discussed Cited "see" United States v. Beal See United States v. Anderson, 139 F.3d 291, 300 (1st Cir.1998), cert denied, 525 U.S. 866 , 119 S.Ct. 158 , 142 L.Ed.2d 129 (1998)(downward departure denied because coercive effect of past physical violence was not present during relevant time period); United States v. Arthurs, 73 F.3d 444, 448-49 (1st Cir.l996)(a “lingering threat of future harm” is insufficient for a duress defense); but see United States v. Amor, 24 F.3d 432, 439 (2d Cir.1994)(the relationship between the threats and the crime was “close enough” to establish a “causal nexus”).

cited Cited "see" United States v. Brown See id. (faulty jury instruction does not require reversal if error was harmless).

cited Cited "see" United States v. Gomes See United States v. Anderson, 139 F.3d 291, 302 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 119 S.Ct. 158 , 142 L.Ed.2d 129 (1998).