New York Mercantile Exch. v. Leist, 450 U.S. 910 (1981). · Go Syfert
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New York Mercantile Exch. v. Leist, 450 U.S. 910 (1981). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
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cited 3× by 1 distinct case · “it is not the court's duty ... to second guess a creditor’s decision to make a loan or to set loan policy for the creditor.”
234 citation events (18 in the last 25 years) across 72 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Harasymiw v. Selfreliance Federal Credit Union (ilnd, 1989-03-02) · Strongest negative: Waterbury Community Federal Credit Union v. Magnusson (In Re Magnusson) (nynb, 1981-10-01)
Treatment trajectory · 1981 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1981 2003 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 46 distinct citers. How cited ↗
cited Cited "but see" Waterbury Community Federal Credit Union v. Magnusson (In Re Magnusson)
Bankr. N.D.N.Y. · 1981 · signal: but cf. · confidence high
But cf. Matter of Garman, 643 F.2d 1252 , 1255-56 n.6 (7th Cir. 1980), cert, denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981) (re: § 17a(2) of Bankruptcy Act of 1898). 2 .
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Harasymiw v. Selfreliance Federal Credit Union
N.D. Ill. · 1989 · signal: see also · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
it is not the court's duty ... to second guess a creditor's decision to make a loan or to set loan policy for the creditor.
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Dopico v. Goldschmidt
S.D.N.Y. · 1981 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence low
the basic inquiry is always to plumb the intent of congress, that the cort factors are simply inquiries helpful in that endeavor
discussed Cited "see" Western Builders of Amarillo, Inc. v. Morrison (In Re Morrison)
Bankr. W.D. Tex. · 2007 · signal: see · confidence high
See Matter of Garman, 643 F.2d 1252, 1260 (7th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981)(“The law recognizes the duty of each to refrain from even attempted deceit of another with whom he deals, and *126 the right of the latter to assume that he will do so,” quoting from Jacobsen v. Whitely, 138 Wis. 434 , 120 N.W. 285, 286 (1909)). 35 B.R. at 411 (Emphasis added).
discussed Cited "see" Union Planters Bank, N.A. v. Martin (In Re Martin)
Bankr. C.D. Ill. · 2003 · signal: see · confidence high
See Matter of Garman, 643 F.2d 1252, 1260 (7th Cir.1980), ce rt. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981) (although a creditor is not entitled to rely upon an obviously false representation of the debt- or, this does not require him or her to view each representation with incredulity requiring verification).
cited Cited "see" Womens Business Initiative Corp. v. Moore (In re Moore)
Bankr. E.D. Wis. · 1998 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Garman, 643 F.2d 1252, 1255-56 (7th Cir.1980) cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981); In re Phillips, 804 F.2d 930 , 933 (6th Cir.1986).
discussed Cited "see" In Re Nicholas J. Furio and Nannete Furio, Debtors. Bethpage Federal Credit Union v. Nicholas J. Furio
2d Cir. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See Northern Trust Co. v. Garman (In re Garman), 643 F.2d 1252, 1260-61 (7th Cir.1980) (“[WJhere ... a person knowingly or recklessly makes a false representation which the person knows or should know, will induce another to make a loan, intent to deceive may logically be inferred.”), cer t. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981); Citizens Nat’l Bank v. Vandergrift (In re Vandergrift), 35 B.R. 76, 78 (Bankr.D.Md.1983) (debtor’s failure to list arrears in child support payments on a loan application evinced an intent to deceive the creditor).
cited Cited "see" In the Matter of Roxolana Harasymiw, Debtor. Selfreliance Federal Credit Union, Cross-Appellant v. Roxolana Harasymiw, Cross-Appellee
7th Cir. · 1990 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Garman, 643 F.2d 1252, 1257-58 (7th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981).
discussed Cited "see" Goodnow v. Adelman (In Re Adelman)
Bankr. D.S.D. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See Matter of Garman, 643 F.2d 1252, 1256 (7th Cir.1980), ce rt. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981) (dischargeability should not be denied where a creditor claims reliance on a statement it knew to be false).
discussed Cited "see" DKT Memorial Fund Ltd. v. Agency for International Development
D.D.C. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Demanett, 629 F.2d 862, 866 (3d Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981) (Colombian nationals aboard a vessel were protected by the fourth amendment); United States v. Cadena, 585 F.2d 1252, 1262 (5th Cir.1978) ("[O]nce we subject ... aliens to criminal prosecution, they are entitled to the equal protection of all our laws, including the [f]ourth [a]mendment.''); United States v. Toscanino, 500 F.2d 267, 280 (2d Cir.1974) (“Like the [fjifth [ajmendment guarantee of due process, the [fjourth [ajmendment refers to and protects ‘peopl…
discussed Cited "see" Lawter International, Inc. v. Pryor (In Re Pryor)
Bankr. S.D. Tex. · 1988 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Garman, 643 F.2d 1252 (7th Cir.1980), cert. denied, Garman v. Northern Trust Co., 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981) (addressing former Bankruptcy Act); In re Icsman, 64 B.R. 58 (Bankr.N.D.Ohio 1986); In re Nance, 70 B.R. 318 (Bankr.N.D.Tx.1987), In re Lind, 6 B.R. 374, 378 (S.D.Tx.1980) (lender’s decision need not be based solely on financial statement).
discussed Cited "see" In Re Suttles
7th Cir. · 1987 · signal: see · confidence high
See Matter of Borron, 29 B.R. 122, 128 (W.D.Mo.1983). 5 We have stated that the Bankruptcy Code was meant to discharge only an honest debtor from his or her debts, Matter of Garman, 643 F.2d 1252, 1257 (7th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981), and that the Code "should be liberally applied to protect the [debtor] only in those cases where there is no intent to violate its provisions," id. (emphasis added).
discussed Cited "see" Sovran Bank, N.A. v. Allen (In Re Allen)
E.D. Va. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Garman, 643 F.2d 1252, 1256 (7th Cir.1980) (holding that reasonableness is circumstantial evidence of actual reliance), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 [ 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 ] ... (1981).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Rogers
D. Colo. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Freeman, 619 F.2d 1112, 1118 (5th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1348 , 67 L.Ed.2d 334 (1981); Van Liew v. United States, 321 F.2d 664, 670 (5th Cir.1963).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Wright-Barker
3rd Cir. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Demanett, 629 F.2d 862, 868 (3d Cir.1980) (where Coast Guard had reasonable and articulate cause to board ship for documentation verification inspection, Fourth Amendment requirements were satisfied), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981). 14 Further, the standard is surely met in this case.
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Wright-Barker
3rd Cir. · 1986 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Demanett, 629 F.2d 862, 868 (3d Cir.1980) (where Coast Guard had reasonable and articulate cause to board ship for documentation verification inspection, Fourth Amendment requirements were satisfied), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981). 14 Further, the standard is surely met in this case.
cited Cited "see" Martin v. Bank of Germantown
6th Cir. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Garman, 643 F.2d 1252, 1256 (7th Cir.1980) (holding that reasonableness is circumstantial evidence of actual reliance), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981).
cited Cited "see" 12 Collier bankr.cas.2d 1129, Bankr. L. Rep. P 70,542 in Re Bill J. Martin and Brenda K. Martin, Debtors. Bill Martin and Brenda Martin, Cross-Appellees v. Bank of Germantown, Cross-Appellant
6th Cir. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Garman, 643 F.2d 1252, 1256 (7th Cir.1980) (holding that reasonableness is circumstantial evidence of actual reliance), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981).
cited Cited "see" Oliver v. Wainwright
S.D. Fla. · 1984 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Freeman, 619 F.2d 1112 (5th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1348 , 67 L.Ed.2d 334 (1981).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Henry Daniel Stull, Sr., Henry Daniel Stull, Jr., and Patricia Mooradian
6th Cir. · 1984 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Freeman, 619 F.2d 1112 (5th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1348 , 67 L.Ed.2d 334 (1981); United States v. Habel, 613 F.2d 1321, 1325-26 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 447 U.S. 925 , 100 S.Ct. 3018 , 65 L.Ed.2d 1117 (1980).
discussed Cited "see" First National Bank of Elgin v. Nilles
N.D. Ill. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See Matter of Garman, 643 F.2d 1252, 1260 (7th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981) (“The law recognizes the duty of each to refrain from even attempted deceit of another with whom he deals, and the right of the latter to assume that he will do so,” quoting from Jacobsen v. Whitely, 138 Wis. 434 , 120 N.W. 285, 286 (1909)).
discussed Cited "see" Roger L. Lyle v. Theodore Koehler and Frank J. Kelley (2×)
6th Cir. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See Rose v. Lundy, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1346 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1982). .
cited Cited "see" Bank of Commerce v. Ebbin (In Re Ebbin)
Bankr. S.D.N.Y. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See In re Garman, 643 F.2d 1252 (7th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Thomas D. O'Malley
11th Cir. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Freeman, 619 F.2d 1112, 1117 (5th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1348 , 67 L.Ed.2d 334 (1981).
discussed Cited "see" United States v. Jack Osborn Watson, Jeffrey Craig Evenson, and Dale Stanley Browning
9th Cir. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Demanett, 629 F.2d 862 (3d Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981): The defendants urge that ... the plain view fruits of the documentation verification should nevertheless be suppressed because documentation verification was a mere pretext for a criminal investigative search.
cited Cited "see" First Commodity Corp. Of Boston and Richard Badoian v. Commodity Futures Trading Commission, and John Ruddy
1st Cir. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See generally Leist v. Simplot, 638 F.2d 283, 286-87 (2d Cir. 1980), cert. granted, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1346 , 67 L.Ed.2d 332 (1981).
cited Cited "see" United States v. Stephen C. Mouton
5th Cir. · 1981 · signal: see · confidence high
See United States v. Freeman, 619 F.2d 1112 (5th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1348 , 67 L.Ed.2d 334 (1981).
discussed Cited "see" State v. Peyton
Wash. Ct. App. · 1981 · signal: accord · confidence high
This does not mean that actual prejudice must be shown, but that "counsel actively represented conflicting interests"; indeed, the court held "the [mere] possibility of conflict is insufficient to impugn a criminal conviction." Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S. at 350 ; accord, United States v. Freeman, 619 F.2d 1112, 1122 (5th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 67 L.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Byrd v. Bank of Mississippi
S.D. Miss. · 1997 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Northern Trust Co. v. Garman (Matter of Garman), 643 F.2d 1252 (7th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981); Merrill Lynch Business Financial Services, Inc. v. Kim (In re Kim), 125 B.R. 594 (Bankr.C.D.Cal.1991); Sovran Bank N.A. v. Allen (In re Allen), 65 B.R. 752 (E.D.Va.1986).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." In the Matter of Robert Sheridan, Debtor-Appellee. Appeal of City National Bank of Florida
7th Cir. · 1995 · signal: see also · confidence low
Alternatively, this court has held that wrongful intent may “logically be inferred from a false representation which the debtor knows or should know will induce another to make a loan.” In re Kimzey, 761 F.2d 421 , 424 (7th Cir.1985); see also Matter of Garman, 643 F.2d 1252, 1260-61 (7th Cir.1980) (“[W]here ... a person knowingly or recklessly makes a false representation which the person knows or should know will induce another to make a loan, intent to deceive may be logically inferred.”) (quoting Carini v. Matera, 592 F.2d 378, 380 (7th Cir.1979)), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 …
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Retirement Account, Inc. v. Erdheim (In Re Erdheim)
Bankr. E.D.N.Y. · 1995 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See e.g., In re Mullet, 817 F.2d at 681 (citing Northern Trust Co. v. Garman (In re Garman), 643 F.2d 1252 (7th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981)); Matter of Jordan, 927 F.2d at 224 .
cited Cited "see, e.g." Amsouth Financial Corp. v. Warner (In Re Warner)
Bankr. W.D. Tenn. · 1994 · signal: see also · confidence low
In re Martin, 761 F.2d 1168 (6th Cir.1985); See also, In re Garman, 643 F.2d 1252 (7th Cir.1980) cert. denied 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981).
cited Cited "see, e.g." In Re Thomas E. Ledford and J. Gregg Sikes, Debtors. Bancboston Mortgage Corporation v. Thomas E. Ledford (91-5649) J. Gregg Sikes (91-5594)
6th Cir. · 1992 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., In re Garman, 643 F.2d 1252 (7th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981).
cited Cited "see, e.g." State v. Richards
Ariz. Ct. App. · 1990 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also State v. Sager, 600 S.W.2d 541 (Mo.App.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1348 , 67 L.Ed.2d 334 (1981).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." North Community Bank v. Boumenot
N.D. Ill. · 1989 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Matter of Garman, 643 F.2d 1252, 1260-61 (7th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981); In Re Phillips, 804 F.2d 930 , 933-34 (6th Cir.1986) (citing to Garman).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Nisswa State Bank v. Eberle (In Re Eberle)
Bankr. D. Minn. · 1985 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also, In Re Garman, 643 F.2d 1252 (7th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981) (Act case) (assuming this conclusion without discussion).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. DeFabritus
S.D.N.Y. · 1985 · signal: see also · confidence low
United States v. Brighton Building & Maintenance Co., 435 F.Supp. 222, 230 (N.D.Ill.1977), aff’d, 598 F.2d 1101 (7th Cir.1979); see also United States v. Freeman, 619 F.2d 1112, 1118 (5th Cir.1980) (reference in indictment to particular events that “included, but were not limited to, the following” should have been treated as surplusage), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1348 , 67 L.Ed.2d 334 (1981).
cited Cited "see, e.g." IFG Leasing Co v. Vavra (In Re Harms)
Bankr. D. Minn. · 1985 · signal: compare · confidence low
Compare, In Re Garman, 643 F.2d 1252 (7th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981); In Re Blatz, 37 B.R. 401 (Bankr.E.D.Wis.1984).
cited Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Newton Gaspard
5th Cir. · 1984 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also United States v. Freeman, 619 F.2d 1112 (5th Cir.1980), cert. denied sub. nom., Patrick Petroleum Corp. of Michigan v. United States, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1348 , 67 L.Ed.2d 334 (1981).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Love v. State
Mo. · 1984 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See e.g., State v. Sager, 600 S.W.2d 541 (Mo.App.1980), cer t. denied 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1348 , 67 L.Ed.2d 334 (1981); State v. King, 577 S.W.2d 621 (Mo. banc 1979).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Amparo Cardenas v. William French Smith, Attorney General of the United States
D.C. Cir. · 1984 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also United States v. Demanett, 629 F.2d 862, 866 (3d Cir.1980) (court assumes that both American citizens and Colombian nationals aboard a vessel on the high seas protected by the Fourth Amendment), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981); United States v. Cadena, 585 F.2d 1252, 1262 (5th Cir.1978) (Fourth Amendment’s protections can extend to aliens); Porter v. United States, 496 F.2d 583, 591 , 204 Ct.Cl. 355 , (1974) (“The just compensation clause of the Fifth Amendment has, in fact, been applied to takings of property outside the United States, even in …
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Herman Mers, Lester Mers, Randy James Myers, Paul J. Ferrante
11th Cir. · 1983 · signal: see also · confidence low
In order to demonstrate a violation of his Sixth Amendment rights, a defendant must establish that an actual conflict of interest adversely affected his lawyer’s performance.” Id. at 350 , 100 S.Ct. at 1719 ; see also United States v. Freeman, 619 F.2d 1112, 1122 (5th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1348 , 67 L.Ed.2d 334 (1981) ; United States v. Fox, 613 F.2d 99, 102 (5th Cir.1980).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Mark J. Kent
11th Cir. · 1982 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also United States v. Demanett, 629 F.2d 862, 868-69 (3d Cir. 1980) (fact that boarding officers suspected presence of contraband and might have conducted intrusive inspection had they not discovered marijuana in plain view did not invalidate the discovery of marijuana during check of vessel’s identification number), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1347 , 67 L.Ed.2d 333 (1981); cf. Scott v. United States, 436 U.S. 128, 138 , 98 S.Ct. 1717, 1723 , 56 L.Ed.2d 168 (1978) (“fact that the officer does not have the state of mind which is hypothecated by the reasons which provide the l…
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Myron v. Hauser
8th Cir. · 1982 · signal: compare · confidence low
Compare Leist v. Simplot, 638 F.2d 283 (2d Cir. 1980), cert. granted, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1346 , 67 L.Ed.2d 332 (1981) (finding implied private right of action in favor of commodities futures customers), and Curran v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 622 F.2d 216 (6th Cir. 1980), cert. granted, 451 U.S. 906 , 101 S.Ct. 1971 , 68 L.Ed.2d 293 (1981) (same), with Rivers v. Rosenthal & Co., 634 F.2d 774 (5th Cir. 1980), pet. for cert. filed, 50 U.S.L.W. 3079 (Mar. 10, 1981) (no implied private right of action for commodities futures customers).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Myron v. Hauser
8th Cir. · 1982 · signal: compare · confidence low
Compare Leist v. Simplot, 638 F.2d 283 (2d Cir. 1980), cert. granted, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1346 , 67 L.Ed.2d 332 (1981) (finding implied private right of action in favor of commodities futures customers), and Curran v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 622 F.2d 216 (6th Cir. 1980), cert. granted, 451 U.S. 906 , 101 S.Ct. 1971 , 68 L.Ed.2d 293 (1981) (same), with Rivers v. Rosenthal & Co., 634 F.2d 774 (5th Cir. 1980), pet. for cert. filed, 50 U.S.L.W. 3079 (Mar. 10, 1981) (no implied private right of action for commodities futures customers).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." United States v. Glen Sutherland, Edward Maynard and Grace Walker
5th Cir. · 1981 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also United States v. Freeman, 619 F.2d 1112, 1118-19 (5th Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 910 , 101 S.Ct. 1348 , 67 L.Ed.2d 334 (1981) (jury need not be unamimous as to whether conspiracy was single or multiple).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
New York Mercantile Exchange
v.
Leist Clayton Brokerage Co. of St. Louis, Inc. v. Leist and Heinold Commodities, Inc. v. Leist
No. 80-757; No. 80-895; No. 80-936.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Feb 23, 1981.
450 U.S. 910
Cited by 2 opinions  |  Published
2 passages pin-cited by 2 cases
Pinpoint authority: bottom 75%
Citer courts: N.D. Illinois (1) · S.D. New York (1)

C. A. 2d Cir. Motion of Board of Trade of the City of Chicago et al. for leave to file a brief as amici curiae in No. 80-757 granted. Motion of Futures Industry Association for leave to file a brief as amicus curiae in No. 80-936 granted. Certiorari granted, cases consolidated, and a total of one hour allotted for oral argument. Reported below: 638 F. 2d 283.