Turner v. Dep't of Emp. Sec. of Utah, 423 U.S. 44 (1975). · Go Syfert
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Turner v. Dep't of Emp. Sec. of Utah, 423 U.S. 44 (1975). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
308 citation events (5 in the last 25 years) across 44 distinct courts.
Negative lean: 6th  ·  Positive lean: 7th, 9th, 3rd, 2nd, 4th
Strongest positive: Allen v. Commercial Pest Control, Inc. (gamd, 1999-12-21) · Strongest negative: Chelsea Community Hospital v. Michigan Blue Cross Ass'n (mied, 1977-06-03)
Treatment trajectory · 1975 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1975 2000 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 22 distinct citers. How cited ↗
examined Cited "but see" Chelsea Community Hospital v. Michigan Blue Cross Ass'n (3×)
E.D. Mich. · 1977 · signal: but cf. · confidence high
See Knebel v. Hein, 429 U.S. 288 , 97 S.Ct. 549 , 50 L.Ed.2d 485 (1977); Weinberger v. Salfi, supra, 422 U.S. at 753 and 802-805, 95 S.Ct. 2457 ; Sosna v. Iowa, 419 U.S. 393, 405-410 , 95 S.Ct. 553 , 42 L.Ed.2d 532 (1975); and United States v. Friday, 404 F.Supp. 1343 (E.D.Mich. 1975); but cf. Turner v. Dept. of Employment Security, 423 U.S. 44 , 96 S.Ct. 249 , 46 L.Ed.2d 181 (1975).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Allen v. Commercial Pest Control, Inc. (2×)
M.D. Ga. · 1999 · confidence medium
Turner, at 46, 96 S.Ct. 249 .
examined Cited as authority (rule) Moreno v. State, Department of Revenue & Taxation (4×) also: Cited "see"
Wyo. · 1989 · confidence medium
The irrebuttable presumption rule of Vlandis was also applied in a per se fashion in the following cases: Turner v. Department of Employment Security and Board of Review of Industrial Commission of Utah, 423 U.S. 44, 46 , 96 S.Ct. 249, 250 , 46 L.Ed.2d 181, 183-84 (1975) (striking down state unemployment compensation statute making pregnant women ineligible for unemployment benefits for period beginning twelve weeks before expected delivery date and six weeks after childbirth); Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur, 414 U.S. 632, 644-48 , 94 S.Ct. 791, 798-99 , 39 L.Ed.2d 52, 62-64 (1974) (s…
examined Cited as authority (rule) Moreno v. STATE, DEPT. OF REVENUE & TAX (4×) also: Cited "see"
Wyo. · 1989 · confidence medium
NOTES [1] The irrebuttable presumption rule of Vlandis was also applied in a per se fashion in the following cases: Turner v. Department of Employment Security and Board of Review of Industrial Commission of Utah, 423 U.S. 44, 46 , 96 S.Ct. 249, 250 , 46 L.Ed.2d 181, 183-84 (1975) (striking down state unemployment compensation statute making pregnant women ineligible for unemployment benefits for period beginning twelve weeks before expected delivery date and six weeks after childbirth); Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur, 414 U.S. 632, 644-48 , 94 S.Ct. 791, 798-99 , 39 L.Ed.2d 52, 62-64…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Slewett & Farber v. Board of Assessors of County of Nassau
N.Y. App. Div. · 1981 · confidence medium
The “sliding scale” test is utilized where important but less than fundamental or preferred interests are implicated (see, e.g., Turner v Department of Employment Security, 423 US 44, 46 [“basic human liberties”] ; Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v LaFleur, 414 US 632 [maternity leave restrictions burdening “protected freedom” to bear a child]; Stanley v Illinois, 405 US 645 [“cognizable and substantial” interest]) or where “sensitive, although not necessarily suspect” criteria of classification are employed (Tribe, op. cit., § 16-31, p 1090; see, e.g., Trimble v Gordon, supra [ill…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Hetherington v. State Personnel Bd.
Cal. Ct. App. · 1978 · confidence medium
(See, e.g., Vlandis v. Kline (1973) 412 U.S. 441, 452 [ 37 L.Ed.2d 63, 71 , 93 S.Ct. 2230 ]; Turner v. Dept. of Employment Security (1975) 423 U.S. 44, 46-47 [ 46 L.Ed.2d 181, 183-184 , 96 S.Ct. 249 ]; In re Lisa (1975) 13 Cal.3d 636, 647-651 [ 119 Cal.Rptr. 475 , 532 P.2d 123 ].) As we have indicated above, the “presumption,” if such it be considered, in Government Code section 1029, by disqualifying an ex-felon from holding a government position as a peace officer does not affect any right at all.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Gonzalez v. Texas Employment Commission
S.D. Tex. · 1977 · confidence medium
We conclude that the Utah unemployment compensation statute’s incorporation of a conclusive presumption of incapacity during so long a period before and after childbirth is constitutionally invalid under the principles of the LaFleur case.” Turner v. Department of Employment Security of Utah, supra, at 46, 96 S.Ct. at 250, 251 .
examined Cited "see" William Franz v. United States of America (3×)
D.C. Cir. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See Turner v. Department of Employment Sec., 423 U.S. 44, 46 , 96 S.Ct. 249, 250 , 46 L.Ed.2d 181 (1975) (per curiam); Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U.S. at 771-72 , 95 S.Ct. at 2469-70 . 103 .
examined Cited "see" Moore v. Supreme Court of South Carolina (3×)
D.S.C. · 1977 · signal: see · confidence high
See Turner v. Dept. of Employment Security, 423 U.S. 44 , 96 S.Ct. 249 , 46 L.Ed.2d 181 (1975) (Utah law which made pregnant women ineligible for unemployment benefits for a period from 12 weeks before expected childbirth until six weeks thereafter created an irrebuttable presumption which violated due process); Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur, 414 U.S. 632 , 94 S.Ct. 791 , 39 L.Ed.2d 52 (1974) (Ohio rule which required pregnant school teacher to take maternity leave five months before expected birth created unconstitutional irrebuttable presumption); Vlandis v. Kline, 412 U.S. 441 , 9…
examined Cited "see" Reel v. Iowa Department of Revenue (3×)
Iowa · 1977 · signal: see · confidence high
See Turner v. Dep’t of Employment Security, 423 U.S. 44 , 96 S.Ct. 249 , 46 L.Ed.2d 181 (1975).
examined Cited "see" United States v. Friday (3×)
E.D. Mich. · 1975 · signal: see · confidence high
See Turner v. Dept. of Employment Security, 423 U.S. 44 , 96 S.Ct. 249 , 46 L.Ed.2d 181 (1975) (per curiam).
examined Cited "see, e.g." Rivera v. Reading Housing Authority (3×)
E.D. Pa. · 1993 · signal: see also · confidence low
Vlandis v. Kline, 412 U.S. 441 , 93 S.Ct. 2230 , 37 L.Ed.2d 63 (1973); see also Turner v. Dep’t of Employment Security, 423 U.S. 44 , 96 S.Ct. 249 , 46 L.Ed.2d 181 (1975); Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. LaFleur, 414 U.S. 632 , 94 S.Ct. 791 , 39 L.Ed.2d 52 (1974); United States Dep’t of Agric. v. Murry, 413 U.S. 508 , 93 S.Ct. 2832 , 37 L.Ed.2d 767 (1973); Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645 , 92 S.Ct. 1208 , 31 L.Ed.2d 551 (1972); Bell v. Burson, 402 U.S. 535 , 91 S.Ct. 1586 , 29 L.Ed.2d 90 (1971).
examined Cited "see, e.g." Nevins v. Christopher Street, Inc. (12×)
Minn. Ct. App. · 1985 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Turner v. Department of Employment Security, 423 U.S. 44 , 96 S.Ct. 249 , 46 L.Ed.2d 181 (1975) (conclusive presumption in state statute that pregnant women are ineligible for unemployment benefits for period extend ing from 12 weeks before the expected date of childbirth until a date six weeks after childbirth); United States Department of Agriculture v. Murry, 413 U.S. 508 , 93 S.Ct. 2832 , 37 L.Ed.2d 767 (1973) (conclusive presumption contained in Pood Stamp Act providing that any household which includes a member who has reached his 18th birthday and who is claimed as a dependen…
examined Cited "see, e.g." O'Connor v. Board of Education of School District 23 (3×)
N.D. Ill. · 1982 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Turner v. Department of Employment Security, 423 U.S. 44 , 96 S.Ct. 249 , 46 L.Ed.2d 181 (1975); Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645 , 92 S.Ct. 1208 , 31 L.Ed.2d 551 (1972).
examined Cited "see, e.g." Barbara S. Clanton v. Orleans Parish School Board (3×)
5th Cir. · 1981 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e. g., Turner v. Department of Employment Security, 423 U.S. 44 , 96 S.Ct. 249 , 46 L.Ed.2d 181 (1975) (per curiam); United States Department of Agriculture v. Murry, 413 U.S. 508 , 93 S.Ct. 2832 , 37 L.Ed.2d 767 (1973); Vlandis v. Kline, 412 U.S. 441 , 93 S.Ct. 2230 , 37 L.Ed.2d 63 (1973); Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645 , 92 S.Ct. 1208 , 31 L.Ed.2d 551 (1972); but see Usery v. Turner Elkhorn Mining Co., 428 U.S. 1 , 96 S.Ct. 2882 , 49 L.Ed.2d 752 (1976); Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U.S. 749 , 95 S.Ct. 2457 , 45 L.Ed.2d 522 (1975); Mourning v. Family Publications Service, Inc., 411 U.S. 3…
examined Cited "see, e.g." 22 Fair empl.prac.cas. 1387, 23 Empl. Prac. Dec. P 31,030 Malmed, Edwin S., Kubacki, Stanley L., Lagakos, Gregory G., Murphy, Joseph T., Stern, James L. v. Thornburgh, Richard L., Individually and as Governor of Pennsylvania, Allen, Ethel D., Individually and as Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Casey, Robert E., Individually and as Treasurer of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and Barbieri, Alexander F., Individually and as Pennsylvania State Court Administrator (3×)
3rd Cir. · 1980 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Turner v. Department of Employment Security, 423 U.S. 44 , 96 S.Ct. 249 , 46 L.Ed.2d 181 (1975) (per curiam).
examined Cited "see, e.g." Malmed v. Thornburgh (3×)
3rd Cir. · 1980 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Turner v. Department of Employment Security, 423 U.S. 44 , 96 S.Ct. 249 , 46 L.Ed.2d 181 (1975) (per curiam).
examined Cited "see, e.g." Hilbers v. Municipality of Anchorage (3×)
Alaska · 1980 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e. g., Turner v. Department of Employment, 423 U.S. 44 , 96 S.Ct. 249 , 46 L.Ed.2d 181 (1975); Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U.S. 749 , 95 S.Ct. 2457 , 45 L.Ed.2d 522 (1975); Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. LaFleur, 414 U.S. 632 , 94 S.Ct. 791 , 39 L.Ed.2d 52 (1974); United States Dep’t of Agriculture v. Murry, 413 U.S. 508 , 93 S.Ct. 2832 , 37 L.Ed.2d 767 (1973); Vlandis v. Kline, 412 U.S. 441 , 93 S.Ct. 2230 , 37 L.Ed.2d 63 (1973); Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645 , 92 S.Ct. 1208 , 31 L.Ed.2d 551 (1972); Bell v. Burson, 402 U.S. 535 , 91 S.Ct. 1586 , 29 L.Ed.2d 90 (1971).
examined Cited "see, e.g." Upshur v. Love (3×)
N.D. Cal. · 1979 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Turner v. Department of Employment Security, 423 U.S. 44 , 96 S.Ct. 249 , 46 L.Ed.2d 181 (1975) (per curiam). 16 .
examined Cited "see, e.g." State v. Hill (3×)
N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. · 1978 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also, Turner v. Employment Security Dep't, 423 U.S. 44 , 96 S.Ct. 249 , 46 L.Ed. 2d 181 (1975).
examined Cited "see, e.g." State v. Hill (3×)
N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. · 1978 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also, Turner v. Employment Security Dep’t, 423 U. S. 44 , 96 S. Ct. 249 , 46 L.
examined Cited "see, e.g." Fiallo v. Levi (6×)
E.D.N.Y · 1975 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e. g., Turner v. Dept. of Employment Security, 423 U.S. 44 , 96 S.Ct. 249 , 46 L.Ed.2d 181 (1975); Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld, 420 U.S. 636 , 95 S.Ct. 1225 , 43 L.Ed.2d 514 (1975); Stanton v. Stanton, 421 U.S. 7 , 95 S.Ct. 1373 , 43 L.Ed.2d 688 (1975); Taylor v. Louisiana, 419 U.S. 522 , 95 S.Ct. 692 , 42 L.Ed.2d 690 (1975); Frontiero v. Richardson, 411 U.S. 677 , 93 S.Ct. 1764 , 36 L.Ed.2d 583 (1973); Reed v. Reed, 404 U.S. 71 , 92 S.Ct. 251 , 30 L.Ed.2d 225 (1971); Ginsburg, Gender and the Constitution, 44 U.Cinn.L.Rev. 1 (1975).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
TURNER
v.
DEPARTMENT OF EMPLOYMENT SECURITY OF UTAH Et Al.
74-1312.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Nov 17, 1975.
423 U.S. 44
Biackmun, Rehnquist.
Cited by 89 opinions  |  Published
Per Curiam.

The petitioner, Mary Ann Turner, challenges the constitutionality of a provision of Utah law that makes pregnant women ineligible for unemployment benefits for a period extending from 12 weeks before the expected date of childbirth until a date six weeks after childbirth. Utah Code Ann. § 35-4^5 (h) (1) (1974).

The petitioner was separated involuntarily from her employment on November 3, 1972, for reasons unrelated to her pregnancy. In due course she applied for unemployment compensation and received benefits until March 11, 1973, 12 weeks prior to the expected date of the birth of her child. Relying upon § 35-4-5 (h) (1), the respondent Department of Employment Security ruled that she was disqualified from receiving any further payments after that date and until six weeks after the date of her child’s birth. Thereafter, Mrs. Turner worked intermittently as a temporary clerical employee. After exhausting all available administrative remedies, the petitioner appealed the respondents’ rulings to the Utah[*45] Supreme Court, claiming that the statutory provision deprived her of protections guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment. The state court rejected her contentions, ruling that the provision violated no constitutional guarantee. 531 P. 2d 870. The petition for certiorari now before us brings the constitutional issues here.

The Utah unemployment compensation system grants benefits to persons who are unemployed and are available for employment. Utah Code Ann. § 35-4-4 (c) (1974). One provision of the statute makes a woman ineligible to receive benefits “during any week of unemployment when it is found by the commission that her total or partial unemployment is due to pregnancy.” § 35-4-5 (h)(2). In contrast to this requirement of an individualized determination of ineligibility, the challenged provision establishes a blanket disqualification during an 18-week period immediately preceding and following childbirth. § 35-4-5 (h)(1). The Utah Supreme Court’s opinion makes clear that the challenged ineligibility provision rests on a conclusive presumption that women are “unable to work” during the 18-week period because of pregnancy and childbirth. * See 531 P. 2d, at 871.

[*46] The presumption of incapacity and unavailability for employment created by the challenged provision is virtually identical to the presumption found unconstitutional in Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur, 414 U. S. 632. In LaFleur, the Court held that a school board's mandatory maternity leave rule which required a teacher to quit her job several months before the expected birth of her child and prohibited her return to work until three months after childbirth violated the Fourteenth Amendment. Noting that “freedom of personal choice in matters of marriage and family life is one of the liberties protected by the Due Process Clause,” 414 U. S., at 639, the Court held that the Constitution required a more individualized approach to the question of the teacher's physical capacity to continue her employment during pregnancy and resume her duties after childbirth since “the ability of any particular pregnant woman to continue at work past any fixed time in her pregnancy is very much an individual matter.” Id., at 645.

It cannot be doubted that a substantial number of women are fully capable of working well into their last trimester of pregnancy and of resuming employment shortly after childbirth. In this very case Mrs. Turner was employed intermittently as a clerical worker for portions of the 18-week period during which she was conclusively presumed to be incapacitated. The Fourteenth Amendment requires that unemployment compensation boards no less than school boards must achieve legitimate state ends through more individualized means when basic human liberties are at stake. We conclude that the Utah unemployment compensation statute's incorporation of a conclusive presumption of incapacity during so long a period before and after childbirth is constitutionally invalid under the principles of the LaFleur case.

[*47] Accordingly, the writ of certiorari is granted, the judgment is vacated, and the case is remanded to the Supreme Court of Utah for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion.

So ordered.

The Chief Justice and Mr. Justice Biackmun would not summarily vacate the judgment of the Supreme Court of Utah. Instead, they would grant cer-tiorari and set the case for full briefing and oral argument. Mr. Justice Rehnquist dissents.
*

The respondents contend that the challenged provision is a limitation on the coverage of the Utah unemployment compensation system and not a presumption of unavailability for employment based on pregnancy. This characterization of the statute, advanced in an attempt to analogize the provision to the law upheld in Geduldig v. Aiello, 417 U. S. 484, conflicts with the respondents’ argument to the Utah Supreme Court. Before that court respondents claimed that “ ‘near term pregnancy is an endemic condition relating to employability.’ ” The Utah Supreme Court’s decision is premised on the impact of pregnancy on a woman’s ability to work. Its opinion makes no mention of coverage limitations or insurance principles central to Aiello. The construction of the statute by the State’s highest court thus undermines the respondents’ belated claim that the provision can be analogized to the law sustained in Aiello.