green
Positive treatment
Quoted verbatim 8×
12.4 score
“the affirmative duty to protect arises not from the state's knowledge of the individual's predicament or from its expressions of intent to help him, but from the limitation which it has imposed on his freedom to act on his own behalf.”
Treatment trajectory · 1989 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1989
2007
2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers.
How cited ↗
discussed
Cited "but see"
Chiropractic Alliance of New Jersey v. Parisi
“To withstand a motion to dismiss, a complaint alleging a civil rights conspiracy should identify with particularity the conduct violating plaintiffs rights, the time and place of these actions and the people responsible therefore.” Boddorff v. Publicker Industries, Inc., 488 F.Supp. 1107, 1111 (E.D.Pa.1980); but see Colburn v. Upper Darby Township, 838 F.2d 663, 666 (3d Cir.1988) (noting that pleading time and place of conduct is merely one of several methods to meet heightened standard), ce rt. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 808 (1989).
examined
Cited as authority (verbatim quote)
Jamie S. Nabozny v. Mary Podlesny, William Davis, Thomas Blauert
the affirmative duty to protect arises not from the state's knowledge of the individual's predicament or from its expressions of intent to help him, but from the limitation which it has imposed on his freedom to act on his own behalf.
examined
Cited as authority (quoted)
Mohammad Ali Saba v. Compagnie Nationale Air France
(2×)
an act is reckless in the pertinent sense when it reflects complete indifference to risk - when the actor does not care whether the other person lives or dies, despite knowing that there is a significant risk of death.
examined
Cited as authority (quoted)
Delores Simmons, Administratrix of the Estate of Daniel La Friscoe Simmons v. The City of Philadelphia Police Officer A. Panati, Badge No. 2587
(2×)
col-burn i
discussed
Cited "see"
Pena v. Deprisco
Whether termed “deliberate indifference” or “recklessness,” this mental state is sufficient to establish liability in such cases “because it requires proof that the defendant focused upon the risk of unconstitutional conduct and deliberately assumed or acquiesced in such risk.” Woodward v. City of Worland, 977 F.2d 1392 , 1399 n. 11 (10th Cir.1992), cert. denied, 509 U.S. 923 , 113 S.Ct. 3038 , 125 L.Ed.2d 724 (1993); accord Archie v. City of Racine, 847 F.2d 1211, 1219 (7th Cir.1988) (en banc) (“[Rjeckless disregard of a great risk is a form of knowledge or intent”), cert. den…
discussed
Cited "see"
Channer v. Murray
See Barbera v. Smith, 836 F.2d 96, 99 (2d Cir.1987) (holding that plaintiff failed to plead a cognizable claim for relief under Bivens because she did not allege any personal involvement of defendant supervisor), cert. denied sub nom., Barbera v. Schlessinger, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 808 (1989); accord Cuoco v. Moritsugu, 222 F.3d 99, 109 (2d Cir.2000).
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Union Corp.
See Colburn v. Upper Darby Township, 838 F.2d 663, 666 (3d Cir. 1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 808 (1989); District Council 17, 795 F.2d at 316 .
discussed
Cited "see"
Estate of Scott B. Stevens, Baptist Stevens, and Judy Stevens v. City of Green Bay, John Laux, Officer, and Patrick Buckley, Officer
See Ross v. United States, 910 F.2d 1422, 1431 (7th Cir.1990) (quoting Archie v. City of Racine, 847 F.2d 1211, 1223 (7th Cir.1988) (en banc), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 809 (1989)).
cited
Cited "see"
Regalbuto v. City of Philadelphia
See Archie v. City of Racine, 847 F.2d 1211, 1220-21 (7th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 809 (1989). 4 .
discussed
Cited "see"
Verney v. Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission
(2×)
also: Cited "see, e.g."
See Colburn v. Upper Darby Township, 838 F.2d 663, 668 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 808 (1989); Schrob v. Catterson, 948 F.2d 1402, 1421 (3d Cir.1991) (heightened pleading standard in actions against individual government defendants).
discussed
Cited "see"
Johnson v. City of Erie, Pa.
See Colburn v. Upper Darby Twp., 838 F.2d 663, 666 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 808 (1989), quoting Frazier v. Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority, 785 F.2d 65, 68 (3d Cir.1986).
discussed
Cited "see"
Lasley v. Godinez
See Archie v. City of Racine, 847 F.2d 1211, 1215-18 (7th Cir.1988) (enbanc), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 809 (1989); Wallace, 940 F.2d at 248 ; Dawson v. Milwaukee Housing Authority, 930 F.2d 1283, 1286 (7th Cir.1991). 4 .
discussed
Cited "see"
State of Ohio v. United States Environmental Protection Agency
(2×)
See New York v. EPA, 852 F.2d 574 , 580 (D.C.Cir.1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 809 (1989).
cited
Cited "see"
D.R., a Minor Child, by Her Parent and Natural Guardian, L.R., and L.R., Individually and in Her Own Right, No. 91-1136 v. Middle Bucks Area Vocational Technical School, William Goode, James C. Bazzel, Martha Richino, Susan Peters, Bucks County Intermediate Unit No. 22, Christina Tuttle, Penn Ridge School District, Charles Fambro, Fred Freeman, James A. Gallagher, Brian Miller, Marc R. Ratcliffe, James M. Sperling, Lester Sutphin. L.H., Bucks County, Pennsylvania, No. 91-1137 v. Middle Bucks Area Vocational Technical School, and William Goode and James C. Bazzel and Martha Richino and Susan Peters and James A. Gallagher and Brian Miller and Marc R. Ratcliffe and James M. Sperling and Lester Sutphin
See Colburn v. Upper Darby Township, 838 F.2d 663, 669-70 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 808 (1989).
cited
Cited "see"
D.R. ex rel. L.R. v. Middle Bucks Area Vocational Technical School
See Colburn v. Upper Darby Township, 838 F.2d 663, 669-70 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 808 (1989).
cited
Cited "see"
Sanguigni v. Pittsburgh Board of Public Education
See Colburn v. Upper Darby Township, 838 F.2d 663, 666 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 808 (1989).
cited
Cited "see"
Sanguigni v. Pittsburgh Board Of Public Education
See Colburn v. Upper Darby Township, 838 F.2d 663, 666 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 808 (1989).
cited
Cited "see"
Agresta v. Goode
See Colburn v. Upper Darby Township, 838 F.2d 663, 666 (3d Cir.1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 808 (1989). ii.
cited
Cited "see"
Dorothy J. v. Little Rock School District
See Archie v. City of Racine, 847 F.2d 1211, 1215-18 (7th Cir.1988) (en banc), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 809 (1989).
discussed
Cited "see"
No. 90-6051
See Colburn v. Upper Darby Township, 838 F.2d 663, 666 (3d Cir.1988) (complaint must provide "a modicum of factual specificity, identifying the particular conduct of defendants that is alleged to have harmed the plaintiffs"), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 808 (1989).
discussed
Cited "see"
Schrob v. Catterson
See Colburn v. Upper Darby Township, 838 F.2d 663, 666 (3d Cir.1988) (complaint must provide “a modicum of factual specificity, identifying the particular conduct of defendants that is alleged to have harmed the plaintiffs”), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 808 (1989).
cited
Cited "see"
Henschke v. Borough of Clayton
See Colburn v. Upper Darby Tp., 838 F. 2d 663 , 666 (3rd Cir.1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed. 2d 808 (1989).
discussed
Cited "see"
Westbrook v. City of Jackson, Mississippi
See Archie v. City of Racine, 847 F.2d 1211, 1216 (7th Cir.1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 809 (1989) (illegality of official action under state statute can neither add to nor subtract from its constitutional validity).
cited
Cited "see"
Fields v. Soloff
See Barbera v. Smith, 836 F.2d 96, 101 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 808 (1989).
cited
Cited "see"
Fields v. Soloff
See Barbera v. Smith, 836 F.2d 96, 101 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 808 (1989).
discussed
Cited "see"
Chemical Manufacturers Ass'n v. United States Environmental Protection Agency
See 48 Fed.Reg. 14,486 (April 4, 1983). 20 It is not the role of courts to “second-guess the scientific judgments of the EPA,” State of New York v. EPA, 852 F.2d 574, 580 (D.C.Cir.1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 809 (1989), and we give considerable latitude to the EPA in drawing conclusions from scientific and technological research, even where it is “imperfect” or “preliminary.” Ethyl Corp. v. EPA, 541 F.2d 1 , 28 (D.C.Cir.1976), cer t. denied, 426 U.S. 941 , 96 S.Ct. 2663 , 49 L.Ed.2d 394 (1976).
discussed
Cited "see"
Chemical Manufacturers Association v. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Union Carbide Chemicals and Plastics Company, Inc. v. United States Environmental Protection Agency, (Two Cases)
See 48 Fed.Reg. 14,486 (April 4, 1983). 20 29 It is not the role of courts to "second-guess the scientific judgments of the EPA," State of New York v. EPA, 852 F.2d 574, 580 (D.C.Cir.1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 809 (1989), and we give considerable latitude to the EPA in drawing conclusions from scientific and technological research, even where it is "imperfect" or "preliminary." Ethyl Corp. v. EPA, 541 F.2d 1 , 28 (D.C.Cir.1976), cert. denied, 426 U.S. 941 , 96 S.Ct. 2663 , 49 L.Ed.2d 394 (1976).
discussed
Cited "see"
Ronnie L. Patrick v. Jasper County and Sheriff Terry Gilliland
(2×)
See Archie v. City of Racine, 847 F.2d 1211, 1216-18 (7th Cir.1988) (en banc ), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 809 (1989) 13 In Dommer v. Hatcher, 427 F.Supp. 1040, 1046-47 (N.D.Ind.1975), rev'd in part on other grounds sub nom.
cited
Cited "see"
Gazis v. John S. Latsis (USA) Inc.
See Colburn v. Upper Darby Township, 838 F.2d 663, 674 (3rd Cir.1988), cert. denied — U.S. -, 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 808 (1989); General Elec.
discussed
Cited "see"
Thornton v. Barnes
See Archie v. City of Racine, 847 F.2d 1211, 1217 (7th Cir.1988) (en banc), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 809 (1989) 10 Ind.Code Sec. 8-22-3-11 11 The concurring opinion suggests that Judge Posner's opinion in Jungels v. Pierce, 825 F.2d 1127 (7th Cir.1987), has induced us to err by considering the importance of the position in determining the existence of a property interest.
cited
Cited "see"
Thornton v. Barnes
See Archie v. City of Racine, 847 F.2d 1211, 1217 (7th Cir.1988) (en banc), cert. denied, - U.S.-, 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 809 (1989). .
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Gonzales v. City of Castle Rock
See also Archie v. Racine, 847 F.2d 1211 (7th Cir.1988) (no property interest in required fire protection—prior to DeShaney), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 809 (1989); Pierce v. Delta County Dep’t of Social Svcs., 119 F.Supp.2d 1139 (D.Colo.2000) (rejecting a procedural due process claim for failing to comply with statutory child protection reporting and investigatory procedures, finding there is no entitlement to protective services under these procedures); Semple v. City of Moundsville, 963 F.Supp. 1416 (N.D.W.Va.1997) (rejecting a procedural due process clai…
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Gonzales v. City of Castle Rock
See also Archie v. Racine, 847 F.2d 1211 (7th Cir.1988) (no property interest in required fire protection — prior to DeShaney ), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 809 (1989); Pierce v. Delta County Dep't of Social Svcs., 119 F.Supp.2d 1139 (D.Colo.2000) (rejecting a procedural due process claim for failing to comply with statutory child protection reporting and investigatory procedures, finding there is no entitlement to protective services under these procedures); Semple v. City of Moundsville, 963 F.Supp. 1416 (N.D.W.Va.1997) (rejecting a procedural due process cla…
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Eric Jelinek v. James Greer, Former Warden of Menard Correctional Center, Jim Bush, Assistant Warden, Alan L. Frentzel, Assistant Warden
See also Archie v. City of Racine, 847 F.2d 1211, 1219 (7th Cir.1988) (en banc) (discussing recklessness as a form of deliberate conduct), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 809 (1989).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Pinder v. Johnson
See also Archie v. City of Racine, 847 F.2d 1211, 1223 (7th Cir.1988) (en bane) (court’s broad definition of when duty arises does not mention promises by official as a potential factor), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 809 (1989).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Pinder v. Johnson
See also Archie v. City of Racine, 847 F.2d 1211, 1223 (7th Cir.1988) (en banc) (court's broad definition of when duty arises does not mention promises by official as a potential factor), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 809 (1989).
cited
Cited "see, e.g."
Berman v. Turecki
See, e.g., Barbera v. Smith, 836 F.2d 96, 99 (2d Cir.1987), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 808 (1989).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Mike Yang v. Paul Hardin
See, e.g., Archie v. City of Racine, 826 F.2d 480, 486 (7th Cir.1987) (Fourteenth Amendment does not create a judicially enforceable right to a minimum level of governmental services), aff'd en banc, 847 F.2d 1211 (1988), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 809 (1989).
cited
Cited "see, e.g."
Thrower v. Barney
See, e.g., id. at 197, 109 S.Ct. at 1004-07 , Archie v. City of Racine, 847 F.2d 1211, 1220-23 (7th Cir.1988), cert. denied, [489] U.S. [1065], 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 809 (1989).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Kim Construction Company, Inc. v. Board of Trustees of the Village of Mundelein
Because “[procedural interests under state law are not themselves property rights that will be enforced in the name of the Constitution,” the plaintiff could not claim a property interest “in a method of calculation of merit pay.” Id. (emphasis in original; internal quotation, citation omitted); see also Archie v. City of Racine, 847 F.2d 1211, 1217 (7th Cir.1988) (en banc), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 809 (1989).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Diebitz v. Arreola
See also Archie v. City of Racine, 847 F.2d 1211, 1222 (7th Cir.1988) (citing Byrd and noting that “if one police officer starts beating a suspect without cause, the state (through other officers) has a duty to rescue the suspect from this aggression”), ce rt. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 809 (1989); Czajkowski v. City of Chicago, 810 F.Supp. 1428, 1438 (N.D.Ill.1992) (applying Byrd).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Ying Jing Gan v. City of New York
The Court concluded that the prosecutor was not entitled to absolute immunity for performance of his advisory function, stating that it “d[id] not believe ... that advising the police in the investigative phase of a criminal case is so ‘intimately associated with the judicial phase of the criminal process,’ ... that it qualifies for absolute immunity.” Id. at-, 111 S.Ct. at 1943 (quoting Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. at 430 , 96 S.Ct. at 994 ); see also Barbera v. Smith, 836 F.2d 96, 100 (2d Cir.1987) (absolute immunity not accorded a prosecutor involved in “the supervision of and int…
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Ying Jing Gan v. The City Of New York
The Court concluded that the prosecutor was not entitled to absolute immunity for performance of his advisory function, stating that it "d[id] not believe ... that advising the police in the investigative phase of a criminal case is so 'intimately associated with the judicial phase of the criminal process,' ... that it qualifies for absolute immunity." Id. at ----, 111 S.Ct. at 1943 (quoting Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. at 430 , 96 S.Ct. at 994 ); see also Barbera v. Smith, 836 F.2d 96, 100 (2d Cir.1987) (absolute immunity not accorded a prosecutor involved in "the supervision of and interacti…
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Fittanto v. Klein
The Village has no constitutional duty to protect “citizens against invasion by private actors.” See DeShaney v. Winnebago County DSS, 489 U.S. 189, 195 , 109 S.Ct. 998, 1003 , 103 L.Ed.2d 249 (1989); see also Archie v. City of Racine, 847 F.2d 1211 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 809 (1988).
cited
Cited "see, e.g."
Steven M. Desrosiers v. John J. Moran
See, e.g., Archie v. City of Racine, 847 F.2d 1211, 1218-20 (7th Cir.1988) (en banc), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1065 , 109 S.Ct. 1338 , 103 L.Ed.2d 809 (1989). 3 .
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Upper Darby Township
v.
Colburn, Administratrix of the Estate of Stierheim
v.
Colburn, Administratrix of the Estate of Stierheim
No. 87-1926.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Mar 6, 1989.
Cited by 3 opinions | Published
C. A. 3d Cir. Certiorari denied.