green
Positive treatment
5.7 score
Treatment trajectory · 1989 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1989
2007
2026
Top citers, strongest first. 28 distinct citers.
cited
Cited "but see"
Frank v. Forest County
But see Campos v. City of Baytown, Texas, 840 F.2d 1240, 1244 (5th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989).
discussed
Cited "but see"
National Ass'n for the Advancement of Colored People, Inc. Ex Rel. Niagara Falls, New York Branch v. City of Niagara Falls
But see Citizens for a Better Gretna v. City of Gretna, 834 F.2d 496, 502 (5th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989) (“In a multiple seat election ... the minority necessarily will have more than one preferred candidate.”); Valladolid v. City of National City, 976 F.2d 1293 (9th Cir.1992); Clarke v. Cincinnati, 1993 WL 761489 (S.D.Ohio 1993).
cited
Cited "see"
Kumar v. Frisco Independent School District
See Campos v. City of Baytown, 840 F.2d 1240 (5th Cir. 1988), reh’g denied, 849 F.2d 943 (1988) (per curiam), cert denied, 492 U.S. 905 (1989).
discussed
Cited "see"
Casarez v. Val Verde County
See Campos v. City of Baytown, 840 F.2d 1240, 1244 (5th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989) (Hispanic population in Texas community sufficiently large and geographically compact to satisfy first prong of Gingles test).
discussed
Cited "see"
Nixon v. Kent County
(2×)
See Campos v. City of Baytown, 840 F.2d 1240 (5th Cir.), reh'g denied, 849 F.2d 943 (1988), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989); see also League of United Latin Am.
discussed
Cited "see"
Nixon v. Kent County
(2×)
See Campos v. City of Baytown, 840 F.2d 1240 (5th Cir.), reh’g denied, 849 F.2d 943 (1988), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989); see also League of United Latin Am.
discussed
Cited "see"
White v. State of Ala.
See Campos v. City of Baytown, 840 F.2d 1240, 1245 (5th Cir.1988) (disagreeing with argument that “any time a candidate gets a majority of the minority votes he is the ‘chosen representative’ of the minority group”), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989). 116 A similar conclusion is virtually compelled in the context of multiple-seat elections.
discussed
Cited "see"
Rita Rangel v. Dan Morales, the Attorney General and the Secretary of State of the State of Texas
See Citizens for a Better Gretna v. City of Gretna, 834 F.2d 496 , 502 & n. 13 (5th Cir.1987) (citing Gingles, 478 U.S. at 57 n. 25, 106 S.Ct. at 2769 n. 25), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989); Westwego I, 872 F.2d at 1208 . 1.
discussed
Cited "see"
Atlantic Healthcare Benefits Trust v. Robert R. Googins
See Esparza v. Valdez, 862 F.2d 788, 793-94 (10th Cir.1988) (court of appeals may raise Eleventh Amendment jurisdictional bar sua sponte ), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3214 , 106 L.Ed.2d 565 (1989); cf. Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 678 , 94 S.Ct. 1347, 1363 , 39 L.Ed.2d 662 (1974) ("[T]he Eleventh Amendment defense sufficiently partakes of the nature of a jurisdictional bar so that it need not be raised in the trial court."); Shabbazz v. Coughlin, 852 F.2d 697, 699-700 (2d Cir.1988).
discussed
Cited "see"
Atlantic Healthcare Benefits Trust v. Googins
See Esparza v. Valdez, 862 F.2d 788, 793-94 (10th Cir.1988) (court of appeals may raise Eleventh Amendment jurisdictional bar sua sponte), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3214 , 106 L.Ed.2d 565 (1989); cf. Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 678 , 94 S.Ct. 1347, 1363 , 39 L.Ed.2d 662 (1974) (“[T]he Eleventh Amendment defense sufficiently partakes of the nature of a jurisdictional bar so that it need not be raised in the trial court.”); Shabbazz v. Coughlin, 852 F.2d 697, 699-700 (2d Cir.1988).
discussed
Cited "see"
Dickinson v. Indiana State Election Board
(2×)
also: Cited "see, e.g."
See Charles v. Daley, 846 F.2d 1057 , 1070 (7th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3214 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989); United States v. Terminal Transport Co., 653 F.2d 1016, 1019-20 (5th Cir. Unit B 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 989 , 102 S.Ct. 1613 , 71 L.Ed.2d 849 (1982); May, 578 F.Supp. at 1317 .
discussed
Cited "see"
Western Monetary Consultants, Inc. v. Apgar (In Re Kennedy)
See In re Grand Jury Proceedings, 857 F.2d 710, 712 (10th Cir.1988) (applying exception to finality rule delineated in Perlman v. United States, 247 U.S. 7 , 38 S.Ct. 417 , 62 L.Ed. 950 (1918)), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3214 , 106 L.Ed.2d 565 (1989).
cited
Cited "see, e.g."
Taylor v. Central Pennsylvania Drug & Alcohol Services Corp.
See, e.g., Gunby v. Pennsylvania Electric Co., 840 F.2d 1108, 1119-20 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989).
cited
Cited "see, e.g."
Taylor v. Cent. Pa. Drug & Alcohol Serv. Corp.
See, e.g., Gunby v. Pennsylvania Electric Co., 840 F.2d 1108, 1119-20 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Nipper v. Smith
As the Fifth Circuit has held, “Gingles is properly interpreted to hold that the race of the candidate is in general of less significance than the race of the voter — but only within the context of an election that offers voters the choice of supporting a viable minority candidate.” Citizens for a Better Gretna v. City of Gretna, 834 F.2d 496, 503 (5th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989); see also Campos v. City of Baytown, 840 F.2d 1240, 1245 (5th Cir.1988), ce rt. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Nipper v. Smith
As the Fifth Circuit has held, "Gingles is properly interpreted to hold that the race of the candidate is in general of less significance than the race of the voter--but only within the context of an election that offers voters the choice of supporting a viable minority candidate." Citizens for a Better Gretna v. City of Gretna, 834 F.2d 496, 503 (5th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989); see also Campos v. City of Baytown, 840 F.2d 1240, 1245 (5th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Harvell v. Blytheville School District # 5
See also Citizens for a Better Gretna v. City of Gretna, 834 F.2d 496 , 501 n. 11, 502 (5th Cir.1987) (holding that correlation coefficients of .963 and .926 revealed a "significant number" of blacks voting for a black candidate and qualified the candidate as the black-preferred candidate), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989). 23 Some lay testimony indicated that Harvell and Middlebrook may have had certain qualities that some minority voters may have found unappealing.
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Haryell v. Blytheville School District 5
See also Citizens for a Better Gretna v. City of Gretna, 834 F.2d 496 , 501 n. 11, 502 (5th Cir.1987) (holding that correlation coefficients of .963 and .926 revealed a “significant number” of blacks voting for a black candidate and qualified the candidate as the black-preferred candidate), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Rural West Tennessee African-American Affairs Council, Inc. v. McWherter
See id. at 80-82 , 106 S.Ct. at 2781-2783 ; see also, Citizens for a Better Gretna v. City of Gretna, 834 F.2d 496, 503-04 (5th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989) (noting that no Justice in Gingles considered “evidence of elections in which only whites were candidates”); Campos.v.
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
RURAL W. TENN. AFRICAN-AMERICAN COUN. v. McWherter
See id. at 80-82 , 106 S.Ct. at 2781-2783 ; see also, Citizens for a Better *459 Gretna v. City of Gretna, 834 F.2d 496, 503-04 (5th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989) (noting that no Justice in Gingles considered "evidence of elections in which only whites were candidates"); Campos v. City of Baytown, 840 F.2d 1240, 1245 (5th Cir.1988) (" Gingles itself looked only to elections where Black candidates were running.").
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Jenkins v. Red Clay Consolidated School District Board of Education
Id. at 1119 n. 15 (citation omitted; quoting Westwego I, 872 F.2d 1201 , 1208 n. 7 (5th Cir.1989)); see also Campos v. City of Baytown, 840 F.2d 1240, 1245 (5th Cir.1988) (rejecting defendants’ argument that “any time a candidate gets a majority of the minority votes he is the ‘chosen representative’ of the minority group”), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989). 22 We therefore do not believe that plaintiffs are required to present evidence on white versus white elections if they do not believe that those elections are probative.
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Jenkins v. Red Clay Consolidated School District Board Of Education
Id. at 1119 n. 15 (citation omitted; quoting Westwego I, 872 F.2d 1201 , 1208 n. 7 (5th Cir.1989)); see also Campos v. City of Baytown, 840 F.2d 1240, 1245 (5th Cir.1988) (rejecting defendants' argument that "any time a candidate gets a majority of the minority votes he is the 'chosen representative' of the minority group"), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989). 22 We therefore do not believe that plaintiffs are required to present evidence on white versus white elections if they do not believe that those elections are probative.
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
In Re Tak Communications, Inc.
See also Charles v. Daley, 846 F.2d 1057 (7th Cir.1988), cert. denied Diamond v. Charles, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3214 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989). 13 At least in this court, while the identification of issues on which to base objections to a disclosure statement is a matter of serious concern, the written presentation of those objections is hardly an art form requiring eighteen drafts to achieve perfection.
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
ca5 1993
One way of proving political cohesiveness, according to the Gingles majority, is to show "that a significant number of minority group members usually vote for the same candidates...." Id. at 56 , 106 S.Ct. at 2769 ; see also Citizens for a Better Gretna v. City of Gretna, 834 F.2d 496, 501-02 (5th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
League of United Latin American Citizens, Council No. 4434 v. Clements
One way of proving political cohesiveness, according to the Gingles majority, is to show "that a significant number of minority group members usually vote for the same candidates...." Id. at 56 , 106 S.Ct. at 2769 ; see also Citizens for a Better Gretna v. City of Gretna, 834 F.2d 496, 501-02 (5th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Williams v. CITY OF TEXARKANA, ARKANSAS
Gingles, 478 U.S. at 52-53 , 106 S.Ct. at 2767-67 ; see also, Campos v. City of Baytown, 840 F.2d 1240, 1245-1246, & n. 9 , aff'd en banc, 849 F.2d 943 (5th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989); Citizens for a Better Gretna v. City of Gretna, 834 F.2d 496, 499-500 , n. 7 and 8 (5th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Gallo v. John Powell Chevrolet, Inc.
See, e.g., Gunby v. Pennsylvania Electric Co., 840 F.2d 1108, 1119-20 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (1989) and Ross v. Buckeye Cellulose Corp., 764 F.Supp. 1543 , 1547-51 (M.D.Ga.1991).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Hall v. Holder
See also Citizens for a Better Gretna v. Gretna, 636 F.Supp. 1113, 1126 (E.D.La.1986) aff'd 834 F.2d 496 (5th Cir.1987) cert. denied 492 U.S. 905 , 109 S.Ct. 3213 , 106 L.Ed.2d 564 (Dr. Engstrom, as plaintiffs’ expert, conducted analysis of 1984 Jackson campaign, but also analyzed evidence from a statewide race for Secretary of State as well as two elections for the challenged office itself). 28 .
National Labor Relations Board
v.
Curtin Matheson Scientific, Inc.
v.
Curtin Matheson Scientific, Inc.
No. 88-1685.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Jun 26, 1989.
492 U.S. 905
Published
C. A. 5th Cir. Certiorari granted.