Juan Anibal Aguirre-Aguirre v. Immigr. & Naturalization Serv., 191 F.3d 998 (9th Cir. 1999). · Go Syfert
Juan Anibal Aguirre-Aguirre v. Immigr. & Naturalization Serv., 191 F.3d 998 (9th Cir. 1999). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“the acts of the nevada board are no less judicial or prosecutorial because they may have been committed in error. it is the available procedures, not the manner in which they are exer- cised in a particular case, that is the critical inquiry . . . .”
164 citation events (158 in the last 25 years) across 22 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Ernest Bonner, Jr. v. Kimberly Kirchmeyer (ca9, 2024-05-17) · Strongest negative: Sternberg v. Warneck (nvd, 2024-07-23)
Treatment trajectory · 1999 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1999 2012 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 49 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited "but see" Sternberg v. Warneck
D. Nev. · 2024 · signal: but see · confidence high
But see Mishler, 191 F.3d at 1008-09 (holding prosecutorial immunity applied where a Nevada Board of Medical Examiner member did not personally attest to facts 23 but instead signed the document initiating charges on information and belief “as part of the actual disciplinary complaint” rather than in the document used to establish probable cause). 1 joinder did not meet her burden of showing she is entitled to it when viewing Sternberg’s 2 allegations in the light most favorable to him.
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Ernest Bonner, Jr. v. Kimberly Kirchmeyer (2×) also: Cited as authority (rule)
9th Cir. · 2024 · signal: see · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
filing charges and initiating prosecution are functions that are integral to a prosecutor's work.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Peterson v. Sutter Medical Foundation (3×) also: Cited as authority (rule), Cited "see"
N.D. Cal. · 2022 · signal: see · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
there is no 14 question that acts occurring during the disciplinary hearing process fall within the scope of 15 absolute immunity.
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) LaTulippe v. Harder (2×) also: Cited as authority (rule)
D. Or. · 2021 · signal: see · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
there is no question that acts occurring during the disciplinary hearing process fall within the scope of absolute immunity
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Ibsen v. Diaz
D. Mont. · 2021 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
olding hearings, taking evidence, and adjudicating are functions that are inherently judicial in nature.
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Md. Bd. of Physicians v. Geier (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
Md. Ct. Spec. App. · 2019 · signal: see · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
acts of the are no less judicial or prosecutorial because they may have been committed in error
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Kevin Buckwalter v. State of Nevada Board (6×) also: Cited as authority (rule), Cited "see"
9th Cir. · 2012 · signal: see · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
the acts of the nevada board are no less judicial or prosecutorial because they may have been committed in error. it is the available procedures, not the manner in which they are exer- cised in a particular case, that is the critical inquiry . . . .
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Buckwalter v. Nevada Board of Medical Examiners (8×) also: Cited as authority (rule), Cited "see"
9th Cir. · 2012 · signal: see · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
the acts of the nevada board are no less judicial or prosecutorial because they may have been committed in error. it is the available procedures, not the manner in which they are exercised in a particular case, that is the critical inquiry....
cited Cited as authority (rule) Granville H. Marshall, Jr. v. Medical Board of California
E.D. Cal. · 2025 · confidence medium
In 1999, the court in Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1001 (9th Cir. 25 1999), held that the Nevada Board of Medical Examiners and its members were entitled to 26 all defendants in the caption.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Logan Martin Isaac v. James Ivory Manning, Jr., Shelly Boshart Davis, Renee Perry, Rebecca Maile, and John and Jane Does 1–10
D. Or. · 2025 · confidence medium
Id.; Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1008 (9th Cir. 1999).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Isaac v. Manning
D. Or. · 2025 · confidence medium
Id.; Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1008 (9th Cir. 1999).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Olding v. Pima County Prosecutor's Office
D. Ariz. · 2025 · confidence medium
(Doc. 1 at 2.) 14 The United States District Court for the District of Arizona has recognized that “[i]t 15 is well settled that judges and prosecutors are entitled to absolute immunity.” Weaver, 2022 16 WL 17741062 , at *3 (quoting Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1003 (9th Cir. 1999)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Rindal v. Inslee
W.D. Wash. · 2024 · confidence medium
Within the 23 professional-licensure context at issue here, the Ninth Circuit has held that, “There is no question 24 that acts occurring during [a] [state medical board’s] disciplinary hearing process fall within the 1 scope of absolute immunity; holding hearings, taking evidence, and adjudicating are functions 2 that are inherently judicial in nature.” Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1008 (9th Cir. 1999).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Paul Thomas v. Kathleen Harder
9th Cir. · 2024 · confidence medium
See Olsen, 363 F.3d at 924-26; Buckwalter, 678 F.3d at 741-46 ; Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1003-09 (9th Cir. 1999).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Bonner v. Medical Board of California (4×)
E.D. Cal. · 2023 · confidence medium
Butz v. Economou, 438 U.S. 478 , 12 513–17 (1978); Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1002 (9th Cir. 1999).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Weaver v. Arizona, State of
D. Ariz. · 2022 · confidence medium
Judge Ryan and Prosecutor Rowley 13 “It is well settled that judges and prosecutors are entitled to absolute immunity.” 14 Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1003 (9th Cir. 1999).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Peterson v. Sutter Medical Foundation
N.D. Cal. · 2022 · confidence medium
See Butz v. Economou, 438 U.S. 478, 515 (1978) (extending prosecutorial 16 immunity to agency enforcement action); Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1007 (9th Cir. 1999) 17 (extending quasi-judicial immunity to state medical board). 18 “[I]mmunity decisions are based on the nature of the function performed, not the identity 19 of the actor who performed it.” Milstein v. Cooley, 257 F.3d 1004, 1008 (9th Cir. 2001) (internal 20 quotation marks and citations omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Mirza v. Bullhead City Hospital Corporation
D. Ariz. · 2021 · confidence medium
Plaintiffs also claim that anything related 12 to the “Wellness Committee and its activities is not part of the peer review process.” (Doc. 13 60 at 13). 14 Plaintiffs cite Humana Hospital Desert Valley v. Superior Court of Arizona, 742 15 P.2d 1382 , 1386 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1987), and Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1007 (9th Cir. 16 1999), for the proposition that, as they say, “[i]f a cause of action is derived by conduct 17 that was not part of the peer review process, then no immunity attaches.” (Doc. 60 at 13). 18 The Court notes that Humana dealt with the issue of whether informati…
cited Cited as authority (rule) Hasbrouck v. Yavapai, County of
D. Ariz. · 2021 · confidence medium
Hearing Officers 12 “It is well settled that judges and prosecutors are entitled to absolute immunity.” 13 Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1003 (9th Cir. 1999).
cited Cited as authority (rule) (PS) Rhee v. Alvarez
E.D. Cal. · 2019 · confidence medium
See 11 Olsen, 363 F.3d at 925–26; Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1007 (9th Cir. 1999); Gambee v. 12 Williams, 971 F. Supp. 474, 477 (D.
examined Cited as authority (rule) Bonner v. Medical Board of California (3×)
E.D. Cal. · 2019 · confidence medium
Butz v. Economou, 438 U.S. 478 , 2 513–17 (1978); Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1002 (9th Cir. 1999).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Joseph, D.V.M. v. Abrams
D. Guam · 2018 · confidence medium
(DPHSS Defendants 5 Objections 13, ECF No. 59.) In support of their argument, they rely on Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998 6 (9th Cir. 1999). 7 In Mishler, the Ninth Circuit addressed whether the Nevada Board of Medical Examiners was 8 entitled to absolute immunity.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jehan Mir v. Kenneth Deck
9th Cir. · 2017 · confidence medium
See Olsen, 363 F.3d at 926 (absolute immunity applies to those actions which are judicial or closely associated with the judicial process); Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1009 (9th Cir. 1999) (medical board officials are entitled to absolute immunity for their quasi-judicial and quasi-prosecutorial functions).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Eric Dover v. Kathleen Haley, Jd
9th Cir. · 2015 · confidence medium
The district court properly dismissed the claims against the remaining defendants because the alleged constitutional violations arose from the performance of functions that “are inherently judicial in nature,” Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1008 (9th Cir.1999) (absolute immunity applies to those" engaged in state medical board disciplinary proceeding when they perform actions that “are judicial or closely associated with the judicial process”), and Dover failed to allege facts sufficient to show any constitutional violations arising from the performance of “ministerial” acts, Olse…
examined Cited as authority (rule) Chudacoff v. University Medical Center (13×) also: Cited "see"
D. Nev. · 2013 · confidence medium
Plaintiff argues that Buckwalter is merely an extension of Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1007 (9th Cir.1999), and therefore cannot serve as the basis for an untimely motion for summary judgment.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) James Tate, Jr. v. Beverly Neyland (2×)
9th Cir. · 2012 · confidence medium
Exam’rs, — F.3d -, -, No. 11-15742, slip op. 6539, 6550 (9th Cir. June 8, 2012); Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1007-08 (9th Cir.1999); see also Middlesex Cnty.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Marvin v. Fitch
Nev. · 2010 · confidence medium
Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1007 (9th Cir. 1999) (concluding that individual members of the Nevada Board of Medical Examiners are entitled to absolute immunity for their quasi-judicial acts); Ducharm, 118 Nev. at 617 , 55 P.3d at 425 ; Duff, 114 Nev. at 571 , 958 P.2d at 87 (holding that a court-appointed psychologist was entitled to absolute immunity because he was acting as an extension of the court). [Headnote 10] To determine whether an individual is entitled to absolute immunity, the Supreme Court has adopted a “functional approach,” which “ ‘looks to the nature of the functio…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jeffrey McCabe v. Patrick Hart
9th Cir. · 2009 · confidence medium
Absolute prosecutorial immunity covers “acts undertaken by a prosecutor in preparing ... for trial,” Buckley v. Fitzsimmons, 509 U.S. 259, 273 , 113 S.Ct. 2606 , 125 L.Ed.2d 209 (1993), including “[fliling charges and initiating prosecution.” Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1008 (9th Cir.1999).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Bearman v. California Medical Board
Cal. Ct. App. · 2009 · confidence medium
(See Bradley v. Medical Board, supra, 56 Cal.App.4th at p. 454, fn. 7 [absolute prosecutorial immunity]; Mishler v. Clift (9th Cir. 1999) 191 F.3d 998, 1007-1008 [state medical board and officers enjoy absolute immunity].) It is settled that a civil rights complaint may be dismissed on demurrer where the defendant has absolute or qualified immunity.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Gorman v. Office of the Insurance Commissioner
9th Cir. · 2006 · confidence medium
See id. at 923; Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1004 (9th Cir.1999) (extending absolute prosecutorial and judicial immunity to state regulatory officials for their roles in a state administrative agency’s judicial process).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Yoonessi v. Albany Medical Center (3×) also: Cited "see"
C.D. Cal. · 2005 · confidence medium
“This immunity reflects the long-standing ‘general principle of the highest importance to the proper administration of justice that a judicial officer, in exercising the authority vested in him, shall be free to act upon his own convictions, without apprehension of personal consequences to himself.’ ” Olsen, 363 F.3d at 922 (quoting Bradley v. Fisher, 80 U.S. 335 , 13 Wall. 335, 347 , 20 L.Ed. 646 (1871));. see also Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1003 (9th Cir.1999) (“The essential rationale is that, without protection from retaliatory suits, a judge would lose ‘that independence …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Miller v. Gammie
9th Cir. · 2002 · confidence medium
For absolute immunity is immunity from charges of either "constitutional or statutory violations." Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1002 (9th Cir.1999) (citing Buckley v. Fitzsimmons, 509 U.S. 259, 268 , 113 S.Ct. 2606 , 125 L.Ed.2d 209 (1993)) (emphasis added).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Miller v. Gammie
9th Cir. · 2002 · confidence medium
For absolute immunity is immunity from charges of either "constitutional or statutory violations." Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1002 (9th Cir.1999) (citing Buckley v. Fitzsimmons, 509 U.S. 259, 268 , 113 S.Ct. 2606 , 125 L.Ed.2d 209 (1993)) (emphasis added).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Lloyd Dela Cruz v. Kauai County Melvin K. Soong, Prosecuting Attorney for the County of Kauai
9th Cir. · 2002 · confidence medium
Immunity determinations thus rest on “the nature of the function performed, not the identity of the actor who performed it.” Kalina, 522 U.S. at 127 , 118 S.Ct. 502 (citations omitted); Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1002 (9th Cir.1999). 2 In this case, Prosecutor Soong is not entitled to absolute prosecutorial immunity for his conduct in swearing to facts in support of the bail revocation motion. 3 Soong lost that protection because he stepped outside of his prosecutorial role, and into the role of witness, when he personally attested to the truth of facts in the affidavit.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Tobin For Governor v. Illinois State Board Of Elections
7th Cir. · 2001 · confidence medium
See, e.g., Beck v. Tex. State Bd. of Dental Exam'rs, 204 F.3d 629 , 633-36 (5th Cir.) (granting absolute immunity to members of the Texas State Board of Dental Examiners for their decision to revoke the plaintiff's license to practice dentistry), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 871 (2000); Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1004-08 (9th Cir. 1999) (collecting cases) (holding that the Nevada Board of Medical Examiners was entitled to absolute immunity for acts occurring during the disciplinary hearing process, including holding hearings, taking evidence, and adjudicating the dispute); Romano v. Bible, 169 …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Tobin for Governor v. Illinois State Board of Elections
7th Cir. · 2001 · confidence medium
See, e.g., Beck v. Tex. State Bd. of Dental Exam’rs, 204 F.3d 629 , 633-36 (5th Cir.2000) (granting absolute immunity to members of the Texas State Board of Dental Examiners for their decision to revoke the plaintiff's license to practice dentistry), cert. denied, 531 U.S. 871 , 121 S.Ct. 171 , 148 L.Ed.2d 117 (2000); Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1004-08 (9th Cir.1999) (collecting cases) (holding that the Nevada Board of Medical Examiners was entitled to absolute immunity for acts occurring during the disciplinary hearing process, including holding hearings, taking evidence, and adjudicat…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Leonard R. Milstein v. Stephen L. Cooley Robert B. Foltz Countyof Los Angeles, Opinion
9th Cir. · 2001 · confidence medium
See Imbler, 424 U.S. at 431 , 96 S.Ct. 984 ; Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1008 (9th Cir.1999) (“Filing charges and initiating prosecution are functions that are integral to a prosecutor’s work.”) Accordingly, Appellees’ functions before this grand jury are protected by absolute immunity. (v) Securing an Information and an Arrest Warrant The foregoing reasoning applies with even more force to the prosecutor’s actual decision to prosecute, whether it be by grand jury indictment or information.
discussed Cited "see" Manzur v. Montoya
9th Cir. · 2009 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1007 (9th Cir.1999) (holding that the Nevada State Board of Medical Examiners and its members “are functionally comparable to judges and prosecutors ... [and] are entitled to absolute immunity for their quasi-judicial acts”).
discussed Cited "see" Manzur v. Montoya
9th Cir. · 2009 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1007 (9th Cir.1999) (holding that the Nevada State Board of Medical Examiners and its members “are functionally comparable to judges and prosecutors ... [and] are entitled to absolute immunity for their quasi-judicial acts”).
discussed Cited "see" Martin v. Central States Emblems, Inc.
10th Cir. · 2005 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998 , 1008 n. 7 (9th Cir.1999) (deciding that where complaint did not specifically refer to document or discuss its contents, and district court implicitly accepted document as part of pleadings, appellate court could consider document when deciding whether complaint failed to state claim); see also County of Santa Fe, 311 F.3d at 1035 *859 (setting forth exception to general rule that district court only considers facts alleged in complaint when addressing motion to dismiss).
discussed Cited "see" Hale O Kaula Church v. Maui Planning Commission
D. Haw. · 2002 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1002 (9th Cir.1999) (recognizing that absolute immunity is immunity from charges of either constitutional or statutory violations) (citing Buckley v. Fitzsimmons, 509 U.S. 259, 268 , 113 S.Ct. 2606 , 125 L.Ed.2d 209 (1993)).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." LaTulippe v. Oregon Medical Board
D. Or. · 2025 · signal: see also · confidence low
Olsen v. Idaho State Bd. of Med., 363 F.3d 916 , 923–24 (9th Cir. 2004); see also Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998 , 1007–09 (9th Cir. 1999) (concluding that absolute immunity applies to “acts occurring during the disciplinary hearing process,” including initiating a complaint, adjudicating that complaint, and imposing disciplinary sanctions).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Haworth v. City of Walla Walla
E.D. Wash. · 2020 · signal: see also · confidence medium
Garmon, 828 F.3d 17 at 845 ; see also Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1008 (9th Cir. 1999). 18 Because Nagle’s immunity extends to the same degree as Morales’s 19 immunity, it would follow that Nagle is similarly not absolutely immune from a 20 Section 1983 claim regarding Morales’ sworn affidavit in support of the July 20, 1 2018 search warrant.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Ralph Read v. Kathleen Haley
9th Cir. · 2016 · signal: see also · confidence medium
The district court properly applied Butz v. Economou, 438 U.S. 478 , 98 S.Ct. 2894 , 57 L.Ed.2d 895 (1978), and Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998 (9th Cir. 1999), in determining that the Board members’ functions were sufficiently analogous to those of a judge or prosecutor. 2 See Olsen v. Idaho State Bd. of Med., 363 F.3d 916 , 922-29 (9th Cir. 2004) (holding that members of Idaho State Board of Medicine, their staff, and their counsel were entitled to absolute immunity under Butz and Mishler); see also Mishler, 191 F.3d at 1009 (concluding that members of Nevada medical board were entitled to …
cited Cited "see, e.g." Hall v. Witteman
D. Kan. · 2008 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence medium
See, e.g., Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1008 (9th Cir.1999) (“[f]iling charges and initiating prosecution are functions that are integral to a prosecutor’s work”).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Robert Lee Beck, Md, Dmd v. Texas State Board Of Dental Examiners
5th Cir. · 2000 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See O'Neal, 113 F.3d at 66 ("Procedural safeguards such as the right to counsel, adequate notice of a hearing, and the opportunity to present and cross-examine witnesses are all readily available to any person charged by the board."); Bettencourt v. Board of Registration in Medicine of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, 904 F.2d 772, 783 (1st Cir. 1990)(representation by counsel, written opinions, and the ability to introduce oral and documentary evidence "indicate that enough checks on malicious action by Board members exist to warrant a grant of absolute immunity for the Board members'action…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Beck v. Texas State Board of Dental Examiners
5th Cir. · 2000 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See O’Neal, 113 F.3d at 66 (“Procedural safeguards such as the right to counsel, adequate notice of a hearing, and the opportunity to present and cross-examine witnesses are all readily available to any person charged by the board.”); Bettencourt v. Board of Registration in Medicine of the Commonwealth, of Massachusetts, 904 F.2d 772, 783 (1st Cir.1990)(representation by counsel, written opinions, and the ability to introduce oral and documentary evidence “indicate that enough checks on malicious action by Board members exist to warrant a grant of absolute immunity for the Board member…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Dunham v. Wadley
8th Cir. · 2000 · signal: see also · confidence low
See, e.g., Wang v. New Hampshire Board of Registration in Medicine, 55 F.3d 698, 701 (1st Cir. 1995), and Horwitz v. State Board of Medical Examiners, 822 F.2d 1508, 1515 (10th Cir. 1987); see also Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998 . 1004-05, 1008-09 (9th Cir.1999). 18 We agree with the reasoning of these cases, and we note, furthermore, that Dr. Dunham produced no evidence showing that the defendants acted in non-judicial or non-prosecutorial capacities, or that they acted in "complete absence of all jurisdiction," Duty v. City of Springdale, Arkansas, 42 F.3d 460, 462 (8th Cir. 1994) (per curia…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Sandra K. Dunham v. George Wadley
8th Cir. · 1999 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See, e.g., Wang v. New Hampshire Board of Registration in Medicine, 55 F.3d 698, 701 (1st Cir.1995), and Horwitz v. State Board of Medical Examiners, 822 F.2d 1508, 1515 (10th Cir.1987); see also Mishler v. Clift, 191 F.3d 998, 1004-05, 1008-09 (9th Cir.1999).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Juan Anibal Aguirre-Aguirre
v.
Immigration and Naturalization Service
96-70267.
Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Oct 26, 1999.
191 F.3d 998
Published

191 F.3d 998 (9th Cir. 1999)

JUAN ANIBAL AGUIRRE-AGUIRRE, Petitioner,
v.
IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE, Respondent.

No. 96-70267

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

Filed October 26, 1999

IN&S No. Ast-ddn-btm

On Remand from the United States Supreme Court.

Before: Harry Pregerson, John T. Noonan, and Andrew J. Kleinfeld, Circuit Judges.

ORDER

1

The petition for review is denied. INS v. Aguirre, 526 U.S. 415, 119 S. Ct. 1429, 143 L.Ed.2d 590 (1999)