also gave written consent to a search of his home and car.

[*489] While one police officer interviewed the defendant in the kitchen, other officers conducted the search. During the interview, Bradshaw denied any involvement in the crimes. However, after the officer informed the defendant that several witnesses had seen his automobile near the crime scene and suggested that Bradshaw killed the victims due to jealousy concerning his wife, the defendant decided that he would talk to an attorney.

Thereupon, the officer ceased the interrogation and advised Bradshaw that he would not question him further until Bradshaw retained an attorney. The officer requested that the defendant have his attorney contact him to discuss the possibility of a polygraph examination.

Thereafter, the officer went into the living room and seized two 12-gauge shotguns. He returned to the kitchen with the guns and told Bradshaw that he wanted to have the guns tested. As the officer was writing a receipt for one shotgun, Bradshaw spontaneously remarked: “That’s not the one that did it.”

At this time, the officer looked up and asked Bradshaw if he wanted “to talk about it.” The defendant said he did, and without any further questioning by the officer, for the next 15 or 20 minutes Bradshaw gave a narrative statement admitting that he shot Williams and Hager. Bradshaw repeated this statement to his father and brothers in the officer’s presence. Later, the defendant was taken to the Bland County Jail, and after again being advised of his Miranda rights, he repeated the statement which was recorded on tape.

An accused may waive his constitutional right to counsel, provided the waiver is made voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently. Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444-45 (1966); Tuggle v. Commonwealth 228 Va. 493, 514, 323 S.E.2d 539, 551 (1984), this day decided; Johnson v. Commonwealth, 220 Va. 146, 157, 255 S.E.2d 525, 531 (1979), conviction affd on retrial, 221 Va. 736, 273 S.E.2d 784, cert, denied, 454 U.S. 920 (1981); Lamb v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 307, 310, 227 S.E.2d 737, 740 (1976). Whether a suspect makes a knowing and intelligent relinquishment or abandonment of his right depends upon the totality of the facts and circumstances of each case. Wyrick v. Fields, 459 U.S. 42, 48 (1982); Edwards v. Arizona, 451 U.S. 477, 482 reh’g denied, 452 U.S. 973 (1981); Johnson v. Zerbst, 304 U.S. 458, 464 (1938); Tuggle, 228 Va. at 514, 323 S.E.2d at 551; Bunch v. Commonwealth, 225 Va. 423, 433, 304 S.E.2d 271, 276 (1983),[*490] cert, denied, 464 U.S. 977, reh’g denied, 104 S.Ct. 750 (1984); Superintendent v. Barnes, 221 Va. 780, 784, 273 S.E.2d 558, 561 (1981). See also Washington v. Commonwealth, 228 Va. 535, 545, 323 S.E.2d 577, 584 (1984), this day decided.

During a custodial interrogation, if a suspect requests an attorney, the interrogation must cease until an attorney is present. Edwards, 451 U.S. at 484-85; Miranda, 384 U.S. at 474. Such a request, however, does not protect a suspect when he makes a spontaneous admission not induced or initiated by the police, LaBonte v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 677, 679, 232 S.E.2d 738, 739 (1977), or when “the accused himself initiates further communication, exchanges, or conversations with the police.” Edwards, 451 U.S. at 485.

In the present case, we will assume, without deciding, that Bradshaw was in police custody. He was fully advised of his Miranda rights, including his right to counsel. He acknowledged in writing that he understood his rights and waived them. When Bradshaw indicated a desire to talk to a lawyer, the officer ceased interrogation. Later, while the officer was preparing a receipt for the second shotgun, Bradshaw volunteered: “That’s not the one that did it.”

Clearly, this was a spontaneous admission which was neither induced nor initiated by the officer. Moreover, the narrative statement which followed was made voluntarily and constituted “a knowing and intelligent relinquishment or abandonment of a known right.” Edwards, 451 U.S. at 482. We hold, therefore, that the court properly admitted the defendant’s confession.

Next, the defendant contends that the court erred in refusing to summon and examine the jury panel regarding an alleged statement made by a juror. Carl Newberry and Randall Kidd were members of the venire which was sworn for voir dire. Newberry was struck, but Kidd was one of the twelve jurors who served.

Two weeks after the trial ended, Newberry executed an affidavit claiming that, while both men were on the venire, Kidd told Newberry that he thought the defendant “ought to be electrocuted.” The defendant filed a motion to set aside the verdicts on the ground that Kidd had expressed an opinion concerning the defendant’s guilt. The affidavit accompanied the motion.

Newberry and Kidd were summoned for questioning by the court. Newberry related what was previously stated in his affida[*491] vit, and Kidd denied having made the statement. Following this hearing, the court denied the motion.

Later, Bradshaw moved that he be allowed to summon and question the other jurors about Kidd’s alleged statement. The court felt that this would be merely a “fishing” expedition and said it would “not permit just [a] random inquiry . . . after a verdict, short of having some reason to do that.” The court further stated that from its examination of Kidd, it concluded that Kidd never made the alleged statement.

Whether a trial court should examine jurors is a matter addressed to the court’s sound discretion, and, absent an abuse of discretion, its decision will not be disturbed on appeal. Asbury v. Commonwealth, 211 Va. 101, 106, 175 S.E.2d 239, 242 (1970). Moreover, unless there is a substantial reason to believe that juror misconduct has occurred, a court may decline to question the other jurors in that regard. See Keil v. Commonwealth, 222 Va. 99, 107, 278 S.E.2d 826, 832 (1981); Waye v. Commonwealth, 219 Va. 683, 701, 251 S.E.2d 202, 213, cert, denied, 442 U.S. 924 (1979).

The court had the opportunity to observe Newberry and Kidd when they testified. The court was satisfied that Kidd did not make the alleged statement, and it concluded that there was no substantial reason so poll the other jurors. We cannot say, therefore, that the court abused its discretion in refusing to examine the other jurors.

Finally, Bradshaw contends that because the Commonwealth elected to obtain warrants charging him with first-degree murder, it was barred thereafter from securing a warrant charging him with capital murder. Specifically, the defendant argues that “[w]hen one is charged with a lesser included offense and is bound over to the Grand Jury, the Commonwealth cannot come back and charge a new warrant with a higher offense and go through another preliminary hearing . . . .” This appears to be a double jeopardy argument.

Bradshaw was originally charged in two separate warrants with the first-degree murder of Williams and Hager. Following a preliminary hearing on these charges in the general district court, in which probable cause was found, the district court certified both charges to a grand jury. Initially, the Commonwealth unsuccessfully sought to have the district court amend these warrants to charge capital murder.

[*492] Later, the Commonwealth secured a warrant charging the defendant with capital murder, Code § 18.2-31(g), and after a preliminary hearing in the district court, this charge also was certified to a grand jury. Thereafter, the three charges were presented to the same grand jury which returned three separate indictments. The three indictments were prosecuted in a single trial.

Jeopardy does not attach until the jury is sworn. Rosser v. Commonwealth, 159 Va. 1028, 1031-32, 167 S.E. 257, 259 (1933). See also Moore v. Commonwealth, 218 Va. 388, 393, 237 S.E.2d 187, 190 (1977). Moreover, the institution of criminal charges, as well as their order and timing, are matters of prosecutorial discretion. See Hensley v. City of Norfolk, 216 Va. 369, 372-73, 218 S.E.2d 735, 739 (1975); Macon v. Commonwealth, 187 Va. 363, 373, 46 S.E.2d 396, 401 (1948).

In the present case, we are not presented with a double jeopardy problem because jeopardy had not attached. The two first-degree murder warrants simply were pending when the capital murder warrant was obtained. The mere fact that a lesser offense is charged does not preclude the Commonwealth from also charging a greater offense arising out of the same act or transaction. Accordingly, the court properly rejected this contention.

For the foregoing reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Affirmed.

1

Code § 18.2-31 provides in pertinent part:

The following offenses shall constitute capital murder, punishable as a Class 1 felony:
(g) The willful, deliberate and premeditated killing of more than one person as a part of the same act or transaction.
2

Bradshaw asserts that Code § 18.2-31(g) “is unconstitutional in that it allows for two charges and two convictions of first degree murder based upon a single indictment of capital murder.” This issue, however, was not raised at trial, and we will not consider it on appeal. Rule 5:21.

The defendant also contends that § 18.2-31(g) is “unconstitutionally vague because it provides no standard for determining what is meant by ‘same act or transaction.’ ” Because Bradshaw was acquitted of capital murder, this issue is moot, and, therefore, we will not address it.