Robert B. Cruz, Jr. v. William H. Skelton, Chairman, Texas Bd. of Pardons & Paroles, No. 74-1513 Summary Calendar. Rule 18, 5 Cir., Isbell Enter., Inc. v. Citizens Cas. Co. of New York, 5 Cir., 1970, 431 F.2d 409, Parti, 502 F.2d 1101 (5th Cir. 1974). · Go Syfert
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Robert B. Cruz, Jr. v. William H. Skelton, Chairman, Texas Bd. of Pardons & Paroles, No. 74-1513 Summary Calendar. Rule 18, 5 Cir., Isbell Enter., Inc. v. Citizens Cas. Co. of New York, 5 Cir., 1970, 431 F.2d 409, Parti, 502 F.2d 1101 (5th Cir. 1974). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
72 citation events (8 in the last 25 years) across 23 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Johnson v. Head (alnd, 2020-04-29)
Treatment trajectory · 1974 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1974 2000 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 22 distinct citers. How cited ↗
cited Cited as authority (rule) Johnson v. Head
N.D. Ala. · 2020 · confidence medium
See also Fuller v. Ga. State Bd. of Pardons and Paroles, 851 F. 2d 1307 (11th Cir. 1988); Cruz v. Skelton, 502 F.2d 1101, 1101-02 (5th Cir. 1974).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Fleming v. Dowdell
M.D. Ala. · 2005 · confidence medium
See Sultenfuss v. Snow, 894 F.2d 1277, 1279 (11th Cir.1990) (per curiam) ("[W]e have long recognized that parole board members are entitled to quasi-judicial immunity from suits requesting damages based upon the decision to grant or withhold parole.”) (citing Fuller v. Georgia State Bd. of Pardons and Paroles, 851 F.2d 1307, 1310 (11th Cir.1988)); Cruz v. Skelton, 502 F.2d 1101, 1101-02 (5th Cir.1974) (holding that a state’s board of pardons and paroles is entitled to absolute immunity in refusing parole to a prisoner because the board performs adjudicatory roles which are the functional e…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Hulsey v. Owens (2×) also: Cited "see"
5th Cir. · 1995 · confidence medium
See also Johnson v. Kegans, 870 F.2d 992, 995-96 (5th Cir.) (discussing history of absolute immunity for parole board members, equating their function to that of judges and labeling the parole board’s function "quasi-judicial"), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 921 , 109 S.Ct. 3250 , 106 L.Ed.2d 596 (1989); Farrish v. Mississippi State Parole Bd., 836 F.2d 969, 974 (5th Cir.1988) (focusing on the nature of the official’s responsibilities and not on the official’s status or rank); Cruz v. Skelton, 502 F.2d 1101, 1102 (5th Cir.1974) (granting absolute immunity to parole board members when they are "…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Parisie v. Morris
N.D. Ga. · 1995 · confidence medium
The court reasoned that “the relief sought by [plaintiff] was release from confinement.” Cruz v. Skelton, 502 F.2d 1101, 1102 (5th Cir.1974). 5 See also Watson v. Briscoe, 554 F.2d 650 (5th Cir.1977).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) John C. Walter v. Ruben M. Torres
5th Cir. · 1990 · confidence medium
State Bd. of Pardons, 821 F.2d 1112, 1114 (5th Cir.1987); Hilliard v. Board of Pardons and Paroles, 759 F.2d 1190, 1193-94 (5th Cir.1985) (per curiam); Johnson v. Wells, 566 F.2d 1016, 1018 (5th Cir.1978); Cruz v. Skelton, 502 F.2d 1101, 1101-02 (5th Cir.1974) (per curiam).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Stephen Sultenfuss, Michael C. Bishop v. Wayne Snow, Jr., James T. Morris, Mobley Howell, Michael H. Wing, Bettye O. Hutchings, and Michael J. Bowers
11th Cir. · 1990 · confidence medium
Fuller v. Georgia State Bd. of Pardons and Parole, 851 F.2d 1307, 1310 (11th Cir.1988); Cruz v. Skelton, 502 F.2d 1101, 1101-02 (5th Cir.1974).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Albert Thomas v. Georgia State Board Of Pardons And Paroles
11th Cir. · 1989 · confidence medium
Id. (citing Cruz v. Skelton, 502 F.2d 1101, 1102 (5th Cir.1974); Meadows v. Evans, 529 F.2d 385, 386 (5th Cir.1976), adhered to in banc, 550 F.2d 345 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 969 , 98 S.Ct. 517 , 54 L.Ed.2d 457 (1977)). 6 When we construe Thomas's complaint liberally, as we must for a pro se plaintiff, Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519 , 92 S.Ct. 594 , 30 L.Ed.2d 652 (1972), it fairly can be read as challenging the Board's procedure of allegedly making parole decisions based on the unconstitutionally discriminatory factors of race and wealth.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Thomas v. Georgia State Board of Pardons & Paroles
11th Cir. · 1989 · confidence medium
Id. (citing Cruz v. Skelton, 502 F.2d 1101, 1102 (5th Cir.1974); Meadows v. Evans, 529 F.2d 385, 386 (5th Cir.1976), adhered to in banc, 550 F.2d 345 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 969 , 98 S.Ct. 517 , 54 L.Ed.2d 457 (1977)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Daniel Johnson v. Joe Kegans and John Holmes (2×)
5th Cir. · 1989 · confidence medium
Ass’n of Securities, 757 F.2d 676, 689-92 (5th Cir.1985), and members of pardon and parole boards, Cruz v. Skelton, 502 F.2d 1101, 1101-02 (5th Cir.1974) (per curiam); Johnson v. Rhode Island Parole Board Members, 815 F.2d 5, 6-7 (1st Cir.1987), have been held absolutely immune from suit because they perform adjudicatory roles which are functionally substantially equivalent to those of judges. 3 But see Cleavinger, 106 S.Ct. at 502-05 (prison disciplinary committee members have qualified, not absolute, immunity; they are not to be equated to parole board members, who are “serving essential…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Leo Fuller v. Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles (2×)
11th Cir. · 1988 · confidence medium
Cruz v. Skelton, 502 F.2d 1101, 1101-02 (5th Cir.1974).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Jerry Farrish v. Mississippi State Parole Board
5th Cir. · 1988 · confidence medium
See Johnson v. Wells, 566 F.2d 1016, 1018 (5th Cir.1978); Cruz v. Skelton, 502 F.2d 1101, 1102 (5th Cir.1974).
discussed Cited "see" Giovanni DePalma v. State of Florida
11th Cir. · 2024 · signal: see · confidence high
See Cruz v. Skelton, 502 F.2d 1101, 1102 (5th Cir. 1974) 2 (citing Preiser and holding that since relief sought by prisoner was injunctive relief requiring his release from confinement, his proper remedy was habeas corpus, not a suit under § 1981).
discussed Cited "see" Robert Irwin Gwin v. Wayne Snow, Jr., Robert I. Gwin v. Mobley Howell (2×)
11th Cir. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See Cruz v. Skelton, 502 F.2d 1101, 1102 (5th Cir.), reh'g denied, 505 F.2d 1304 (5th Cir.1974); Watson v. Briscoe, 554 F.2d 650 (5th Cir.1977).
cited Cited "see" Rowland Lamar Allen v. Larry D. Thompson, United States Attorney, Janet King, Assistant United States Attorney
11th Cir. · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See Cruz v. Skelton, 502 F.2d 1101 (5th Cir.1974).
discussed Cited "see" Leroy Thompson v. Parole Supervisor Burke, Pennsylvania Parole Board Member Jefferson, and Parole Agent Strickler
3rd Cir. · 1977 · signal: see · confidence high
See Cruz v. Skelton, 502 F.2d 1101 (5th Cir. 1974); Keeton v. Procurer, 468 F.2d 810 (9th Cir. 1972), cert. denied, 411 U.S. 987 , 93 S.Ct. 2276 , 36 L.Ed.2d 965 (1973); Burkes v. Callion, 433 F.2d 318 (9th Cir. 1970), cert. denied, 403 U.S. 908 , 91 S.Ct. 2217 , 29 L.Ed.2d 685 (1971); Silver v. Dickson, 403 F.2d 642 (9th Cir. 1968), cert. denied, 394 U.S. 990 , 89 S.Ct. 1477 , 22 L.Ed.2d 765 (1969); Joyce v. Gilligan, 383 F.Supp. 1028 (N.D.Ohio 1974), affirmed without opinion, 510 F.2d 973 (6th Cir. 1975); Morrow v. Igleburger, 67 F.R.D. 675, 682-683 (S.D.Ohio, 1974), and, in this circuit, Un…
cited Cited "see" United States Ex Rel. Vitoratos v. Campbell
N.D. Ohio · 1976 · signal: see · confidence high
See, Cruz v. Skelton, 502 F.2d 1101 (5th Cir. 1974).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Fred Auston Wortman, III v. Eric Shirkey
unknown court · 2024 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Cruz v. Skelton, 502 F.2d 1101 (5th Cir. 1974) (recognizing that state officials who process applications for parole perform quasi-judicial functions); and Cole v. Star Tribune, 581 N.W.2d 364, 369 (Minn. Ct. App. 1998) (holding that the Minnesota Board of Pardons is a quasi-judicial entity and that written statements submitted to it regarding a prisoner’s request for early release from prison are entitled to absolute privilege).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Sullivan v. Smith
Ala. Civ. App. · 2005 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Cruz v. Skelton , 502 F.2d 1101 (5th Cir. 1974) (recognizing that state officials who process applications for parole perform quasi-judicial functions); and Cole v. Star Tribune , 581 N.W.2d 364 , 369 (Minn.Ct.App. 1998) (holding that the Minnesota Board of Pardons is a quasi-judicial entity and that written statements submitted to it regarding a prisoner's request for early release from prison are entitled to absolute privilege).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Paul C. Johnson v. Rhode Island Parole Board Members
1st Cir. · 1987 · signal: compare · confidence low
Compare Hilli-ard v. Board of Pardons and Paroles, 759 F.2d 1190, 1193-94 (5th Cir.1985) (state parole board members are absolutely immune from liability for damages in a § 1983 action, citing Johnson v. Wells, 566 F.2d 1016, 1018 (5th Cir.1978) and Cruz v. Skel-ton, 502 F.2d 1101 , 1101-02 (5th Cir.1974)) with Fowler v. Cross, 635 F.2d 476, 481 (5th Cir.1981) (members of parole commission are entitled to raise the defense of qualified immunity for actions taken in their official capacity, citing Williams v. Rhoden, 629 F.2d 1099, 1103 (5th Cir.1980) and Henzel v. Gerstein, 608 F.2d 654, 658-…
cited Cited "see, e.g." Donald Ray Hughes v. William Chesser
11th Cir. · 1984 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Cruz v. Skelton, 502 F.2d 1101 (5th Cir.1974).
cited Cited "see, e.g." David Neil Spaulding v. Thomas W. Nielsen, Chief U.S. Probation Officer, and Henry Lucas, Jr., Deputy U.S. Probation Officer
5th Cir. · 1979 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Cruz v. Skelton, 502 F.2d 1101 (5th Cir. 1974).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Jones v. Johnson
E.D. Pa. · 1975 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also, Cruz v. Skelton, 502 F.2d 1101 (5th Cir. 1974); Joyce v. Gilligan, 383 F.Supp. 1028 (N.D.Ohio 1974), aff'd mem., 510 F.2d 973 (6th Cir. 1975); Bennett v. Cilligan, 383 F.Supp. 1032 (N.D.Ohio 1974). 5 .
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Robert B. Cruz, Jr.
v.
William H. Skelton, Chairman, Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles, No. 74-1513 Summary Calendar. Rule 18, 5 Cir., Isbell Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizens Casualty Company of New York, 5 Cir., 1970, 431 F.2d 409, Parti
1101.
Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.
Dec 16, 1974.
502 F.2d 1101
Cited by 2 opinions  |  Published

502 F.2d 1101

Robert B. CRUZ, Jr., Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
William H. SKELTON, Chairman, Texas Board of Pardons and
Paroles, et al., Defendants-Appellees.
No. 74-1513 Summary Calendar.*
*Rule 18, 5 Cir., Isbell Enterprises, Inc.
v.
Citizens Casualty Company of New York et al., 5 Cir., 1970,
431 F.2d 409, PartI.

United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.

Oct. 14, 1974, Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc Denied Dec. 16, 1974.

Robert B. Cruz, pro se.

John L. Hill, Atty. Gen., Austin, Tex., Calvin Botley, Houston, Tex., for defendants-appellees.

Before COLEMAN, DYER and RONEY, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

1

Robert B. Cruz, Jr., a prisoner of the State of Texas, sued the three members of the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles under the Civil Rights Act.[1] Cruz prayed for compensatory and punitive damages for their refusal to grant him parole; a declaratory judgment that he is entitled to be paroled; and an injunction against the board members' denial of his parole rights. The district court dismissed the complaint sua sponte for failure to state a claim. We affirm.

2

The appellant's claim for monetary damages arose from the board members' failure to grant him parole. The district court held that the board members are immune from suit for damages under the Civil Rights Act, citing as authority Silver v. Dickson, 9 Cir., 1968, 403 F.2d 642, cert. denied, 394 U.S. 990, 89 S.Ct. 1477, 22 L.Ed.2d 765 (1969). The Ninth Circuit stated its holding in Silver as follows:

3

'In our opinion the members of the California Adult Authority and other state officials are, while employed in the processing of applications for parole, performing quasi-judicial functions. They therefore have immunity from suits for damages under the Civil Rights Act, just as do other public employees engaged in the performance of quasi-judicial duties. * * *' 403 F.2d at 643.

4

We are in full agreement with the Ninth Circuit's decision, and accordingly with the ruling below based on it. See, also, Keeton v. Procunier, 9 Cir., 1972, 468 F.2d 810, cert. denied, 411 U.S. 987, 93 S.Ct. 2276, 36 L.Ed.2d 965.

5

The district court denied appellant Cruz's claims for declaratory and injunctive relief on authority of Preiser v. Rodriquez, 411 U.S. 475, 93 S.Ct. 1827, 36 L.Ed.2d 439. The court below held that since the relief sought by Cruz was release from confinement, his proper federal remedy would be habeas corpus after exhaustion of his available state remedies. We agree. 28 U.S.C. 2254(b); Keeton v. Procunier, supra.

6

The judgment of the district court dismissing appellant's complaint is due to be, and is hereby,

7

Affirmed.

1

42 U.S.C., 1981 et seq