A party cannot avoid arbitration because a clause uses general, inclusive language, and the dissolution of a chosen forum only precludes arbitration if the forum is an integral part of the agreement.
An employee challenged an arbitration clause in an employment agreement, arguing it was vague because it did not specifically list statutory claims and was void because the designated arbitration forum had dissolved. The court held that a party cannot avoid arbitration because the clause uses general, inclusive language rather than listing every specific claim. Furthermore, the unavailability of a chosen forum does not preclude arbitration unless the forum is an integral part of the agreement rather than an ancillary logistical concern. The court also found no waiver of arbitration occurred, as the company's subsequent communications did not meet the formal requirements for modification. The court affirmed the order compelling arbitration and the denial of the motion to vacate the award.
At page 1222 Determining scope of arbitration agreement and forum validity27 citing cases“only if the choice of forum is an integral part of the agreement to arbitrate, rather than an 'ancillary logistical concern' will the failure of the chosen forum preclude arbitration.”
- Wert v. Manorcare of Carlisle, No. 62 MAP 2014 (Pa. Oct. 27, 2015).published“where the chosen forum is unavailable o or has failed for some reason, 5 applies and a substitute arbitrator may be named.”
- Credit Acceptance Corp. v. Robert J. & Billye S. Front, 745 S.E.2d 556 (W. Va. 2013).published “where the chosen forum is unavailable, however, or has failed for some reason, 5 applies and a substitute arbitrator may be named.”
- Raheel Khan v. Dell Inc, 669 F.3d 350 (3d Cir. 2012).published “where the chosen forum is unavailable . . . or has failed for some reason, 5 applies and a substitute arbitrator may be named.”
- Mullen v. Gas Pos Inc, No. 5:24-cv-00387 (M.D. Ga. July 11, 2025).(appointing an arbitrator because “the specified forum…had dissolved.)
- Baker Hughes v. Dynamic Indus., 126 F.4th 1073 (5th Cir. 2025).published There, the parties’ arbitration clause provided that “any dispute . . . shall be resolved by binding arbitration under the Code of Procedure of the National Arbitration Forum” (NAF). 211 F.3d at 1220.
- Shandong Luxi Pharm. Co. v. Camphor Tech., Inc., No. 8:21-cv-00942 (M.D. Fla. Dec. 23, 2021). (deciding an arbitral forum was not integral to an agreement to arbitrate because it provided only for claims to be resolved under a specified code of procedures but did not specify a forum)
- Courtyard Gardens Health & Rehab., LLC v. Arnold, 2016 Ark. 62, 485 S.W.3d 669.published Brown’s argument that the arbitra-^ tion agreement is void because the NAF was unavailable must fail.” 211 F.3d at 1222.
- Beverly Enter. Inc. v. Cyr ex rel. Est. of Campbell, 608 F. App'x 924 (11th Cir. 2015).unpublishedWe held in Brown that when the forum chosen for arbitration is unavailable, the Federal Arbitration Act provides for substitution of another arbitrator unless choice of forum “is an integral part of the agreement to arbitrate, rather than…
- Beverly Enter., Inc. v. C.Y.R., 84 F. Supp. 3d 1350 (S.D. Ga. 2015).published(holding that choice of forum was not integral where the arbitration agreement incorporates the N.A.F.Code by-reference, and the N.A.F.Code selects the N.A.F. as the forum for arbitration)
- Abraham Inetianbor v. Cashcall, Inc., 768 F.3d 1346 (11th Cir. 2014).published Brown, 211 F.3d at 1222.
Show 15 more citing cases
- Baillie v. Assenzio, No. A139144M (Cal. Ct. App. July 24, 2014).unpublished (E.g., Reddam, supra, 457 F.3d at p. 1061 ; Brown, supra, 211 F.3d at p. 1222; Khan v. Dell Inc., supra, 669 F.3d at p. 356 .) In doing so, these courts have found the “integral” or “ancillary concern” test consistent with well-established…
- Michael Miller v. GGNSC Atlanta, LLC, No. A13A0061 (Ga. Ct. App. July 16, 2013).published Brown v. ITT Consumer Financial Corp., 211 F.3d 1217 , 1222 (II) (A) (3) (11th Cir. 2000).9 8 Section 5 of the FAA provides: “If in the agreement provision be made for a method of naming or appointing an arbitrator or arbitrators or an ump…
- Miller v. GGNSC Atlanta, LLC, 746 S.E.2d 680 (Ga. Ct. App. 2013).published Brown, supra at 1222 (II) (A) (3).
- Meskill v. GGNSC Stillwater Greeley LLC, 862 F. Supp. 2d 966 (D. Minn. 2012).publishedIn deciding whether to invoke Section 5 to appoint a substitute arbitrator, a court must focus on “whether the designation of the arbitrator [in the agreement] was ‘integral’ to the arbitration provision or was merely an ancillary consider…
- Licata v. GGNSC Malden Dexter, LLC, 29 Mass. L. Rptr. 467 (Mass. Super. Ct. 2012).published(employment arbitration agreement enforceable despite NAF’s unavailability)
- Wright v. GGNSC Holdings LLC, 2011 S.D. 95, 808 N.W.2d 114.published See Carr, 241 Ill.2d at 31 , 348 Ill.Dec. 374 , 944 N.E.2d at 335 (“[I]t is possible in some cases for a substitute arbitrator to use the rules specified in an arbitration agreement and where that is so, the mere designation of particular…
- Rivera v. Am. Gen. Fin. Servs., Inc., 2011-NMSC-033, 259 P.3d 803.published Brown, 211 F.3d at 1222.
- Carr v. Gateway, Inc., 944 N.E.2d 327 (Ill. 2011).published The plaintiff had signed an employment agreement that contained an arbitration clause, which stated that the parties agreed that any dispute or claim would be resolved by binding arbitration “under the Code of Procedure of the National Arb…
- Jones v. GGNSC Pierre LLC, 684 F. Supp. 2d 1161 (D.S.D. 2010).published Brown, 211 F.3d at 1220-22.
- Rust v. Carriage Servs. of Ok, Inc., 2007 OK CIV APP 125, 173 P.3d 805.published In Brown, the court further held that the presumption of arbitrability in the FAA means that "parties must clearly express their intent to exclude categories of claims from their arbitration agreement." Id. at 1222. ¶ 17 The Fourth Circuit…
- Reddam v. KPMG LLP, 457 F.3d 1054 (9th Cir. 2006).published Brown, 211 F.3d at 1222 (citations omitted).
- Aaa Restoration Co. v. Peek, 775 S.E.2d 627 (Ga. Ct. App. 2015).publishedSee Brown, 211 F3d at 1222 (3) (selection of arbitral forum not an integral part of an arbitration clause which provided that any dispute between the parties “shall be resolved by binding arbitration under the Code of Procedure” of a forum…
- Sankey v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 100 F. Supp. 2d 1290 (M.D. Ala. 2000).publishedSee id. at 1222.
- Deeds v. Regence Blueshield of Idaho, 141 P.3d 1079 (Idaho 2006).published
- In re Brock Specialty Servs., Ltd., 286 S.W.3d 649 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2009).published
At page 1220 Analyzing arbitration agreement language and scope12 citing casesconstruing arbitration provision with similarly inclusive language—“any dispute between them or claim by either against the other,” and holding that “the parties agreed to arbitrate any and all claims against each other, with no exceptions
- Williams, Jr. v. Voya Fin. Advisors, Inc., No. 8:20-cv-02611 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 6, 2021). Id. at 1221-22 (“We think that the language of the instant arbitration clause . . . includes statutory claims.”).
- Jarrell, No. 5:26-cv-00039 (M.D. Fla. July 20, 2026). In short, “[a] party cannot avoid arbitration . . . because the arbitration clause uses general, inclusive language, rather than listing every possible specific claim.” See Brown, 211 F.3d at 1221.
- Baker Hughes v. Dynamic Indus., 126 F.4th 1073 (5th Cir. 2025).published There, the parties’ arbitration clause provided that “any dispute . . . shall be resolved by binding arbitration under the Code of Procedure of the National Arbitration Forum” (NAF). 211 F.3d at 1220.
- Abraham Inetianbor v. Cashcall, Inc., 768 F.3d 1346 (11th Cir. 2014).published Brown, 211 F.3d at 1222.
- Michael Miller v. GGNSC Atlanta, LLC, No. A13A0061 (Ga. Ct. App. July 16, 2013).published Brown v. ITT Consumer Financial Corp., 211 F.3d 1217 , 1222 (II) (A) (3) (11th Cir. 2000).9 8 Section 5 of the FAA provides: “If in the agreement provision be made for a method of naming or appointing an arbitrator or arbitrators or an ump…
- Miller v. GGNSC Atlanta, LLC, 746 S.E.2d 680 (Ga. Ct. App. 2013).published Brown, supra at 1222 (II) (A) (3).
- Geneva-Roth, Capital, Inc. v. Edwards, 956 N.E.2d 1195 (Ind. Ct. App. 2011).publishedThe plaintiffs employment agreement, which he had signed, contained an arbitration clause stating that any dispute or claim “shall be resolved by binding arbitration under the Code of Procedure of the National Arbitration Forum.” Id. at 12…
- Carr v. Gateway, Inc., 944 N.E.2d 327 (Ill. 2011).published The plaintiff had signed an employment agreement that contained an arbitration clause, which stated that the parties agreed that any dispute or claim would be resolved by binding arbitration “under the Code of Procedure of the National Arb…
- Jones v. GGNSC Pierre LLC, 684 F. Supp. 2d 1161 (D.S.D. 2010).published Brown, 211 F.3d at 1220-22.
- Premier Real Est. Holdings, LLC v. Butch, 24 So. 3d 708 (Fla. 4th DCA 2009).published Id. at 1220.
Show 1 more citing case
- Lemmon v. Lincoln Prop. Co., 307 F. Supp. 2d 1352 (M.D. Fla. 2004).published The agreement stated that “any dispute between them or claim by either against the other” would be resolved by arbitration, 211 F.3d at 1220, and the court found that “[b]y using this inclusive language, the parties agreed to arbitrate any…
At page 1221 Determining scope of arbitration clause language8 citing cases“a party cannot avoid arbitration . . . because the arbitration clause uses general, inclusive language, rather than listing every possible specific claim.”
- Williams, Jr. v. Voya Fin. Advisors, Inc., No. 8:20-cv-02611 (M.D. Fla. Jan. 6, 2021). (We think that the language of the instant arbitration clause . . . includes statutory claims.)
- Bullard v. Capital One, F.S.B., 288 F. Supp. 2d 1256 (N.D. Fla. 2003).published(A party cannot avoid arbitration ... [merely] because the arbitration clause uses general, inclusive language, rather than listing every possible specific claim.)
- Solar Leasing, Inc. v. William L. Hutchinson, No. 3:17-cv-00076, 2019 WL 4576262 (D.V.I. Sept. 20, 2019).“an arbitration agreement is not vague solely because it includes the universe of the parties' potential claims against each other.”
- Jarrell, No. 5:26-cv-00039 (M.D. Fla. July 20, 2026). In short, “[a] party cannot avoid arbitration . . . because the arbitration clause uses general, inclusive language, rather than listing every possible specific claim.” See Brown, 211 F.3d at 1221.
- Hemispherx Biopharma, Inc. v. Johannesburg Consol. Investments, 553 F.3d 1351 (11th Cir. 2008).published(discussing arbitration clause covering "any *1367 dispute between them or claim by either [party to the contract] against the other)
- Lemmon v. Lincoln Prop. Co., 307 F. Supp. 2d 1352 (M.D. Fla. 2004).published The agreement stated that “any dispute between them or claim by either against the other” would be resolved by arbitration, 211 F.3d at 1220, and the court found that “[b]y using this inclusive language, the parties agreed to arbitrate any…
- Skrynnikov v. Fed. Nat'l Mortg. Assoc., 943 F. Supp. 2d 172 (D.D.C. 2013).published(A party cannot avoid arbitration ... because the arbitration clause uses general, inclusive language, rather than listing every possible specific claim.)
- Southland Health Servs., Inc. v. Bank of Vernon, 887 F. Supp. 2d 1158 (N.D. Ala. 2012).published(enforcing agreement covering “any dispute” between the parties)
At page 1223 Determining grounds for vacating arbitration awards6 citing casesArbitration awards will not be reversed due to an erroneous interpretation of law by the arbitrator.
- B.L. Harbert Int'l, LLC v. Hercules Steel Co., 441 F.3d 905 (11th Cir. 2006).published (Arbitration awards will not be reversed due to an erroneous interpretation of law by the arbitrator.)
- Tim Aldred v. Avis Rent-A-Car Inc., 247 F. App'x 167 (11th Cir. 2007).unpublished The party challenging the arbitration award bears the burden of “asserting sufficient grounds to vacate the award.” See Brown, 211 F.3d at 1223.
- Wachovia Sec., LLC v. Vogel, 918 So. 2d 1004 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006).publishedCiting to its precedent, id. at 1223, the court rejected Brown's claim as follows: In Montes , we found manifest disregard and remanded for a new arbitration proceeding because the arbitration panel was specifically asked by a party to dis…
- Perry Homes v. Robert E. Cull, No. 02-04-00052-CV (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Aug. 31, 2005).publishedCorp. , 975 F.2d at 1267 . 21: Tanox , 105 S.W.3d at 253; Carte Blanche, 888 F.2d at 265. 22: Tanox , 105 S.W.3d at 253; Dawahare v. Spencer , 210 F.3d 666, 669 (6th Cir.), cert. denied , 531 U.S. 878 (2000). 23: Tanox , 105 S.W.3d at 253;…
- Homes v. Cull, 173 S.W.3d 565 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2005).publishedTanox, 105 S.W.3d at 253 ; LaPrade, 246 F.3d at 706 ; Brown, 211 F.3d at 1223. 25 .
- Marie v. Allied Home Mortg. Corp., 402 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2005).publishedAs the Brown court stated, in general there is no need for the non-complaining party, the employer, to make a “pre-suit demand for arbitration.” Brown, 211 F.3d at 1223.
Where the chosen forum is unavailable O or has failed for some reason, § 5 applies and a substitute arbitrator may be named.
- Wert v. Manorcare of Carlisle, No. 62 MAP 2014 (Pa. Oct. 27, 2015).published(Where the chosen forum is unavailable O or has failed for some reason, § 5 applies and a substitute arbitrator may be named.)
- Credit Acceptance Corp. v. Robert J. & Billye S. Front, 745 S.E.2d 556 (W. Va. 2013).published (Where the chosen forum is unavailable, however, or has failed for some reason, § 5 applies and a substitute arbitrator may be named.)
- Raheel Khan v. Dell Inc, 669 F.3d 350 (3d Cir. 2012).published (Where the chosen forum is unavailable . . . or has failed for some reason, § 5 applies and a substitute arbitrator may be named.)
An arbitration agreement is not vague solely because it includes the universe of the parties’ potential claims against each other.
- Solar Leasing, Inc. v. William L. Hutchinson, No. 3:17-cv-00076, 2019 WL 4576262 (D.V.I. Sept. 20, 2019).(An arbitration agreement is not vague solely because it includes the universe of the parties’ potential claims against each other.)
- Spectrum Creations, LP v. Home Depot U.S.A., Inc., 563 F. App'x 725 (11th Cir. 2014).unpublished(noting that the phrase “any dispute” “is not vague solely because it includes the universe of the parties’ potential claims against each other.)
At page 1350 cited at this page1 citing case
- Jessica Parm v. Nat'l Bank of California, N.A., 835 F.3d 1331 (11th Cir. 2016).publishedSee id. at 1350-51.
At page 1217 Affirming district court's compelling of arbitration1 citing case“under the code of procedure of the national arbitration forum.”
Other citing cases
- Nguyen v. Raymond James Fin., Inc., No. 8:20-cv-00195 (M.D. Fla. Dec. 19, 2022).
- Sunbridge Ret. Care Assocs. LLC v. Smith, 757 S.E.2d 157 (Ga. Ct. App. 2014).published
- Good Times Stores, Inc. v. Martha MacIas, 355 S.W.3d 240 (Tex. App.—El Paso 2011).published
- Liberty Sec. Corp. v. Fetcho, 114 F. Supp. 2d 1319 (S.D. Fla. 2000).published
- DeGroff v. Mascotech Forming Tech.-Fort Wayne, Inc., 179 F. Supp. 2d 896 (N.D. Ind. 2001).published
v.
ITT CONSUMER FINANCIAL CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee
Plaintiff-Appellant Stanley Brown appeals the district court’s rulings compelling arbitration and denying Brown’s motion to vacate the arbitrator’s decision in favor of Defendant-Appellee ITT Consumer Financial Corporation (ITT). Because we find that the district court properly compelled arbitration and find no error in the district court’s denial of the motion to vacate the award, we AFFIRM.
I. BACKGROUND
Stanley Brown, an African-American, was hired by ITT in 1990. Brown worked in consumer loan collections for ITT, and was promoted to Assistant Vice-President in 1991. In that role, he trained and supervised Bruce A. Billue and Terry Jenkins, supervisors in ITT’s Atlanta Recovery Center. Billue and Jenkins are also African-American. In 1993, Brown, Billue and Jenkins all filed complaints with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) alleging racially discriminatory treatment by their superiors at ITT.
At the same time that their discrimination claims were being pursued with the EEOC, ITT was undergoing a reorganization and conversion from the consumer loan business to the home equity loan business. Billue and Jenkins were not offered employment in the Home Equity Center after the Atlanta Recovery Center closed in May 1993. Brown was retained until August 1993, during which time he managed the Home Equity Center and trained his replacement. Brown was then terminated from his position and offered severance if he signed a release of claims against ITT. He refused to sign.
In February 1994, Brown, Billue and Jenkins filed a complaint in the district court alleging race discrimination and retaliation. ITT moved to compel arbitration in accordance with the terms of an Employee Agreement (the Agreement) signed by each of the men. The Agreement contains an arbitration clause which provides that ITT and the employee
agree that any dispute between them or claim by either against the other or any agent or affiliate of the other shall be resolved by binding arbitration under the Code of Procedure of the National Arbitration Forum....
Rl-4, Exh.B.
The Agreement also provided that it could not be modified “except in a writing designated as an ‘EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT MODIFICATION’, signed by an ITT CFC officer.” Id. In the district court, Brown argued, among other things, that a Benefits Summary given to employees at the time of their termination and interim bulletins issued by ITT executives replaced the Agreement, thereby invalidating the arbitration clause. He also[*1221] argued that the arbitration clause should fail because the National Arbitration Forum (NAF) no longer existed. The district court rejected Brown’s arguments and compelled arbitration.
The arbitration was conducted by Judge John W. Sognier of JAMS/Endispute. At the conclusion of the arbitration, Billue and Jenkins were awarded damages. Brown was denied relief. His motion to vacate the arbitrator’s judgment was denied by the district court. This appeal ensued.
II. DISCUSSION
We review the district court’s order compelling arbitration de novo. Sunkist Soft Drinks, Inc. v. Sunkist Growers, Inc., 10 F.3d 753, 756 (11th Cir.1993). In reviewing the denial of the motion to vacate the arbitration award, we accept the district court’s findings of fact unless clearly erroneous, and we review questions of law de novo. Scott v. Prudential Securities, Inc., 141 F.3d 1007, 1014 (11th Cir.1998), ce rt. denied, 525 U.S. 1068, 119 S.Ct. 798, 142 L.Ed.2d 660 (1999).
A. Arbitrability of the Dispute
Brown challenges the order compelling arbitration on four grounds: (1) that the arbitration clause fails because it is vague; (2) that the arbitration clause is so broad as to exceed § 2 of the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA); (3) that any agreement to arbitrate is void because the arbitrator and procedure specified no longer exist; and (4) that ITT waived its right to arbitration by its acts during the reorganization of the company and its failure to raise the arbitrability of the claims with the EEOC. [1] We address each of these claims in turn.
1. Vagueness
Brown argues on appeal that the arbitration clause is void because it fails to specifically state that statutory claims were included in the agreement to arbitrate. “It is well established that arbitration is a creature of contract” and neither party can be compelled to arbitrate when he has not agreed to do so. Scott, 141 F.3d at 1011 (citing AT&T Tech., Inc. v. Communications Workers of America, 475 U.S. 643, 649, 106 S.Ct. 1415, 1418, 89 L.Ed.2d 648 (1986)). A party cannot avoid arbitration, however, because the arbitration clause uses general, inclusive language, rather than listing every possible specific claim.
The language of the clause at issue is brief, unequivocal and all-encompassing. It states that “any dispute between them or claim by either against the other” is subject to arbitration. By using this inclusive language, the parties agreed to arbitrate any and all claims against each other, with no exceptions. An arbitration agreement is not vague solely because it includes the universe of the parties’ potential claims against each other.
Brown also argues that as a matter of law statutory claims cannot be arbitrated unless the arbitration clause so specifically states. This circuit has held that statutory claims, including Title VII claims, can be subject to mandatory arbitration. See Bender v. A.G. Edwards & Sons, Inc., 971 F.2d 698, 700 (11th Cir.1992) (finding that Title VII claims were arbitrable under the reasoning in Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Corp., 500 U.S. 20, 111 S.Ct. 1647, 114 L.Ed.2d 26 (1991)). Where, as here, the agreement to arbitrate was made by the individual employee, and not by his collective bargaining representative, the employee can be compelled to arbitrate his statutory claim. Brisentine v. Stone & Webster Engineering Corp., 117[*1222] F.3d 519, 524-25 (11th Cir.1997). In addition, we have noted that “an arbitration agreement [need not] specifically list every federal or state statute it purports to cover.” Paladino v. Avnet Computer Tech., Inc., 134 F.3d 1054, 1059 (11th Cir.1998).
The plaintiff in Bender agreed to arbitrate “any dispute, claim or controversy that may arise between me and my firm....” 971 F.2d at 700 n. 1. No specific reference to statutory claims was made at all in the arbitration clause. Id. Bender’s Title VII claim was held to be included within the scope of the arbitration clause. Id. at 700. This holding is consistent with the well-established principle that “[t]he FAA creates a presumption in favor of arbitrability; so, parties must clearly express their intent to exclude categories of claims from their arbitration agreement.” Paladino, 134 F.3d at 1057 (citing First Options of Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, 514 U.S. 938, 945, 115 S.Ct. 1920, 1924-25, 131 L.Ed.2d 985 (1995)). We think that the language of the instant arbitration clause similarly includes statutory claims. Brown’s vagueness challenge fails.
2. Breadth
Brown argues that the arbitration clause is too broad, because it exceeds the scope of § 2 of the FAA by addressing not just those claims arising out of the employment contract, but all claims between the parties, including statutory violations related to the employment relationship. This is an additional attempt to argue that Title VII and other statutory claims are not arbitrable. For the reasons articulated above, this argument is without merit.
3. Failure of Chosen Forum
Brown also argues that the arbitration clause is void because the specified forum, the National Arbitration Forum (NAF), had dissolved. This argument is without merit. Section 5 of the FAA provides a mechanism for appointment of an arbitrator where “for any [ ] reason there shall be a lapse in the naming of an arbitrator....” 9 U.S.C. § 5 (West 2000). The unavailability of the NAF does not destroy the arbitration clause.
In Luckie v. Smith Barney, Harris Upham & Co., 999 F.2d 509 (11th Cir.1993) (per curiam), we held that parties to securities transactions could be compelled to arbitrate in front of one of the specifically listed fora. Id. at 514. Accord In re Salomon Inc. Shareholders’ Derivative Litig., 68 F.3d 554, 558-59 (2d Cir.1995). Where the chosen forum is unavailable, however, or has failed for some reason, § 5 applies and a substitute arbitrator may be named. Astra Footwear Indus. v. Harwyn Int’l, Inc., 442 F.Supp. 907, 910 (S.D.N.Y.), aff'd, 578 F.2d 1366 (2d Cir.1978). Only if the choice of forum is an integral part of the agreement to arbitrate, rather than an “ancillary logistical concern” will the failure of the chosen forum preclude arbitration. See Zechman v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 742 F.Supp. 1359, 1364 (N.D.Ill.1990) (citing Nat’l Iranian Oil Co. v. Ashland Oil, 817 F.2d 326 (5th Cir.1987)). Here there is no evidence that the choice of the NAF as the arbitration forum was an integral part of the agreement to arbitrate. Brown’s argument that the arbitration agreement is void because the NAF was unavailable must fail.
4.Waiver
Brown also argues that ITT waived its right to arbitrate by issuing employment related documents to employees subsequent to the Agreement, and by failing to raise the arbitration issue with the EEOC. This assertion is also without merit. Waiver results from a party’s “substantial] participation] in litigation to a point inconsistent with an intent to arbitrate” which results in prejudice to the other party. Morewitz v. West England Ship Owners Mut. Protection and Indem. Assoc., 62 F.3d 1356, 1366 (11th Cir.1995).
Brown refers to statements made by ITT executives and a “Benefits Sum[*1223] mary” issued by the company as indicating an intent by the company to abandon the Agreement and the arbitration clause contained therein. The Agreement, however, expressly provides that it “cannot be modified except in a writing designated as an ‘EMPLOYMENT AGREEMENT MODIFICATION.Rl-4, Exh. B. The oral and written statements referred to by Brown do not suffice to supersede the arbitration clause of the Agreement.
ITT was also under no obligation to make a pre-suit demand for arbitration. Morewitz, 62 F.3d at 1366. The demand for arbitration was made promptly after the lawsuit was filed. Brown did not incur the delay or expense associated with litigation that might otherwise demonstrate prejudice. Id. As there was no delay or action by ITT inconsistent with an intent to arbitrate, no waiver occurred. The district court properly granted the motion to compel arbitration.
B. Propriety of the Arbitrator’s Decision
Brown also appeals the district court’s refusal to vacate the arbitrator’s award, arguing that the award was arbitrary and capricious and evidenced a manifest disregard for the law. Brown, however, bears the burden of asserting sufficient grounds to vacate the award. Scott, 141 F.3d at 1014. Furthermore, an award cannot be vacated as arbitrary and capricious unless no ground for the decision can be inferred from the facts. Raiford v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, 903 F.2d 1410, 1413 (11th Cir.1990).
Brown has not met his burden here. The arbitrator made a finding of fact that the decision not to offer Brown continuing employment was a unilateral one by Latina Cunningham. There is evidence to support this finding in the record. Compare Ainsworth v. Skurnick, 960 F.2d 939, 941 (11th Cir.1992) (finding an award arbitrary and capricious where “[t]here is simply no explanation in the award itself why damages were not awarded.”) Since we cannot say that the arbitrator’s decision was not grounded in fact, the assertion that the award was arbitrary and capricious must fail.
Brown has also failed to show that the arbitrator acted with manifest disregard for the law. Arbitration awards will not be reversed due to %n erroneous interpretation of law by the arbitrator. Montes v. Shearson Lehman Bros., Inc., 128 F.3d 1456, 1460 (11th Cir.1997). “To manifestly disregard the law, one must be conscious of the law and deliberately ignore it.” Id. at 1461. In Montes, we found manifest disregard and remanded for a new arbitration proceeding because the arbitration panel was specifically asked by a party to disregard the law, and their award provided no reasons for their decision that would indicate that the request had not been followed. There are no such circumstances here. Brown argues that the arbitrator applied the wrong legal test in assessing his retaliation claim, but does not assert that this alleged error was intentional or that the arbitrator made a conscious decision not to follow the appropriate legal standard. Even if the arbitrator applied the wrong standard, which we need not decide, no manifest disregard for the law has been shown, and Brown’s argument fails. The district court properly denied the motion to vacate the award.
As a final matter, Brown argues that the failure of JAMS to inform him of his right to appeal or to grant an appeal of the arbitrator’s award was proeedurally deficient. There is no evidence that Brown did not have a copy of the JAMS rules indicating that appeal was possible. Second, the language of JAMS Rule 6 is permissive. The case administrator “may ask” the parties if they agree to an optional appeal process. Brief of Appellant, at 40. Finally, both parties must agree in order for the appeal process to be binding. While it is possible that ITT would have agreed to bind itself to an appeal process if asked at the preliminary hearing, nothing[*1224] prevented Brown from raising the issue himself once the case administrator failed to do so. We find no prejudice from the case administrator’s’ failure to request the parties’ consent to the appeal process as Brown had no unilateral right to appeal under the JAMS rules.
IB. CONCLUSION
The district court properly compelled arbitration of Brown’s statutory claims pursuant to the terms of the Agreement. The arbitrator’s award was not arbitrary and capricious and did not evidence a manifest disregard for the law. Accordingly, we AFFIRM.
. Brown also argues in a footnote that requiring him to pay a portion of the arbitration fees renders the arbitration clause unenforceable. Brief of Appellant, at 24 n. 6. As this issue was not raised before the district court, we do not address it here. See Sims v. Trus Joist MacMillan, 22 F.3d 1059, 1060 n. 2 (11th Cir.1994).