Bowsher v. Am. Postal Workers Union, 478 U.S. 1015 (1986). · Go Syfert
Bowsher v. Am. Postal Workers Union, 478 U.S. 1015 (1986). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
367 citation events (143 in the last 25 years) across 47 distinct courts.
Negative lean: 10th  ·  Positive lean: 9th, 3rd, 2nd
Strongest positive: Groq, Inc. v. Groq Health, Inc. (nysd, 2025-03-27) · Strongest negative: Robinson v. City of Edmond (ca10, 1998-11-06)
Treatment trajectory · 1986 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1986 2006 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers. How cited ↗
examined Cited "but see" Robinson v. City of Edmond (4×)
10th Cir. · 1998 · signal: but cf. · confidence high
But cf. Cunningham v. City of McKeesport, 753 F.2d 262, 267 (3d Cir.1985) (holding that under the Third Circuit's approach, a district court has no reason to disregard uncontested affidavits filed by the fee applicant when the defendant chose not to put those amounts in controversy), vacated 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986), reinstated after remand, 807 F.2d 49 (3d Cir.1986).
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Groq, Inc. v. Groq Health, Inc.
S.D.N.Y. · 2025 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
courts should not tamper with the pleadings unless there is a strong reason for so doing
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Jones v. Experian Information Solutions, Inc.
S.D.N.Y. · 2025 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
motions to strike are highly disfavored.
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Wertzberger v. Shapiro, Dicaro & Barak, LLC
E.D.N.Y · 2021 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
otions to strike are generally disfavored, even when appropriately applied to the pleadings of a case.
examined Cited as authority (quoted) United States ex rel. Keshner v. Nursing Personnel Home Care
2d Cir. · 2015 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
in fundincourt cases, because of the potential for conflicts of interest between the 11 attorneys seeking compensation and their clients, the trial court has an 12 independent duty to scrutinize fee applications.
examined Cited as authority (quoted) United States ex rel. Keshner v. Nursing Personnel Home Care (2×)
2d Cir. · 2015 · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence low
in fundincourt cases, because of the potential for conflicts of interest between the attorneys seeking compensation and their clients, the trial court has an independent duty to scrutinize fee applications.
examined Cited as authority (quoted) Godson v. Eltman, Eltman & Cooper, P.C.
W.D.N.Y. · 2012 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
a motion to strike an affirmative defense under rule 12(f) ... for legal insufficiency is not favored and will not be granted 'unless it appears to a certainty that plaintiffs would succeed despite any state of the facts which could be proved in support of the defense.
examined Cited as authority (quoted) Etienne v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (2×)
D. Conn. · 2000 · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence low
a motion to strike an affirmative defense under rule 12(f), fed.r.civ.p. for legal insufficiency is not favored.
examined Cited as authority (quoted) United States v. Local 1804-1, International Longshoremen's Ass'n (2×)
S.D.N.Y. · 1990 · quote attribution · 2 verbatim quotes · confidence low
motion to strike for insufficiency was never intended to furnish an opportunity for the determination of disputed and substantial questions of law
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Harry E. Fleischhauer v. C. Elvin Feltner, Jr.
6th Cir. · 1989 · confidence medium
See also Freschi v. Grand Coal Venture, 767 F.2d 1041 (2d Cir.1985); vacated, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S..Ct. 3325, 92 L.Ed.2d 731 , on remand, 800 F.2d 305 , reconsidered, 806 F.2d 17 (Supreme Court remanded to determine tax question in light of Randall and Sedima).
cited Cited "see" 405 Sullivan Avenue Industrial LLC v. Kuhns Family Properties, LLC
D. Conn. · 2023 · signal: see · confidence high
Conn. 2008); see Salcer v. Envicon Equities Corp., 744 F.2d 935, 939 (2d Cir. 1984), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 (1986)).
discussed Cited "see" Trickel v. Discount Gold Brokers, Inc. (2×)
M.D. Penn. · 2022 · signal: see · confidence high
The district court cannot “decrease a fee award based on factors not raised at all by the adverse party.” /d. at 720; see Cunningham v. City of McKeesport, 753 F.2d 262, 267 (3d Cir.1985), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 , reinstated, 807 F.2d 49 (3d Cir.1986), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1049 , 107 S.Ct. 2179 , 95 L.Ed.2d 836 (1987).
cited Cited "see" INTL FCStone Markets, LLC v. Intercambio Mexicano de Comercio S.A. de C.V.
S.D.N.Y. · 2021 · signal: see · confidence high
See Salcer v. Envicon Equities Corp., 744 F.2d 935, 939 (2d Cir. 1984), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 (1986).
cited Cited "see" Cheatham v. ADT Corp.
D. Ariz. · 2016 · signal: see · confidence high
See id. (citations omitted).
discussed Cited "see" Seippel v. Jenkens & Gilchrist, P.C. (2×)
S.D.N.Y. · 2004 · signal: see · confidence high
See Salcer v. Envicon Equities Corp., 744 F.2d 935, 939 (2d Cir.1984), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986). 152 .
discussed Cited "see" Jordan v. CCH, INC. (2×)
E.D. Pa. · 2002 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Eleven Vehicles, 200 F.3d 203, 211-212 (3d Cir.2000) (citing Cunningham v. City of McKeesport, 753 F.2d 262, 266 (3d Cir.1985), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986), and reinstated, 807 F.2d 49 (3d Cir.1986)).
cited Cited "see" Securities & Exchange Commission v. McCaskey
S.D.N.Y. · 1999 · signal: see · confidence high
See id.
discussed Cited "see" Berke, et al. v. Presstek, et al.
D.N.H. · 1999 · signal: see · confidence high
See Freschi v. Grand Coal Venture, 767 F.2d 1041, 1048 (2d Cir. 1985) ("Any reasonable investor would be interested in knowing that the SEC was concerned about possible fraud in connection with a securities offering which the offeror himself described as 'basically similar' to the one under consideration for investment."), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 (1986); modified in other respects on remand, 800 F.2d 305 (2d Cir. 1986), modified in other respects, 806 F.2d 17 (2d Cir. 1986); New Equity Sec.
discussed Cited "see" Becker v. ARCO Chemical Co. (2×)
E.D. Pa. · 1998 · signal: see · confidence high
See id. (“[A] court may not sua sponte reduce the amount of the award when the defendant has not specifically taken issue with the amount of time spent or the billing rate, either by filing affidavits, or, in most cases, by raising arguments with specificity and clarity in briefs (or answering motion papers).”) (clarifying Cunningham v. City of McKeesport, 753 F.2d 262, 265-66 (3d Cir. 1985), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986)).
examined Cited "see" State of NY v. Almy Bros., Inc. (3×)
N.D.N.Y. · 1997 · signal: see · confidence high
See id.
discussed Cited "see" Byas v. New York City Department of Correction (2×)
S.D.N.Y. · 1997 · signal: see · confidence high
See Salcer v. Envicon Equities Corp., 744 F.2d 935 , 939 (2d Cir.1984), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986); SEC v. Thrasher, No. 92 Civ. 6987, 1995 WL 456402 , at *4 (S.D.N.Y.
discussed Cited "see" Tobin v. Haverford School (2×)
E.D. Pa. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See id. (“[A] court may not sua sponte reduce the amount of the award when the defendant has not specifically taken issue with the amount of time spent or the billing rate, either by filing affidavits, or, in most cases, by raising arguments with specificity and clarity in briefs (or answering motion papers).”) (clarifying Cunningham v. City of McKeesport, 758 F.2d 262, 265-66 (3d Cir.1985), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015, 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986)).
discussed Cited "see" Arndt v. Hanna (In Re Hanna) (2×)
Bankr. E.D.N.Y. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See Freschi v. Grand Coal Venture, 767 F.2d 1041, 1047-48 (2d Cir.1985), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015, 106 S.Ct. 3325 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 , modified, 800 F.2d 305 . and amended on reh’g, 806 F.2d 17 (2d Cir.1986).
discussed Cited "see" Bolden v. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (2×)
E.D. Pa. · 1995 · signal: see · confidence high
The district court cannot “decrease a fee award based on factors not raised at all by the adverse party.” Id. at 720 ; see Cunningham v. City of McKeesport, 753 F.2d 262, 267 (3d Cir.1985) [vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 ], Rode, 892 F.2d at 1183 (citations omitted).
discussed Cited "see" Arndt v. Hanna (In Re Hanna) (2×)
Bankr. E.D.N.Y. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See Freschi v. Grand Coal Venture, 767 F.2d 1041, 1050 (2d Cir.1985) (listing elements of fraud and noting that they were analyzed under plaintiffs 10b-5 claim thus “it would be repetitious ... to engage in separate discussion [in context of common law fraud]”), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3325 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 , modified, 800 F.2d 305 , and amended on reh’g, 806 F.2d 17 (2d Cir.1986).
discussed Cited "see" Investigation & Determination of an Appropriate Unit & Exclusive Representative Hill-Murray Federation of Teachers, St. Paul v. Hill-Murray High School, Maplewood (2×)
Minn. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See State v. Sports and Health Club, Inc., 370 N.W.2d 844, 850 (Minn.1985) appeal dismissed, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3315 , 92 L.Ed.2d 730 (1986).
discussed Cited "see" Barkanic v. General Administration of Civil Aviation of the People's Republic of China (2×)
2d Cir. · 1991 · signal: see · confidence high
See Salcer v. Envicon Equities Corp., 744 F.2d 935, 941 (2d Cir.1984), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986).
discussed Cited "see" Louise Agnes Barkanic v. General Administration Of Civil Aviation Of The People's Republic Of China (2×)
2d Cir. · 1991 · signal: see · confidence high
See Salcer v. Envicon Equities Corp., 744 F.2d 935, 941 (2d Cir.1984), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986).
discussed Cited "see" Griffin v. McNiff (2×)
S.D.N.Y. · 1990 · signal: accord · confidence high
Accord Freschi v. Grand Coal Venture, 767 F.2d 1041 , 1046 n. 7 (2d Cir.1985), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3325 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986); Bender v. Rocky Mountain Drilling Associates, 648 F.Supp. 330, 334-35 (D.D.C.1986).
discussed Cited "see" Joy Manufacturing Corp. v. Pullman-Peabody Co. (2×)
W.D. Pa. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
The district court cannot “decrease a fee award based on factors not raised at all by the adverse party.” Id. at 720 ; see Cunningham v. City of McKeesport, 753 F.2d 262, 267 (3d Cir.1985), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 [ 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 ] (1986).
discussed Cited "see" Rode v. Dellarciprete (2×)
3rd Cir. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
The district court cannot “decrease a fee award based on factors not raised at all by the adverse party.” Id. at 720 ; see Cunningham v. City of McKeesport, 753 F.2d 262, 267 (3d Cir.1985), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 , reinstated, 807 F.2d 49 (3d Cir.1986), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1049 , 107 S.Ct. 2179 , 95 L.Ed.2d 836 (1987).
discussed Cited "see" Rode v. Dellarciprete (2×)
3rd Cir. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
The district court cannot "decrease a fee award based on factors not raised at all by the adverse party." Id. at 720 ; see Cunningham v. City of McKeesport, 753 F.2d 262, 267 (3d Cir.1985), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 , reinstated, 807 F.2d 49 (3d Cir.1986), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1049 , 107 S.Ct. 2179 , 95 L.Ed.2d 836 (1987).
discussed Cited "see" Northeast Women's Center v. McMonagle (2×)
3rd Cir. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See Cunningham v. City of McKeesport, 753 F.2d 262, 268 (3d Cir.1985) (“Cunningham I”), vacated and remanded, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986), reinstated, 807 F.2d 49 (3d Cir.1986), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1049 , 107 S.Ct. 2179 , 95 L.Ed.2d 836 (1987).
discussed Cited "see" Northeast Women's Center v. Mcmonagle (2×)
3rd Cir. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See Cunningham v. City of McKeesport, 753 F.2d 262, 268 (3d Cir.1985) ("Cunningham I "), vacated and remanded, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986), reinstated, 807 F.2d 49 (3d Cir.1986), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1049 , 107 S.Ct. 2179 , 95 L.Ed.2d 836 (1987). 28 Our decision in Cunningham I to reverse and remand for recalculation of the fee was itself vacated and remanded by the Supreme Court for reconsideration in light of City of Riverside.
discussed Cited "see" Joyce C. Bell v. United Princeton Properties, Inc. (2×)
3rd Cir. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986).
discussed Cited "see" Bell v. United Princeton Properties, Inc. (2×)
3rd Cir. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986).
discussed Cited "see" Student Public Interest Research Group v. Monsanto Co. (2×)
D.N.J. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See Cunningham v. City of McKeesport, 753 F.2d 262 (3d Cir.1985), vacated and remanded on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986), original decision reinstated 807 F.2d 49 (3d Cir.1986), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1049 , 107 S.Ct. 2179 , 95 L.Ed.2d 836 (1987). 2.
discussed Cited "see" Daggett, George T. v. Kimmelman, Irwin I., Etc., Forsythe, Edwin B., and Cross-Appellees v. Kean, Thomas H., Etc., James J. Florio, Defendants-Intervenors, Carmen A. Orechio and Alan J. Karcher, Defendants-Intervenors-Appellees and Cross-Appellants
3rd Cir. · 1987 · signal: accord · confidence high
Accord Cunningham v. City of McKeesport, 753 F.2d 262, 269 (3d Cir.1985), vacated and remanded, --- U.S. ----, 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 , reinstated, 807 F.2d 49 (3d Cir.1986); In re Fine Paper Antitrust Litig., 751 F.2d at 596 .
discussed Cited "see" Daggett v. Kimmelman
3rd Cir. · 1987 · signal: accord · confidence high
Accord Cunningham v. City of McKeesport, 753 F.2d 262, 269 (3d Cir. 1985), vacated and remanded, — U.S. —, 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 , reinstated, 807 F.2d 49 (3d Cir.1986); In re Fine Paper Antitrust Litig., 751 F.2d at 596 .
discussed Cited "see" Harvey Culp, Jr. v. North Carolina Prison Department
4th Cir. · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See Haygood v. Younger, 769 F.2d 1350 (9th Cir.1985), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 54 U.S.L.W. 3866 (June 24, 1986). 6 Because we cannot find "beyond doubt" and under any "arguable" construction, "both in law and in fact", of the substance of Culp's claims, that he would not be entitled to relief, see Boyce v. Alizaduh, 595 F.2d 948 (4th Cir.1979), we vacate the district court's dismissal and remand the case for further proceedings.
discussed Cited "see" DuPont v. Brady (2×)
S.D.N.Y. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See Freschi v. Grand Coal Ventures, 767 F.2d 1041,1050 (2d Cir.1985), vacated on other grounds, — U.S. -, 106 S.Ct. 3325 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986); see also Kountze v. Kennedy, 147 N.Y. 124, 129 , 41 N.E. 414, 414 (1895) (misjudgment, however gross, is not fraud; misrepresentation, when believing it to be true, is not fraud); Burgundy Basin Inn, Ltd. v. Watkins Grand Prix Corp., 51 A.D.2d 140, 145-46 , 379 N.Y.S.2d 873, 878-80 (1976) (allegations of negligent misrepresentations as to future events will not sustain action for fraud).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Tucker v. American International Group, Inc. (2×)
D. Conn. · 2013 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Salcer v. Envicon Equities Corp., 744 F.2d 935, 938 (2d Cir.1984) (motion to strike “for legal insufficiency is not favored”), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986); Schramm v. Krischell, 84 F.R.D. 294, 299 (D.Conn.1979) (“[i]f there is any doubt as to the possibility of relevance, a judge should err on the side of denying a Rule 12(f) motion”); Hathaway Motors, Inc. v. Gen.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Gill v. Arab Bank, PLC (2×)
E.D.N.Y · 2012 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Salcer v. Envicon Equities Corp., 744 F.2d 935, 939 (2d Cir.1984), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Gill v. Arab Bank, PLC (2×)
E.D.N.Y · 2012 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Salcer v. Envicon Equities Corp., 744 F.2d 935, 939 (2d Cir.1984), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986).
examined Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Philip A. Giordano (4×)
2d Cir. · 2006 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Freschi v. Grand Coal Venture, 767 F.2d 1041, 1048 (2d Cir.) (holding without discussion that a telephone network is an “instrumentality of interstate commerce” for purposes of Exchange Act § 10(b), 15 U.S.C. § 78j), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3325 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986). 7 We see no reason why the result should be different here.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Interfaith Community Organization v. Honeywell International, Inc. (2×)
D.N.J. · 2004 · signal: compare · confidence low
See Alan Hirsch & Diane Sheehey, Federal Judicial Center, Awarding Attorneys’ Fees & Managing Fee Litigation 20 (1994); compare Cunningham v. City of McKeesport, 753 F.2d 262, 268 (3d Cir.1985) (adopting firm’s regular billing of $100 per hour for purposes of lodestar calculation), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986), original decision reinstated, 807 F.2d 49 (3d Cir.1986), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1049 , 107 S.Ct. 2179 , 95 L.Ed.2d 836 (1987) with Student Pub.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Doyaga v. Schretter (In re Smith) (2×)
Bankr. E.D.N.Y. · 1996 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Freschi v. Grand Coal Venture, 767 F.2d 1041, 1047 (2d Cir.1985), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3325 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986) (Stating that satisfaction of the plaintiffs inquiry may involve a “rather painstaking investigation.”).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Public Interest Research Group Of New Jersey, Inc. v. Sheila E. Windall (2×)
3rd Cir. · 1995 · signal: compare · confidence low
See Alan Hirsch & Diane Sheehey, Federal Judicial Center, Awarding Attorneys' Fees & Managing Fee Litigation 20 (1994); compare Cunningham v. City of McKeesport, 753 F.2d 262, 268 (3d Cir.1985) (adopting firm's regular billing of $100 per hour for purposes of lodestar calculation), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986), original decision reinstated, 807 F.2d 49 (3d Cir.1986), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1049 , 107 S.Ct. 2179 , 95 L.Ed.2d 836 (1987) with SPIRG, 842 F.2d at 1443-45 (rejecting approach of adopting attorneys' actual billing rates for more flex…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Public Interest Research Group of New Jersey, Inc. v. Windall (2×)
3rd Cir. · 1995 · signal: compare · confidence low
See Alan Hirsch & Diane Sheehey, Federal Judicial Center, Awarding Attorneys’ Fees & Managing Fee Litigation 20 (1994); compare Cunningham v. City of McKeesport, 753 F.2d 262, 268 (3d Cir.1985) (adopting firm’s regular billing of $100 per hour for purposes of lodestar calculation), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3324 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986), original decision reinstated, 807 F.2d 49 (3d Cir.1986), cert. denied, 481 U.S. 1049 , 107 S.Ct. 2179 , 95 L.Ed.2d 836 (1987) with SPIRG, 842 F.2d at 1443-45 (rejecting approach of adopting attorneys’ actual billing rates for mor…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Ballan v. Wilfred American Educational Corp. (2×)
E.D.N.Y · 1989 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Freschi v. Grand Coal Venture, 767 F.2d 1041, 1049 (2d Cir.1985), vacated on other grounds, 478 U.S. 1015 , 106 S.Ct. 3325 , 92 L.Ed.2d 731 (1986); Denny v. Barber, 576 F.2d 465, 468-69 (2d Cir.1978). 5.
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Bowsher, Comptroller General of the United States
v.
American Postal Workers Union, AFL-CIO
No. 85-1693.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Jul 7, 1986.
478 U.S. 1015

Affirmed on appeal from D. C. D. C.