In Re Est. of Balkus v. Sec. First Nat'l Bank of Sheboygan Trust Dep't, 381 N.W.2d 593 (Wis. Ct. App. 1985). · Go Syfert
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In Re Est. of Balkus v. Sec. First Nat'l Bank of Sheboygan Trust Dep't, 381 N.W.2d 593 (Wis. Ct. App. 1985). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
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Top citers, strongest first. 48 distinct citers.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Property Ventures, LLC
Bankr. D. Neb. · 2020 · confidence medium
Iowa 2001) (“As a general rule, a note has no effect unless it is delivered.”) (citing Matter of Estate of Balkus, 381 N.W.2d 593, 597 (Wisc.
cited Cited as authority (rule) In Re Sheskey
Bankr. D. Iowa · 2001 · confidence medium
In re Estate of Balkus, 128 Wis.2d 246 , 381 N.W.2d 593, 597 (1985); Payleitner v. MacGillis, 622 N.W.2d 770 (Table), 2000 WL 1810077 , at *2 (Wis.Ct.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jackson v. DeWitt
Wis. Ct. App. · 1999 · confidence medium
Under the U.C.C., "[a] holder in due course is a holder who takes an instrument for value, in good faith, and without notice that the instrument is overdue or has been dishonored or of any defense against or claim to it on the part of any person." Vesely v. Security First Nat'l Bank, 128 Wis. 2d 246, 252 , 381 N.W.2d 593, 596 (Ct. App. 1985) (emphasis omitted).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Grube v. Daun
Wis. Ct. App. · 1992 · confidence medium
In re Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593, 598 (Ct. App. 1985).
cited Cited as authority (rule) In Matter of Estate of Barnes
Wis. Ct. App. · 1992 · confidence medium
In re Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593, 598 (Ct. App. 1985).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Town of Delavan v. City of Delavan
Wis. Ct. App. · 1990 · confidence medium
In re Estate of Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593, 598 (Ct. App. 1985).
cited Cited as authority (rule) W.H. Pugh Coal Co. v. State
Wis. Ct. App. · 1990 · confidence medium
In re Estate of Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593, 598 (Ct. App. 1985).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Hanson v. Madison Service Corp. (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1989 · confidence medium
In Matter of Estate of Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n. 5, 381 N.W.2d 593, 598 (Ct. App. 1985). 3 We believe the trial court properly relied on Winston and Malone in holding that the grievance/arbitration provisions of the collective bargaining agreement provided constitutionally adequate post-termination process.
cited Cited as authority (rule) N.N. Ex Rel. Donovan v. Moraine Mutual Insurance Co.
Wis. Ct. App. · 1988 · confidence medium
In re Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n. 5, 381 N.W.2d 593, 598 (Ct. App. 1985).
discussed Cited "see" Scott R. Schmidt v. Sheila Reiff (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 2021 · signal: see · confidence high
See Vesely v. Security First Nat’l 5 Nos. 2019AP1919 2019AP2215 Bank, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 (Ct. App. 1985) (we will not independently develop a litigant’s argument). ¶14 Schmidt cites no applicable authority for his claim that the DOR should have delayed collection activities to give him a chance to pay the August 2014 judgment memorializing an obligation first imposed in 1990.
discussed Cited "see" Campbell Woods Homeowners' Association, Inc. v. Village of Mt. Pleasant
Wis. Ct. App. · 2021 · signal: see · confidence high
See Vesely v. Security First Nat’l Bank, 128 6 No. 2019AP281 Wis. 2d 246, 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 (Ct. App. 1985) (we will not independently develop a litigant’s argument).4 ¶13 We turn to the circuit court’s legal conclusions based on the undisputed facts.
discussed Cited "see" Ralph Gentile, Inc. v. State Division of Hearings & Appeals (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 2011 · signal: see · confidence high
See Vesely v. Security First National Bank of Sheboygan Trust Dep't, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985) (We will not address arguments that are not sufficiently developed.).
discussed Cited "see" Correa v. Farmers Insurance Exchange (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 2010 · signal: see · confidence high
See Vesely v. Security First National Bank Of Sheboygan Trust Dep't, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985) (We do not address arguments that are not developed.).
discussed Cited "see" State v. Harrell (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 2010 · signal: see · confidence high
See Vesely v. Security First Nat'l Bank of Sheboygan Trust Dep't., 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985) (We will not address arguments that are not developed.).
discussed Cited "see" State v. Huff (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 2009 · signal: see · confidence high
See Vesely v. Security First Nat'l Bank of Sheboygan Trust Dep't, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985) (we will not address inadequately developed contentions).
discussed Cited "see" E-L Enterprises, Inc. v. Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage District (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 2008 · signal: see · confidence high
See Vesely v. Security First Nat'l Bank of Sheboygan Trust Dep't, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985).
examined Cited "see" State v. Rodriguez (4×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 2006 · signal: see · confidence high
See Vesely v. Security First Nat'l Bank of Sheboygan Trust Dep't, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985).
discussed Cited "see" City of Milwaukee v. Washington (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 2006 · signal: see · confidence high
See Vesely v. Security First Nat'l Bank of Sheboygan Trust Dep't, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985).
discussed Cited "see" In Re Washington (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 2006 · signal: see · confidence high
See Vesely v. Security First Nat'l Bank of Sheboygan Trust Dep't, 128 Wis.2d 246 , 255 n. 5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n. 5 (Ct.App.1985).
discussed Cited "see" Walker v. Ranger Insurance (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 2006 · signal: see · confidence high
See Estate of Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246, 255, n.5 , 381 N.W.2d 593 (Ct. App. 1985).
discussed Cited "see" Phelps v. Physicians Insurance Co. of Wisconsin, Inc. (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 2004 · signal: see · confidence high
See Vesely v. Security First Nat'l Bank of Sheboygan Trust Dep't, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985).
discussed Cited "see" Hoffman v. Economy Preferred Insurance (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1999 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985).
examined Cited "see" Scott A. v. Garth J. (4×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1998 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Estate of Balkus v. Security First Nat'l Bank, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985) (the court of appeals may decline to review an issue inadequately briefed and arguments unsupported by references to legal authority). *796 2.
examined Cited "see" Stan's Lumber, Inc. v. Fleming (4×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
See Vesely v. Security First Nat'l Bank, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593, 598 (Ct. App. 1985). 8 In light of our holding that the law of part performance takes the parties' agreement out from the statute of frauds, we need not address Fleming's further claim that the trial court erred by exempting the agreement from the statute because Fleming was a "merchant" within the meaning of the statute of frauds.
discussed Cited "see" State Ex Rel. Grant v. Department of Corrections (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
See Vesely v. Security First Nat'l Bank, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593, 598 (Ct. App. 1985).
discussed Cited "see" Gardner v. Gardner (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See Vesely v. Security First Nat'l Bank, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n. 5, 381 N.W.2d 593, 598 (Ct. App. 1985). 4 Section II.F. of the Marital Property Agreement embodies the parties' arrangement in the event of a divorce.
discussed Cited "see" Estate of Plautz v. Time Ins. Co. (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re the Estate of Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985) (inadequately briefed issues not addressed). 9 According to the consumer price index, $1 in 1994 has the purchasing power of approximately 22% of $1 in 1967.
discussed Cited "see" Skrupky v. Elbert (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Estate of Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985).
examined Cited "see" Carlson & Erickson Builders, Inc. v. Lampert Yards, Inc. (4×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Estate of Balkus v. Security First Nat'l Bank, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985).
discussed Cited "see" Chernetski v. American Family Mutual Insurance Co. (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Estate of Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985). (3) Pre-existing condition.
discussed Cited "see" In Matter of Estate of Balson (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593, 598 (Ct. App. 1985).
discussed Cited "see" In Interest of Antonio MC (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See Vesely v. Security First Nat'l Bank of Sheboygan Trust Dep't, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593, 598 (Ct. App. 1985).
discussed Cited "see" Chilstrom Erecting Corp. v. Wisconsin Department of Revenue (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246, 255, n.5 , 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985).
discussed Cited "see" Franzen v. Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Inc. (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985). 49 123 Wis. 2d 89 , 365 N.W.2d 887 (Ct. App. 1985). 50 Id. at 100 , 365 N.W.2d at 893 . 51 Id. at 94 , 365 N.W.2d at 890 . 52 Id. at 95 , 365 N.W.2d at 890 . 53 Id. at 93 , 365 N.W.2d at 889 . 54 Id. at 99 , 365 N.W.2d at 892 (holding that "governing body's considerations" are not protected by sec. 146.38, Stats.). 55 Credentials file pages 00090-00096. 56 Credentials file page 00110. 57 Credentials file page 00133. 58 No omission should be attributed to Franzen's counsel, which has not yet viewed the majori…
examined Cited "see" Vorwald v. School District of River Falls (4×)
Wis. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n. 5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985)." Vorwald v. River Falls School Dist., 160 Wis. 2d 536 , 542 n.3, 466 N.W.2d 683 (Ct. App. 1991).
discussed Cited "see" Kelley Co. v. Marquardt (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1991 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985) (the court of appeals may decline to review an issue undeveloped or inadequately briefed). 14 By the Court. — Order affirmed.
examined Cited "see" State v. Board of Review of Village of Greendale (4×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1991 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Estate of Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985).
discussed Cited "see" In RE MARRIAGE OF ULRICH v. Cornell (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1991 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985).
discussed Cited "see" Stann v. Waukesha County (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1991 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593, 598 (Ct. App. 1985).
discussed Cited "see" Minniecheske v. Griesbach (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1991 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985). 2 These arguments include: The trial court did not lawfully exist at the time it entered the foreclosure judgment; the trial court lacked subject matter and personal jurisdiction; the bank forged Merlin Griesbach's signature on the mortgage renewal note; the trial judge presided over the foreclosure case without a "subscribed oath of office"; the Griesbachs were wrongly denied a homestead exemption; the sheriff sold the property for a price substantially lower than its value; and the bank did not have a vali…
discussed Cited "see" Vorwald v. School District of River Falls (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1991 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985).
discussed Cited "see" Fryer v. Conant (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Estate of Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985).
discussed Cited "see" State Ex Rel. RG v. WMB (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985). [2] Section 11.22 generally defines the jurisdiction of tribal courts, and provides in part: "The Court of Indian Offenses shall have jurisdiction of all suits wherein the defendant is a member of the tribe or tribes within their jurisdiction, and of all other suits between members and nonmembers which are brought before the courts by stipulation of both parties." 25 C.F.R. sec. 11.22 (1986). [3] Section 11.30 deals with determinations of paternity and support, and provides: "The Court of Indian Offenses sha…
discussed Cited "see" State ex rel. R.G. v. W.M.B (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985).
discussed Cited "see" Century Shopping Center Fund I v. Crivello (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See In Matter of Estate of Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 , 598 n.5 (Ct. App. 1985).
discussed Cited "see" Marriage of Kuchenbecker v. Schultz (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Estate of Balkus, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n. 5, 381 N.W.2d 593, 598 (Ct. App. 1985). 2 Prior to the enactment of the Divorce Reform Act in 1977, the trial court had authority to make provisions for the "care, custody, maintenance and education" of minor children within the context of the divorce judgment.
discussed Cited "see" Charmglow Products, Inc. v. Mitchell Street State Bank (2×)
E.D. Wis. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See In Matter of the Estate of Balkus, 128 Wis.2d 246 , 381 N.W.2d 593 (Ct.App.1985).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." State v. Berry (2×)
Wis. Ct. App. · 2016 · signal: see also · confidence low
See League of Women Voters v. Madison Cmty. Found., 2005 WI App 239, ¶ 19 , 288 Wis. 2d 128 , 707 N.W.2d 285 (we do not decide undeveloped arguments); see also Vesely v. Security First Nat'l Bank of Sheboygan Trust Dep't, 128 Wis. 2d 246 , 255 n.5, 381 N.W.2d 593 (Ct. App. 1985) (we do not decide inadequately briefed arguments). ¶ 14.
In the MATTER OF the ESTATE OF James T. BALKUS, Deceased: Ann VESELY, Appellant,
v.
SECURITY FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF SHEBOYGAN TRUST DEPARTMENT, Personal Representative, Respondent
84-2415.
Court of Appeals of Wisconsin.
Dec 18, 1985.
381 N.W.2d 593
For the appellant, a brief was filed by John J. Nikolay of Nikolay, Jensen, Scott & Gamoke of Abbots-ford., For the respondent, a brief was filed by Donald E. Koehn of Sheboygan Falls.
Scott, Brown, Nettesheim.
Cited by 90 opinions  |  Published
NETTESHEIM, J.

Ann Vesely appeals from a judgment denying her claims against the estate of her brother, James T. Balkus. Vesely claims that she is entitled to payment on deposit slips and promissory notes found amongst Balkus's possessions because, as a holder in due course, she takes them free from the defenses asserted by the personal representative of the estate. We conclude the deposit slips are not negotiable instruments and, therefore, Vesely is not a holder in due course. We also conclude that the promissory notes are subject to the personal representative's defense of nondelivery because Vesely is not a holder in due course. Finally, we reject Vesely's claim of constructive delivery.

James T. Balkus died intestate on December 4, 1983. Shortly after his death, Vesely examined Balkus's personal property and discovered six deposit slips from a savings account maintained by Balkus. On each slip was a handwritten notation:

Payable to Ann Balkus Vesely on P.O.D. The full amount and other deposits. [1][*249] Each slip was dated and signed by Balkus. Both parties treated "P.O.D." as meaning "payable on death." Vesely also found two promissory notes, both of which were made payable to her order. Each note was in the amount of $6000 and provided for five percent interest. [2] One note was dated March 23,1961 and the other was dated July 10, 1963.

Vesely filed claims against Balkus's estate requesting payment on the deposit slips and the promissory notes. The circuit court disallowed Vesely's claims.

On appeal, Vesely argues that both the deposit slips and the promissory notes are negotiable instruments under Wisconsin's Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), chs. 401-409, Stats. Vesely further argues that under the UCC she is a holder in due course of the instruments and therefore takes the instruments free from the defenses asserted by the personal representative. We reject these arguments.

Vesely's arguments require this court to apply certain sections of the UCC to the fact situation presented. The application of a statute to a particular set of facts presents a question of law. Maxey v. Redevelopment Authority of Racine, 120 Wis.2d 13, 18, 353 N.W.2d 812, 815 (Ct. App. 1984). As such, we owe no deference to the trial court's conclusions. First National Leasing Corp. v. City of Madison, 81 Wis.2d 205, 208, 260 N.W.2d 251, 253 (1977).

[*250] DEPOSIT SLIPS

We first address Vesely's contention that the endorsed deposit slips are negotiable instruments. Section 403.104(1), Stats., defines a negotiable instrument:

Any writing to be a negotiable instrument within this chapter must:

(a) Be signed by the maker or drawer; and

(b) Contain an unconditional promise or order to pay a sum certain in money and no other promise, order, obligation or power given by the maker or drawer except as authorized by this chapter; and

(c) Be payable on demand or at a definite time;

and

(d) Be payable to order or to bearer.

We conclude that the endorsed deposit slips are not negotiable instruments because they fail to meet the requirement that the writing be payable at a definite time. Section 403.109(2), Stats., states that an instrument which is "payable only upon an act or event uncertain as to time of occurrence is not payable at a definite time." The 1961 Report of the Wisconsin Legislative Council indicates that sec. 403.109(2) "[mjakes post obituary notes non-negotiable, even after the death has occurred." See Wis. Stats. Ann., sec. 403.109 (West 1964). See also Official UCC Comment, id.; Rotert v. Faulkner; 660 S.W.2d 463, 466-67 (Mo. Ct. App. 1983). [3]

[*251] Because the "payable on death" term of the deposit slips makes the instrument payable upon an event uncertain as to the time of occurrence, i.e., the date of Balkus's death, the endorsed deposit slips are not payable at a definite time and are therefore not negotiable instruments. In order to qualify as holder in due course, Vesely must hold a negotiable instrument. See secs. 403.302 and 403.305, Stats. Vesely, thus, is not a holder in due course. [4]

PROMISSORY NOTES

Holder in Due Course

We now turn to Vesely's arguments concerning the promissory notes she found in Balkus's possessions after his death. Vesely claims the notes are negotiable[*252] instruments and she is a holder in due course, taking the notes free from the defense of nondelivery asserted by the personal representative.

A holder in due course is a holder who takes an instrument for value, in good faith, and without notice that the instrument is overdue or has been dishonored or of any defense against or claim to it on the part of any person. Sec. 403.302(1), Stats. As payee of the notes, Vesely can be a holder in due course. See sec. 403.302(2). A payee who acquires the status of a holder in due course is, however, the exception rather than the rule. Saka v. Sahara-Nevada Corp., 558 P.2d 535, 536 (Nev. 1976). "Where the payee is an immediate party to the underlying transaction, under normal circumstances he cannot claim this status [holder in due course] because he necessarily knows of any defenses to the contract." Id. See also Courtesy Financial Services, Inc. v. Hughes, 424 So.2d 1172, 1175 (La. Ct. App. 1982).

Here, as payee of the notes, Vesely necessarily had notice and knowledge of the personal representative's defense of nondelivery because the notes were never delivered to her. Vesely's claim as a holder in due course therefore fails.

Constructive Delivery

Since Vesely is not a holder in due course of the notes and thus takes the notes subject to the defenses asserted by the personal representative, see sec. 403.306, Stats., we now look to the defense of nondelivery asserted by the personal representative. It is undis[*253] puted that Balkus did not physically deliver the notes to Vesely. She argues, however, that a letter she received from Balkus in August 1974 constituted constructive delivery of the notes. The letter, in pertinent part, stated:

Also you will get & shall I say I will bequeath to you all my other junk in my apt. such as tools, radios, TV sets, clothing, clothes and also the money I owe you. I have $6000 in govt, bonds made out in your name & the banker told me, nobody could take it away from you. I also have 2 judgment notes made out to you for the amt. of money I borrowed from you in 1961 & 1962. That should take care of the interest I was supposed to pay you but I didn't.

We reject Vesely's claim that this letter constituted constructive delivery of the notes.

The trial court found that Balkus retained dominion and control of the notes and that he "simply never gave up ownership." These findings are not clearly erroneous. See sec. 805.17(2), Stats.

The general rule is that a promissory note has no effect unless it is delivered. Chipman v. Tucker, 38 Wis. 43, 48-49 (1875); Casto v. Martin, 230 S.E.2d 722, 729 (W.Va. 1976). The UCC defines delivery of an instrument as the "voluntary transfer of possession." Sec. 401.201(14), Stats. A constructive delivery may be sufficient. Casto at 729. A constructive delivery occurs only when the maker indicates an intention to make the instrument an enforceable obligation against him or her by surrendering control over it and intentionally placing it under the power of the payee or a third person. City National Bank of Miami v. Wernick, 368 So.2d[*254] 934, 937 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1979); Wolfe v. Eaker, 272 S.E.2d 781, 783 (N.C. Ct. App. 1980).

Balkus never surrendered control nor transferred possession of the notes. It is undisputed that the notes were found in Balkus's possessions after his death. The notes were never placed under the control of Vesely or any other third party. We therefore reject Vesely's argument that the letter served as constructive delivery of the notes.

Assuming Holder in Due Course Status

Alternatively, even assuming Vesely is a holder in due course, we reject her argument that she takes the notes free from all defenses. Section 403.305, Stats., outlines the rights of a holder in due course:

To the extent that a holder is a holder in due course he takes the instrument free from:

(1) All claims to it on the part of any person; and

(2) All defenses of any party to the instrument with whom the holder has not dealt except. . . . [Emphasis added.]

A holder in due course, therefore, does not take an instrument free from the defenses of any party to the instrument with whom the holder has dealt. See, e.g., Bucci v. Paulick, 419 A.2d 1255, 1258 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1980). Balkus, as maker of the notes, was a party to the instrument and the personal representative stands in his place. See generally secs. 857.01 and 857.03, Stats.

[*255] Here, Vesely dealt with Balkus. She loaned him $12,000. He wrote a letter to her indicating that he had notes in his possession which would pay her back. There were no other parties involved in making the notes nor any transfer of the notes to a third party. Under sec. 403.305, Stats., therefore, Vesely cannot take the notes free from the personal representative's defense of nondelivery because she dealt with Balkus. [5]

By the Court. — Judgment affirmed.

1

Some of the deposit slips contained a slightly different notation:

[*249] Payable to Ann Balkus Vesely on P.O.D. The full amts. & other succeeding deposits.

2

Vesely apparently loaned Balkus $12,000 in the early 1960’s.

3

Vesely cites Sheldon v. Blackman, 188 Wis. 4, 205 N.W. 486 (1925), in support of her contention that ''payment on death11 represents a definite time and therefore the deposit slips are negotiable instruments. Sheldon, however, was decided before Wisconsin[*251] adopted the UCC. Both the Legislative Council's report and the Official UCC Comments indicate that the UCC changed prior law in which instruments payable upon death were considered negotiable. See Wis. Stats. Ann. sec. 403.109 (West 1964).

4

The circuit court also denied Vesely's claim to the savings account proceeds, reasoning that: (1) if considered a gift, it was incomplete because the slips were not delivered; (2) if considered a testamentary bequest, it did not meet the requirements of a will; and (3) Vesely was not named as an owner or beneficiary in the bank's records regarding the savings account. Vesely does not challenge these determinations on appeal and relies solely on her argument that she is a holder in due course of a negotiable instrument. As, these determinations are not challenged, we do not address them.

Given our conclusion that the endorsed deposit slips do not meet the requirements of sec. 403.104(l)(c), Stats., we do not consider whether the deposit slips meet the other requirements of sec. 403.104(1).

5

In light of our holdings, we do not address the statute of limitations arguments raised by the parties.

Vesely also asks that we, in equity, fashion a remedy and a result reversing the trial court and upholding Vesely's position on appeal. She, however, cites no cases or authority in support of her argument. In light of the inadequate briefing of this issue, we decline to address it. Reiman Associates, Inc. v. R/A Advertising, Inc., 102 Wis.2d 305, 306 n.1, 306 N.W.2d 292, 294 (Ct. App. 1981).