This case arises out of a scheme allegedly entered into by the defendants to fraudulently bill Blue Cross and Blue Shield Plans ("Blue Cross") for unnecessary medical services. Plaintiffs allege that defendants and their associates enticed individuals from around the country into undergoing unnecessary treatments at the defendant medical clinics by offering cash payments and beach vacations. Plaintiffs allege that they were then billed for the unnecessary procedures and, as a result, paid millions of dollars to defendants.

In addition to the civil suit, several of the defendants are currently facing criminal prosecution in state or federal court or both. The events leading to this appeal began when a number of defendants, none of whom had been indicted in the criminal proceedings, requested stays of the civil proceeding on the basis that discovery in the civil suit implicated their Fifth Amendment rights. The district court granted these stays. It subsequently granted stays to most of the other individual defendants and to corporate defendants who argued that they would be prejudiced if required to defend against the civil suit without discovery against the individual defendants who had received stays. The precise duration of the stays is difficult to discern, as the district court granted the motions without mentioning duration, but most of the defendants requested stays "pending the resolution of the criminal investigations and/or prosecutions that have arisen in connection with the acts alleged in plaintiffs' complaint." Blue Cross argues that the district court abused its discretion in granting the stays, and asks us to reverse this determination so that the suit can go forward on the merits.

The defendants argue that we lack jurisdiction to review the stay orders because they are not final judgments. However, a stay order is appealable if it places the plaintiff "effectively out of court." Moses H. Cone Mem'l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 10, 103 S.Ct. 927, 74 L.Ed.2d 765 (1983). In Moses H. Cone, the Supreme Court held that an order staying litigation in federal court pending the resolution of a case in state court that would have res judicata effect on the federal case placed the plaintiff effectively out of court. Id. Moses H. Cone applies whenever there is a possibility that proceedings in another court could moot a suit or an issue, even if there is no guarantee that they will do so. Lockyer v. Mirant Corp., 398 F.3d 1098, 1102 (9th Cir.2005).

We have not yet considered whether we have jurisdiction over stay orders that impose lengthy or indefinite delays absent risk that another proceeding will have res judicata effect on the federal case. However, the majority of circuits that have considered this question have found jurisdiction. See Hines v. D'Artois, 531 F.2d 726, 731 (5th Cir.1976); Am. Mfrs. Mut. Ins. Co. v. Edward D. Stone, Jr. & Assocs., 743 F.2d 1519 (11th Cir. 1984); Kahn v. Gen. Motors Corp., 889 F.2d 1078, 1080 (Fed.Cir.1989); Johnson & Johnson, Inc. v. Wallace A. Erickson & Co., 627 F.2d 57, 62 (7th Cir.1980); see also Rojas-Hernandez v. Puerto Rico Elec. Power Auth., 925 F.2d 492, 495 (1st Cir.1991) (treating a denial of a motion to set a trial date as a stay and finding jurisdiction due to the indefinite delay); Discon Inc. v. NYNEX Corp., 4 F.3d 130, 134 (2d Cir.1993) (finding jurisdiction under the collateral order doctrine because the stay imposed an indefinite delay placing the plaintiff effectively out of court); but see Marcus v. Twp. of Abington, 38 F.3d 1367, 1370(3d Cir.1994); Crystal Clear Commc'ns v. Sw. Bell Tel. Co., 415 F.3d 1171 (10th Cir.2005). We agree with the majority position that lengthy and indefinite stays place a plaintiff effectively out of court. Such an indefinite delay amounts to a refusal to proceed to a disposition on the merits. Discon Inc., 4 F.3d at 134. Even if litigation may eventually resume, such stays create a "danger of denying justice by delay." Am. Mfrs., 743 F.2d at 1524. Delay "inherently increases the risk that witnesses' memories will fade and evidence will become stale." Pagtalunan v. Galaza, 291 F.3d 639, 643 (9th Cir.2002). Additionally, in some cases plaintiffs may go out of business awaiting recovery or face irreparable harm during the time that their suits are on ice.^[1] In determining that stays of the type at issue here are appealable, however, we do not mean to intimate that they are invariably improper or inappropriate. Rather, it is within the district court's discretion to grant or deny such stays, after weighing the proper factors. Keating v. Office of Thrift Supervision, 45 F.3d 322, 325 (9th Cir.1995); infra Moses H. Cone, 460 U.S. at 12, 103 S.Ct. 927.

The stays in this case are both indefinite and expected to be lengthy. They could easily last as long as the five- or six-year limitations period in the criminal cases, or even longer if the government initiates criminal prosecutions shortly before the end of that period. Even the stays for defendants Ngoc Nguyen, Thien Ngo, and Perry Pham, which appear to last only for the duration of the criminal proceedings already initiated against them, have thus far lasted longer than the 18-month delays that other courts have considered sufficient to place the plaintiffs effectively out of court. See Am. Mfrs., 743 F.2d at 1524; Hines, 531 F.2d at 732. Thus, we hold that we have jurisdiction to review the stays because they place the plaintiffs effectively out of court.^[2]

Having concluded that we have jurisdiction to review the district court's decision, however, we search in vain for a reasoned decision to review. The district court's decision to grant a stay is reviewed for abuse of discretion, meaning that we must examine the adequacy of the rationale behind the district court's decision rather than simply reach the conclusion that seems best to us. Lockyer, 398 F.3d at 1105. The district court is required to perform a five-factor balancing test, considering the interests of the parties, the public, and the court. Keating, 45 F.3d at 325. We cannot review the district court's exercise of its discretion in weighing these factors unless we know that it has done so and why it reached its result. "[M]eaningful appellate review for abuse of discretion is foreclosed when the district court fails to articulate its reasoning." United Nat'l Ins. Co. v. R & D Latex Corp., 141 F.3d 916, 919 (9th Cir.1998).

In this case, the district court did not provide any explanation at all in any of its orders granting stays to the various parties. Instead, it simply announced peremptorily—without any discussion of the relevant factors or any indication of the basis for its decision—that it is "ordered that the motion [of listed defendants] be, and hereby is, Granted." In doing so, the district court left us with no reasoned decision to review, and no basis upon which to evaluate its exercise of discretion, thereby making it impossible for us to do our judicial duty. Where, as here, a district court does not explain its reasoning, we must remand to that court to reconsider its decision and to set forth its reasons for whatever decision it reaches, so that we can properly exercise our powers of review. Gov't Employees Ins. Co. v. Dizol, 133 F.3d 1220, 1225(9th Cir.1998) (en banc). The "somewhat less deferential" abuse of discretion review we perform when reviewing a district court's stay order, Lockyer, 398 F.3d at 1105, does not change this general rule. Thus, as in R & D Latex Corp. and Dizol, we remand the matter to the district court.

In exercising its discretion on remand, the district court should consider, inter alia, the distinctions between the corporate defendants and the individual defendants, and the distinctions between the defendants that have been indicted and those that have not. The district court should also consider the lengths of the stays requested by the various defendants.

Accordingly, cases numbered 05-56261, 06-55316, and 06-55565 are VACATED and REMANDED. Case numbered 06-71645 is DISMISSED.