Sequoyah v. Tennessee Valley Auth., 449 U.S. 953 (1980). · Go Syfert
Sequoyah v. Tennessee Valley Auth., 449 U.S. 953 (1980). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
445 citation events (69 in the last 25 years) across 76 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: In Re Robert Stephen Adams, Debtor. Betty Hilda Ida Koepke Moraes v. Robert Stephen Adams, Robert Stephen Adams (ca9, 1985-05-29) · Strongest negative: Clare R. Bruffett v. Warner Communications, Inc (ca3, 1982-11-08)
Treatment trajectory · 1980 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1980 2003 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited "but see" Clare R. Bruffett v. Warner Communications, Inc (2×)
3rd Cir. · 1982 · signal: but see · confidence high
But see Green v. Amerada-Hess Corp., 612 F.2d 212 (5th Cir.) (interpreting Mississippi law), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 952 , 101 S.Ct. 356 , 66 L.Ed.2d 216 (1980).
examined Cited as authority (quoted) In Re Robert Stephen Adams, Debtor. Betty Hilda Ida Koepke Moraes v. Robert Stephen Adams, Robert Stephen Adams
9th Cir. · 1985 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
an amendment to an existing statute is not an acknowl-edgement by congress that the original statute is invalid. it is a common and customary legislative procedure to enact amendments strengthening and clarifying existing laws.
discussed Cited "see" Moon v. USP Beaumont
E.D. Tex. · 2024 · signal: see · confidence high
The court may also conduct an evidentiary hearing and “may hear conflicting written and oral evidence and decide for itself the factual issues which determine jurisdiction.” Deutsch v. Annis Enters., Inc., 882 F.3d 169 , 173 n.1 (5th Cir. 2018); Williamson, 645 F.2d at 413 ; see Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507, 511-12 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" Pamela Dubier, as Trustee of the Pamela Joy Dubier 2011 Revocable Trust v. Triangle Capital Properties LLC
E.D. Tex. · 2022 · signal: see · confidence high
The court may also conduct an evidentiary hearing and “may hear conflicting written and oral evidence and decide for itself the factual issues which determine jurisdiction.” Deutsch v. Annis Enters., Inc., 882 F.3d 169 , 173 n.1 (5th Cir. 2018); Williamson v. Tucker, 645 F.2d 6 404, 413 (5th Cir. 1981); see Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507, 511-12 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" Residents Against Flooding v. Reinvestment Zone Number Seventeen
S.D. Tex. · 2017 · signal: see · confidence high
The court may also conduct an evidentiary hearing and "may hear conflicting written and oral evidence and decide for itself the factual issues which determine jurisdiction.” Williamson, 645 F.2d at 413 ; see Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507, 511-12 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980). .
discussed Cited "see" Williams v. J.B. Hunt Transport, Inc.
S.D. Tex. · 2015 · signal: see · confidence high
The court may also conduct an evi-dentiary hearing and "may hear conflicting written and oral evidence and decide for itself the factual issues which determine jurisdiction.” Williamson, 645 F.2d at 413 ; see Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507, 511-12 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980). .
discussed Cited "see" Turner Industries Group, LLC v. International Union of Operating Engineers, Local 450
S.D. Tex. · 2014 · signal: see · confidence high
The court may also conduct an evi-dentiary hearing and "may hear conflicting written and oral evidence and decide for itself the factual issues which determine jurisdiction.” Williamson, 645 F.2d at 413 ; see Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507, 511-12 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980). .
discussed Cited "see" Gilkerson v. Chasewood Bank
S.D. Tex. · 2014 · signal: see · confidence high
The court may also conduct an evi-dentiary hearing and "may hear conflicting written and oral evidence and decide for itself the factual issues which determine jurisdiction.” Williamson, 645 F.2d at 413 ; see Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507, 511-12 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980). .
discussed Cited "see" Offiiong v. Holder
S.D. Tex. · 2012 · signal: see · confidence high
The court may also conduct an evidentiary hearing and "may hear conflicting written and oral evidence and decide for itself the factual issues which determine jurisdiction.” Williamson, 645 F.2d at 413 ; see Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507, 511-12 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980). .
discussed Cited "see" Newby v. Enron Corp.
unknown court · 2011 · signal: see · confidence high
The court may also conduct an evidentiary hearing and "may hear conflicting written and oral evidence and decide for itself the factual issues which determine jurisdiction." Williamson, 645 F.2d at 413 ; see Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507, 511-12 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980). .
discussed Cited "see" Clark v. Federal Deposit Insurance
S.D. Tex. · 2011 · signal: see · confidence high
The court may also conduct an evidentiary hearing and "may hear conflicting written and oral evidence and decide for itself the factual issues which determine jurisdiction.” Williamson, 645 F.2d at 413 ; see Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507, 511-12 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980). .
discussed Cited "see" Marcus v. McCollum (2×)
10th Cir. · 2004 · signal: see · confidence high
See Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507, 510, 513 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" Blanchet v. Chevron Texaco Corp.
E.D. Tex. · 2004 · signal: see · confidence high
The court may also conduct an evidentiary héaring and “may hear conflicting written and oral evidence and decide for itself the factual issues which determine jurisdiction.” Williamson, 645 F.2d at 413 ; see Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507, 511-12 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" Home Federal Bank of Tennessee, F.S.B. v. United States (2×)
Fed. Cl. · 2003 · signal: see · confidence high
See Empresas Electronicas Walser Inc. v. United States, 223 Ct.Cl. 686, 688 , 650 F.2d 286 , cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 357 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" Taylor v. Dam
S.D. Tex. · 2003 · signal: see · confidence high
The court may also conduct an evidentiary hearing and “may hear conflicting written and oral evidence and decide for itself the factual issues which determine jurisdiction.” Williamson, 645 F.2d at 413 ; see Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507, 511-12 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" Dow Jones & Co., Inc. v. Harrods, Ltd.
S.D.N.Y. · 2002 · signal: see · confidence high
See Lawrence v. Dunbar, 919 F.2d 1525, 1528-29 (11th Cir.1990) (per curiam) (citing Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507, 511 (5th Cir.)), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980) (citing Mortensen v. First Fed.
discussed Cited "see" Perri v. United States (2×)
Fed. Cl. · 2002 · signal: see · confidence high
See Empresas Electronics [Electronicas] Walser, Inc. v. United States, 223 Ct.Cl. 686, 688 , 650 F.2d 286 [Ct.Cl.1980], cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 357 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980) (an agency “can disavow” the unauthorized promises of its agents); Rest. (2d) Contracts, § 7 (a principal is free to affirm or to disavow the unauthorized promises of its agent, and thus contracts entered into by the agent acting beyond the scope of his authority are not void but are voidable by the principal).
examined Cited "see" Caldwell v. Caesar (3×)
D.D.C. · 2001 · signal: see · confidence high
See Sequoyah v. TVA, 620 F.2d 1159 , 1163 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 357 , 66 L.Ed.2d 216 (1980): "There is no requirement that a religion meet any organizational or doctrinal test in order to qualify for First Amendment protection.
cited Cited "see" In Re the Complaint of the Sea Vessel, Inc., for Exoneration From or Limitation of Liability as the Owner of the M/v Sea Lion v v. Juan Reyes
11th Cir. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507, 511 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. John Cobb and Jack R. Cobb
5th Cir. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See Green v. Amerada-Hess Corp., 612 F.2d 212, 214 (5th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 952 , 101 S.Ct. 356 , 66 L.Ed.2d 216 (1980) (Where Mississippi statute did not *157 provide damages for retaliatory firing, this Court had to “decide [the] issue as we believe a Mississippi court would decide it.” (citation omitted)).
discussed Cited "see" U.S. v. Cobb
5th Cir. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See Green v. Amerada-Hess Corp., 612 F.2d 212, 214 (5th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 952 , 101 S. Ct. 356 , 66 L.
cited Cited "see" United States v. Walker Bennett Monroe
9th Cir. · 1991 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Tapert, 625 F.2d 111, 120-21 (6th Cir.) (applying subsequent amendment to affirm felony conviction), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 952 , 101 S.Ct. 356 , 66 L.Ed.2d 216 (1980)).
discussed Cited "see" Janowsky v. United States (2×)
Ct. Cl. · 1991 · signal: see · confidence high
See Empresas Electronics Walser, Inc. v. United States, 223 Ct.Cl. 686, 688 , 650 F.2d 286 , cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 357 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980) (an agency “can disavow” the unauthorized promises of its agents); Rest. (2d) Contracts, § 7 (a principal is free to affirm or to disavow the unauthorized promises of its agent, and thus contracts entered into by the agent acting beyond the scope of his authority are not void but are voidable by the principal).
discussed Cited "see" Jones v. Gutschenritter
unknown court · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980) (case dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction after a full evidentia-ry hearing).
discussed Cited "see" Jones v. Gutschenritter
unknown court · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980) (case dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction after a full evidentiary hearing).
cited Cited "see" Stephens v. State of Mich.
6th Cir. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See Sequoyah v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 620 F.2d 1159, 1161 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 (1980).
cited Cited "see" Ronald D. Nichols v. Nancy Anderson, and Canal Insurance Company, Garnishee-Appellant. Allstate Insurance Company v. Canal Insurance Company
5th Cir. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See Green v. Amerada-Hess Corp., 612 F.2d 212 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 952 , 101 S.Ct. 356 , 66 L.Ed.2d 216 (1980).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Billie
S.D. Fla. · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See id. (reviewing cases).
cited Cited "see" Mozert v. Hawkins County Public Schools
E.D. Tenn. · 1986 · signal: accord · confidence high
Accord, Thomas v. Review Board, supra, at 713, 101 S.Ct. at 1429 .
discussed Cited "see" Augusta Clark v. Tarrant County, Texas
5th Cir. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980). *744 In determining whether an entity is entitled to Eleventh Amendment immunity, we “must examine the particular entity in question and its powers and characteristics as created by state law____” Laje v. R.E.
discussed Cited "see" Wheat v. United States
W.D. Tex. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See Joan Dubinsky v. Eli Lilly and Company, et al, Civil Action No. A-82-CA-049, memorandum entered on February 26, 1985, citing Green v. *720 Amerada-Hess Corp, 612 F.2d 212, 214 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 952 , 101 S.Ct. 356 , 66 L.Ed.2d 216 (1980) and 19 Wright, Miller & Cooper, Federal Practice and Procedure § 4507 (1982) cf. McKenna v. Ortho Pharmaceutical Corp., 622 F.2d 657, 662-63 (3rd Cir. 1980).
cited Cited "see" Joseph C. Booker, D/B/A Booker Trucking Company v. City of Atlanta, a Municipal Corporation, F. M. Couvillion
11th Cir. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980).
cited Cited "see" Hospital & Service Employees Union, Local 399 v. National Labor Relations Board
9th Cir. · 1984 · signal: see · confidence high
Id. at 2933; see Stephens Institute v. NLRB, 620 F.2d 720 , 727 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980). .
discussed Cited "see" Hospital & Service Employees Union, Local 399 v. National Labor Relations Board
9th Cir. · 1984 · signal: see · confidence high
Id. at 2933; see Stephens Institute v. NLRB, 620 F.2d 720 , 727 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980) 8 Whether the NLRB attempts to restrain the distribution of handbills or the publication of newspapers, the regulation of "coercive" publicity in section 8(b)(4) is clearly content-based.
cited Cited "see" Union Carbide Corporation v. Ugi Corporation, Amerigas, Inc. And James A. Sutton
5th Cir. · 1984 · signal: see · confidence high
See Cook Industries, Inc. v. Community Grain, Inc., 614 F.2d 978, 980 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 952 , 101 S.Ct. *1190 356, 66 L.Ed.2d 216 (1980) (elements required under Texas law).
discussed Cited "see" Council of and for the Blind of Delaware County Valley, Inc. v. Donald T. Regan, Secretary of the Treasury
D.C. Cir. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See Alexander v. Gino’s, Inc., 621 F.2d 71 , 74-75 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980); Roman v. ESB, Inc., 550 F.2d 1343, 1348 (4th Cir. en banc 1976); Weisman v. MCA, Inc., 45 F.R.D. 258, 261 (D.Del.1968); Dolgow v. Anderson, 43 F.R.D. 472, 491 (E.D.N.Y.1968). .
cited Cited "see" Robert Allen Howerton, and Roxanna Howerton v. Jess Gabica and Marjorie Gabica
9th Cir. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507, 510-13 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" Ouachita National Bank, Curator of the Estate of Ted Rodgers Barbara Rodgers and Ted Rodgers v. Tosco Corporation (2×)
8th Cir. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Martorano, 620 F.2d 912, 919 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 952 , 101 S.Ct. 356 , 66 L.Ed.2d 216 (1980). [I]n assessing the reasonableness of a challenge to his impartiality, each judge must be alert to avoid the possibility that those who would question his impartiality are in fact seeking to avoid the consequences of his expected adverse decision.
cited Cited "see" Hauptmann v. Wilentz
D.N.J. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Martorano, 620 F.2d 912 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 952 , 101 S.Ct. 356 , 66 L.Ed.2d 216 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" Matter of King Resources Co. (2×)
D. Colo. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. King Resources Company, 614 F.2d 703 (10th Cir.) cert. den. 449 U.S. 952 , 101 S.Ct. 357 , 66 L.Ed.2d 216 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" Debora D. Gordon v. National Youth Work Alliance (2×)
D.C. Cir. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507, 511-512 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit
3rd Cir. · 1981 · signal: see · confidence high
See Memphis Development Foundation v. Factors Etc., Inc., 616 F.2d 956 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980) (exclusive right of publicity for an entertainer is not inheritable); Factors Etc., Inc. v. Pro Arts, Inc., 579 F.2d 215, 220 (2d Cir. 1978), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 908 , 99 S.Ct. 1215 , 59 L.Ed.2d 455 (1979) (right of publicity is assignable during public figure's lifetime); Motschenbacher v. R.
discussed Cited "see" Fleer Corp. v. Topps Chewing Gum, Inc.
3rd Cir. · 1981 · signal: see · confidence high
See Memphis Development Foundation v. Factors Etc., Inc., 616 F.2d 956 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980) (exclusive right of publicity for an entertainer is not inheritable); Factors Etc., Inc. v. Pro Arts, Inc., 579 F.2d 215, 220 (2d Cir. 1978), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 908 , 99 S.Ct. 1215 , 59 L.Ed.2d 455 (1979) (right of publicity is assignable during public figure’s lifetime); Motschenbacher v. R.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Jain v. United States
Fed. Cl. · 2026 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Empresas Electronicas Walser Inc. v. United States, 650 F.2d 286 (Ct. Cl. 1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 (1980) (an agency “can disavow” the unauthorized promises of its agents); Perri v. United States, 53 Fed.
examined Cited "see, e.g." National Coalition to Save Our Mall v. Norton (3×)
D.D.C. · 2001 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Sequoyah v. Tennessee Valley Auth., 480 F.Supp. 608, 611-12 (E.D.Tenn.1979) (finding that Congress exempted certain projects of the Tennessee Valley Authority from the Endangered Species Act), aff'd, 620 F.2d 1159 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 357 , 66 L.Ed.2d 216 (1980); Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Weinberger, 562 F.Supp. 265, 270 (D.D.C.1983), appeal dismissed without opinion, 725 F.2d 125 (D.C.Cir.1984) (“To be sure, Con *25 gress can and does exempt projects from NEPA”) (citing Flint Ridge Development Co. v. Scenic Rivers Assoc. of Oklahoma, 426 U.S. 7…
examined Cited "see, e.g." Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Florida v. United States (3×)
S.D. Fla. · 1997 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Sequoyah v. Tennessee Valley Auth., 620 F.2d 1159 (6th Cir.), cert, denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 357 , 66 L.Ed.2d 216 (1980) (government decision to flood tribal lands for reservoir did not infringe on Cherokee Tribe’s First Amendment rights).
examined Cited "see, e.g." Alabama v. Trustees of the Big Sandy Independent School District (3×)
E.D. Tex. · 1993 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Sequoyah v. Tennessee Valley Authority, 620 F.2d 1159, 1163 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 357 , 66 L.Ed.2d 216 (1980) (the fact that Cherokees have no written creeds or houses of worship are of little import when construing the individual beliefs-of the plaintiffs religion).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Dolcie Lawrence v. Peter Dunbar, United States of America
11th Cir. · 1990 · signal: see also · confidence low
See Bell v. Hood, 327 U.S. 678 , 66 S.Ct. 773 , 90 L.Ed. 939 (1946); see also Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980) (dismissal of plaintiffs 42 U.S.C. § 1983 suit for lack of subject matter jurisdiction affirmed where the state action that was alleged was wholly unconvincing).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Brooks v. Southern Bell Telephone & Telegraph Co.
S.D. Fla. · 1990 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Alexander v. Gino’s, Inc., 621 F.2d 71 (3rd Cir.1980), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Marvel Engineering Co. v. United States
Ct. Cl. · 1988 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Menchaca v. Chrysler Credit Corp., 613 F.2d 507 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 953 , 101 S.Ct. 358 , 66 L.Ed.2d 217 (1980).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Sequoyah
v.
Tennessee Valley Authority
No. 80-284.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Nov 3, 1980.
449 U.S. 953

C. A. 6th Cir. Certiorari denied.