Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432 (Alaska 1979). · Go Syfert
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Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432 (Alaska 1979). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“the setting of bail is ... not an 21 adversary confrontation wherein 'potential substantial prejudice' to 'the defendant's basic right to a fair trial' inheres, but rather is limited to the issue of interim confinement.”
65 citation events (32 in the last 25 years) across 17 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: People v. Pollard (coloctapp, 2013-03-14)
Treatment trajectory · 1979 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1979 2002 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 37 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) People v. Pollard (2×) also: Cited as authority (rule)
Colo. Ct. App. · 2013 · signal: see also · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
it was error to admit testimony of defendant's refusal, and error to comment on it during summation.
examined Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Fenner v. State
Md. · 2004 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
the setting of bail is ... not an 21 adversary confrontation wherein 'potential substantial prejudice' to 'the defendant's basic right to a fair trial' inheres, but rather is limited to the issue of interim confinement.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Betschart v. Washington County Circuit Court Judges
9th Cir. · 2024 · confidence medium
See Fenner v. State, 381 Md. 1, 24 (2004) (bail review hearing is not a critical stage); Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 436 (Alaska 1979) (“The setting of bail is likewise not an adversary confrontation wherein potential substantial prejudice to the defendant’s basic right to a fair trial inheres, but rather is limited to the issue of interim confinement.” (simplified)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State of Missouri v. James Eugene Logan
Mo. Ct. App. · 2023 · confidence medium
Pa. 1976), aff’d, 547 F.2d 1165 (3d Cir. 1976); State v. Heng, 512 P.3d 942 , 955-57 (Wash. App. 2022); Fenner v. State, 846 A.2d 1020, 1031 (Md. 2004); Ex parte Stewart, 853 So.2d 901, 904 (Ala. 2002), overruled on other grounds by Ex parte Cooper, 43 So.3d 547 , 549- 50 (Ala. 2009); Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 436 (Alaska 1979).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) People v. Kittrell CA4/3
Cal. Ct. App. · 2021 · confidence medium
(See, e.g., State v. Palenkas (1996) 188 Ariz. 201, 212 [“prosecution’s references to defendant’s invocation of his fourth amendment rights to refuse to consent to a warrantless entry . . . violated defendant’s due process rights to a fair trial”]; United 12 States v. Thame (3d Cir. 1988) 846 F.2d 200, 206-207 [“error for the prosecutor to argue that [defendant’s] reliance on his fourth amendment rights constituted evidence of his guilt”]; Padgett v. State (Alaska 1979) 590 P.2d 432, 434 [error for prosecutor to comment on defendant’s refusal to consent to a search of his car…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Erika M. Schapp
Vt. · 2019 · confidence medium
Relying on a similar line of reasoning, the vast majority of courts that have reached the question have concluded that an 15 individual’s exercise of Fourth Amendment rights by refusing to consent to a warrantless search cannot be used as evidence of guilt.7 7 See, e.g., United States v. Runyan, 290 F.3d 223, 249 (5th Cir. 2002) (declining to address question, but noting that “the circuit courts that have directly addressed this question have unanimously held that a defendant’s refusal to consent to a warrantless search may not be presented as evidence of guilt”); United States v. More…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) BOSSE v. STATE (2×)
Okla. Crim. App. · 2017 · confidence medium
It was error to admit testimony of defendant’s refusal, and error to comment on it during summation.” Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 434 (Alaska 1979).
examined Cited as authority (rule) BOSSE v. STATE (3×)
Okla. Crim. App. · 2017 · confidence medium
It was error to admit testimony of defendant's refusal, and error to comment on it during summation." Padgett v. State , 590 P.2d 432, 434 (Alaska 1979).
cited Cited as authority (rule) BOSSE v. STATE
Okla. Crim. App. · 2015 · confidence medium
It was error to admit testimony of defendant's refusal, and error to comment on it during summation." Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 434 (Alaska 1979).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Adams v. State
Alaska · 2011 · confidence medium
Id. (quoting Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 435 (Alaska 1979). 89 .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Betancourt
Idaho Ct. App. · 2011 · confidence medium
See United States v. Prescott, 581 F.2d 1343, 1351 (9th Cir.1978) (stating that, “if the government could use such a refusal against the citizen, an unfair and impermissible burden would be placed upon the assertion of a constitutional right”); Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 434-35 (Alaska 1979) (the constitutional right to refuse to consent to a search would effectively be destroyed if the exercise of such a right could be used as evidence of guilt); State v. Palenkas, 188 Ariz. 201 , 933 P.2d 1269, 1280 (Ariz. Ct.App.1996) (invocation of a constitutional right is probative of nothing ot…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Guess
E.D. Va. · 2010 · confidence medium
If the Government could use such a refusal against the citizen, an unfair and impermissible burden would be placed upon the assertion of a constitutional right and future consents would not be “freely and voluntarily given.” ”); Mackey v. State, 234 Ga.App. 554 , 507 S.E.2d 482, 484 (Ga.Ct.App.1998); Simmons v. State, 308 S.C. 481 , 419 S.E.2d 225, 226-27 (1992); Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 434 (Alaska 1979).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Banks (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
Wis. Ct. App. · 2010 · confidence medium
The reason for this universal rule is aptly explained in one terse statement by the Alaska Supreme Court in Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 434 (Alaska 1979), that the right to refuse to consent to a warrantless search would be "effectively destroyed if, when exercised, it could be used as evidence of guilt." ¶ 52.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Ramet v. State
Nev. · 2009 · confidence medium
See U.S. v. Moreno, 233 F.3d 937, 941 (7th Cir. 2000) (the Fourth Amendment entitled defendant to withhold consent to the search, and so introducing the invocation of that right as evidence of guilt may have been inconsistent with due process); U.S. v. Thame, 846 F.2d 200, 206-07 (3d Cir. 1988) (error for the prosecutor to argue that the defendant’s refusal to consent to search of his bag constituted evidence of his guilt); Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 434 (Alaska 1979) (right to refuse to consent to warrantless search of car would be “effectively destroyed if, when exercised, it could …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) People v. Chavez
Colo. Ct. App. · 2008 · confidence medium
See, e.g., United States v. Prescott, 581 F.2d 1343, 1351-52 (9th Cir.1978); Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 434-35 (Alaska 1979); State v. Palenkas, 188 Ariz. 201 , 933 P.2d 1269, 1279 (Ct.App.1996).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Bluel v. State
Alaska · 2007 · confidence medium
Id. at 1197-98 (citing Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 434 (Alaska 1979); Bargas v. State, 489 P.2d 130, 133 (Alaska 1971)). 28 .
discussed Cited as authority (rule) People v. Wood
Cal. Ct. App. · 2002 · confidence medium
(E.g., State v. Palenkas (Ariz.Ct.App. 1996) 933 P.2d 1269 , amended Dec. 19, 1996, 1 CA-CR *809 95-0752, 1996 Ariz. App. Lexis 267 [prosecutor’s use of defendant’s contacting his attorney and his invocation of his right to refuse a warrantless search as evidence of his guilt denied due process and required a new trial]; United States v. Thame (3d Cir. 1988) 846 F.2d 200, 206 [error for the prosecutor to argue that defendant’s refusal to consent to search of his bag constituted evidence of his guilt]; United States v. Taxe (9th Cir. 1976) 540 F.2d 961 [prosecutor’s comments on defendan…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Palenkas
Ariz. Ct. App. · 1996 · confidence medium
E.g., United States v. Thame, 846 F.2d 200, 206 (3d Cir.) (error for the prosecutor to argue that defendant’s refusal to consent to search of his bag constituted evidence of his guilt), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 928 , 109 S.Ct. 314 , 102 L.Ed.2d 333 (1988); United States v. Prescott, 581 F.2d 1343, 1351 (9th Cir.1978) (“passive refusal to consent to a warrantless search is privileged conduct which cannot be considered as evidence of wrongdoing”); United States v. Taxe, 540 F.2d 961 (9th Cir.1976) (prosecutor’s comments on defendants’ refusal to consent to a search of their trucks was �…
cited Cited as authority (rule) Brandon v. State
Alaska Ct. App. · 1992 · confidence medium
We believe this issue is controlled by Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 435-36 (Alaska 1979).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Thiel v. State
Alaska Ct. App. · 1988 · confidence medium
See also Eben v. State, 599 P.2d 700, 706 (Alaska 1979); Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 436 (Alaska 1979); McLaughlin v. State, 737 P.2d 1361 (Alaska App.1987).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Potts v. State (2×)
Alaska Ct. App. · 1986 · confidence medium
Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 435 (Alaska 1979).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Svedlund v. Municipality of Anchorage
Alaska Ct. App. · 1983 · confidence medium
CONSTITUTIONALITY OF CRIMINALIZING ASSERTION OF RIGHTS Svedlund argues that there is a constitutional right to refuse to consent to a search. 7 See Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 434 (Alaska 1979).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Van Hatten v. State (2×)
Alaska Ct. App. · 1983 · signal: cf. · confidence medium
Cf. Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 434-35 (Alaska 1979) (differentiating between an improper comment in testimony and an improper comment during final argument and noting that the former is more Likely to be cured by a jury instruction).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Elson v. State (2×)
Alaska · 1983 · confidence medium
Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 434 (Alaska 1979); Bargas v. State, 489 P.2d 130, 133 (Alaska 1971).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Dorman v. State (2×)
Alaska · 1981 · confidence medium
There is considerable authority to the effect that a prosecutor’s comment on the silence of an accused during interrogation is reviewable without an objection having been made to the comment. 13 We have reached the same conclusion by implication in Bar-gas v. State, 489 P.2d 130, 133 (Alaska 1971) and Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 435 (Alaska 1979). 14 In Bargas the prosecutor introduced evidence of the defendant’s refusal to consent to a search and commented on it during closing argument.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) McMahan v. State
Alaska · 1980 · confidence medium
See Eben v. State, 599 P.2d 700, 708-09 (Alaska 1979); Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 436 (Alaska 1979); Ladd v. State, 568 P.2d 960, 966-67 (Alaska 1977), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 928 , 98 S.Ct. 1498 , 55 L.Ed.2d 524 (1979). 3 .
discussed Cited "see" STATE OF NEW JERSEY VS. SUI KAM TUNG (13-06-0793, BERGEN COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)
N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. · 2019 · signal: see · confidence high
See Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432 , 434- 35 (Alaska 1979) (noting that the Fourth Amendment right to refuse consent to a search "would be effectively destroyed if, when exercised, it could be used as evidence of guilt"); see also Longshore v. State, 924 A.2d 1129, 1159 (Md. 2007) ("An unfair and impermissible burden would be placed upon the assertion of a constitutional right if the State could use a refusal to a warrantless search against an individual."); Sampson v. State, 122 P.3d 1255, 1260-61 (Nev. 2005) (holding that it was "constitutional error for a prosecutor to elicit testimony or c…
discussed Cited "see" STATE OF NEW JERSEY VS. SUI KAM TUNG (13-06-0793, BERGEN COUNTY AND STATEWIDE)
N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. · 2019 · signal: see · confidence high
See Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432 , 434- 35 (Alaska 1979) (noting that the Fourth Amendment right to refuse consent to a search "would be effectively destroyed if, when exercised, it could be used as evidence of guilt"); see also Longshore v. State, 924 A.2d 1129, 1159 (Md. 2007) ("An unfair and impermissible burden would be placed upon the assertion A-3692-15T1 34 of a constitutional right if the State could use a refusal to a warrantless search against an individual."); Sampson v. State, 122 P.3d 1255, 1260-61 (Nev. 2005) (holding that it was "constitutional error for a prosecutor to elicit…
discussed Cited "see" State v. Tung
N.J. Super. Ct. App. Div. · 2019 · signal: see · confidence high
See Padgett v. State , 590 P.2d 432 , 434-35 (Alaska 1979) (noting that the Fourth Amendment right to refuse consent to a search "would be *245 effectively destroyed if, when exercised, it could be used as evidence of guilt"); see also Longshore v. State , 399 Md. 486 , 924 A.2d 1129 , 1159 (2007) ("An unfair and impermissible burden would be placed upon the assertion of a constitutional right if the State could use a refusal to a warrantless search against an individual."); Sampson v. State , 121 Nev. 820 , 122 P.3d 1255 , 1260-61 (2005) (holding that it was "constitutional error for a prosec…
cited Cited "see" Vann v. State
Alaska Ct. App. · 2010 · signal: see · confidence high
See Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 434-35 (Alaska 1979); Bargas v. State, 489 P.2d 130, 132 (Alaska 1971). 11 .
discussed Cited "see" Sampson v. State
Nev. · 2005 · signal: see · confidence high
See Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 434 (Alaska 1979); Mackey v. State, 507 S.E.2d 482, 484 (Ga. Ct. App. 1998). 9 Mackey, 507 S.E.2d at 484. 10 Thame, 846 F.2d at 206-07 ; Prescott, 581 F.2d at 1351 . 11 Prescott, 581 F.2d at 1351 (citations omitted).
discussed Cited "see" Patterson v. State
Alaska Ct. App. · 1984 · signal: see · confidence high
See Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 435 (Alaska 1979) (no error committed where appellant contends that cross-examination of victim was restricted regarding sexual history and relationships in rape case but did not seek closed admissibility hearing pursuant to A.S. 12.45.045).
discussed Cited "see" Wamser v. State (2×)
Alaska Ct. App. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 435 (Alaska 1979) (holding a restriction on cross-examination of prosecuting witness in rape case not error in absence of offer of proof in accordance with AS 12.45.045). .
cited Cited "see" Baden v. State
Alaska Ct. App. · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 435 (Alaska 1979).
cited Cited "see" Bloomstrand v. State
Alaska Ct. App. · 1982 · signal: see · confidence high
See Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 434 (Alaska 1979); Bargas v. State, 489 P.2d 130, 133-34 (Alaska 1971).
discussed Cited "see" Eben v. State
Alaska · 1979 · signal: see · confidence high
See Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432, 436 (Alaska 1979); Ladd v. State, 568 P.2d 960, 966-67 (Alaska 1977), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 928 , 98 S.Ct. 1498 , 55 L.Ed.2d 524 (1978); Morris v. State, 473 P.2d 603, 605-06 (Alaska 1970); Soolook v. State, 447 P.2d 55, 60-61 (Alaska 1968), cert. denied, 396 U.S. 850 , 90 S.Ct. 107 , 24 L.Ed.2d 99 (1969). 24 .
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Clark v. State (2×)
Alaska Ct. App. · 1985 · signal: see also · confidence low
See also Padgett v. State, 590 P.2d 432 (Alaska 1979); Bargas v. State, 489 P.2d 130 (Alaska 1971).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Raymond PADGETT, Jr., Appellant,
v.
STATE of Alaska, Appellee
3317.
Alaska Supreme Court.
Feb 16, 1979.
590 P.2d 432
Robert Adelman, Sue Ellen Tatter, Asst. Public Defender, Brian Shortell, Public Defender, Anchorage, for appellant., John Scukanec, Susan Delbert, Asst. Dist. Attys., Joseph D. Balfe, Dist. Atty., Anchorage, Avrum M. Gross, Atty. Gen., Juneau, for appellee.
Boochever, Burke, Connor, Matthews, Rabi-Nowitz.
Cited by 52 opinions  |  Published

OPINION

Before BOOCHEVER, C. J„ and RABI-NOWITZ, CONNOR, BURKE and MATTHEWS, JJ. MATTHEWS, Justice.

Raymond Padgett was convicted of rape. He challenges numerous evidentiary rulings on appeal, only one of which merits detailed consideration. To understand it, a brief review of the facts of the case is necessary.

In the early afternoon of June 14, 1976, M.T. was sitting in her disabled vehicle on a deserted stretch of the Richardson Highway, awaiting the return of her boyfriend who had hitchhiked to a garage. Padgett drove by, stopped, and at first attempted to repair and start the vehicle. According to M.T., Padgett grabbed her from behind, threatened her with a screwdriver, and raped her. Padgett’s testimony differed. He said M.T. made various suggestive gestures which enticed him to make a sexual advance. When he did so, she consented to sexual intercourse.

[*434] As Padgett left, M.T. took note of his vehicle license number and, shortly after-wards reported to the State Troopers that she had been raped. Padgett was arrested later that same day and taken to trooper headquarters in Glennallen. After being questioned for some time about the charge, Padgett stated that he had had “sexual intercourse with [M.T.] forcibly,” although he didn’t “know if you would call it against her will or not.”

During the course of the interrogation, Padgett was advised that his car was being impounded. He was told that M.T. had stated that he had threatened her with a screwdriver and that a search warrant would be obtained to search for the screwdriver and other incriminating evidence. He was then asked if he would consent to a search of his car without a warrant. At first he consented, then he said he would only consent to a search in the back of the car. After further deliberation, he agreed to a search of all of it. The troopers then searched appellant’s car and found six screwdrivers, four in a tool box in the trunk, one on the floor of the back seat, and one under the passenger side of the front seat. The one under the front seat was later identified by M.T. as the one Padgett had used to threaten her.

Padgett was tried twice. The jury was deadlocked in its deliberations after the first trial, and a mistrial was declared. After the second trial, Padgett was found guilty of rape.

At the second trial, Padgett’s transient refusal to consent to a search of the front seat area of his vehicle was testified to by a state trooper in response to the question, “is there anything else that made you think he was hiding anything?” Defense counsel objected to this question on the basis that it was leading, but made no other objection or motion to strike. The refusal was also commented upon by the prosecutor during his final argument, also without objection:

And the person hides the weapon. The screwdriver’s under the front seat. You can’t search the back of my car — or you— excuse me — you can search the back of my car, implying certainly that you can— can’t search the front, or I don’t want you to search the front, although he ultimately changed his mind. Changed his shirt. Was driving down the road without a shirt on. Sure, that’s a small fact. But you put it all together with all these others and are these all coincidences or do they all together show a pattern of consistent lying, consistent manipulation, consistent refusal to — you know, to be responsive, to be honest. [Emphasis added.]

Padgett contends the testimony concerning his momentary refusal to consent to a search of the front of the vehicle, taken together with the prosecutor’s comment on it, was federal constitutional error. The state contends that the evidence and the comment on it were proper to show guilty knowledge of the defendant. Further, the state contends that any error was harmless and that grounds for appeal were waived by defense counsel’s failure to object on constitutional grounds, to both the testimony during trial, and to the comment on it during argument.

Padgett had a right under the fourth amendment to the Federal Constitution, and article I, section 14 of the state constitution, to refuse to consent to a search of all or part of his car. That right would be effectively destroyed if, when exercised, it could be used as evidence of guilt. It was error to admit testimony of defendant’s refusal, and error to comment on it during summation. This is not our first decision on this point. In Bargas v. State, 489 P.2d 130 (Alaska 1971), we held that it was error to introduce evidence of a refusal to consent to a search, and to comment on it during closing argument. That case is directly dis-positive here.

Since the error involved violation of a federal constitutional guarantee, we may not consider it harmless unless we can say beyond a reasonable doubt that it did not[*435] affect the jury’s verdict. [1] We are unable to declare such a belief in this case. The hung jury, in the first trial, was an indication that the case for the prosecution was not overwhelming. It is noteworthy that during the first trial, no comment on defendant’s refusal to consent to a full search was made.

The next question is whether defense counsel’s failure to properly object to the introduction of the testimony, or to the prosecutor’s comment, waives the point on appeal. In Bargas, we held identical errors to fall within the plain error doctrine reflected by Criminal Rule 47(b). [2] That decision is controlling on this point. Our decision might be otherwise if all that was involved was the introduction of testimony concerning the partial refusal to consent. A timely objection could have prevented the evidence from ever reaching the jury. However, an objection during final argument is not so effective. The prejudicial comment is before the jury before the objection can be made, and the curative effect of an admonition from the court to disregard the comment is of debatable value. [3]

Padgett also contends that he was unduly restricted in his cross-examination of M.T.’s “sexual history and relationships.” This issue is not well presented. The only actual request by counsel to which we have been cited is in regard to M.T.’s “marital status.” AS 12.45.045 governs the admission of evidence concerning past sexual conduct in rape trials. [4] Under this statute, if the defense wishes to introduce evidence of past sexual experiences, application must be made for a closed hearing to determine the admissibility of the evidence. In the context of this case, what the defense should have done if it desired to cross-examine M.T. concerning past sexual conduct, was to request an opportunity to do so on the record, out of the presence of the jury, and in a closed hearing. The court then could determine whether the information so elicited should be admitted. However, no such request was made, and no error was committed.

One other point deserves brief mention. A proceeding was held as required by Criminal Rule 5(a) [5] before the District[*436] Judge in Glennallen the day after Padgett was arrested. He was there advised of the nature of the charges and his rights to remain silent and to counsel; an attorney was appointed for him; and the matter of bail was discussed. After the District Attorney stated his position on bail Padgett volunteered an arguably incriminating statement which was admitted at the trial. He contends that admission of the statement violated his right to counsel under the state and federal Constitutions [6] and his right to remain silent guaranteed by the fifth amendment to the Federal Constitution.

We believe these contentions are without merit. With regard to the sixth amendment claim, it is clear that the Rule 5 proceeding is not a “critical stage” requiring the assistance of counsel. [7] No plea may be taken at that stage, Rule 5(e), and no plea was entered, unlike the situations present in Coleman v. Alabama, 399 U.S. 1, 90 S.Ct. 1999, 26 L.Ed.2d 387 (1970), and White v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 59, 83 S.Ct. 1050, 10 L.Ed.2d 193 (1963), respectively. The probable cause determination made pursuant to Rule 5(e)(1) neither involves the examination of witnesses nor precludes the state from seeking a grand jury indictment should no probable cause be found. See Rule 5.1(g)(2). At the preliminary examination, which must follow within ten days if the defendant is in custody, Rule 5(e)(2Xiii)(aa), probable cause is determined de novo, and the defendant is assured the presence of counsel. Rule 5.1(a). The setting of bail is likewise not an adversary confrontation wherein “potential substantial prejudice” to “the defendant’s basic right to a fair trial” inheres, but rather is limited to the issue of interim confinement. United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 227, 87 S.Ct. 1926, 1932, 18 L.Ed.2d 1149, 1157 (1967). Moreover, bail may be reviewed by appointed counsel as soon as 48 hours after the initial determination. AS 12.30.020(f).

With regard to the fifth amendment claim, the fact that a defendant at a Rule 5 proceeding is unrepresented by counsel should not preclude him from speaking on the matter of bail. If he makes an unsolicited incriminating statement in the course of his remarks, it will be admitted if it is voluntary. [8] Here that requirement was plainly met.

We have reviewed the other points raised on appeal and find them to be without merit.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

1

. Chapman v. California, 386 U.S. 18, 87 S.Ct. 824, 17 L.Ed.2d 705 (1967); Bargas, 489 P.2d at 133.

2

. Criminal Rule 47(b) provides:

Plain Error. Plain errors or defects affecting substantial rights may be noticed although they were not brought to the attention of the court.
3

. See Patman v. State, 95 Okl.Cr. 415, 247 P.2d 308, 311 (1952); Cf. United States v. Chiantese, 560 F.2d 1244 (5th Cir. 1977) (defective jury instruction could not be cured by subsequent curative instructions).

4

. AS 12.45.045 provides:

(a)In prosecutions for the crime of rape and assault with intent to commit rape, evidence of the complaining witness’ previous sexual conduct shall not be admitted nor reference made to it in the presence of the jury except as provided in this section. When the defendant seeks to admit the evidence for any purpose, he may apply for an order of the court at any time before or during the trial or preliminary hearing. After the application is made, the court shall conduct a hearing in camera to determine the admissibility of the evidence. If the court finds that evidence offered by the defendant regarding the sexual conduct of the complaining witness is relevant, and that the probative value of the evidence offered is not outweighed by the probability that its admission will create undue prejudice, confusion of the issues, or unwarranted invasion of the privacy of the complaining witness, the court shall make an order stating what evidence may be introduced and the nature of the questions which shall be permitted. The defendant may then offer evidence under the order of the court.
(b) In the absence of a persuasive showing to the contrary, evidence of the complaining witness’ sexual conduct occurring more than one year before the date of the offense charged is presumed to be inadmissible under this section.
(c) In this section “complaining witness” means the alleged victim of the crime charged, the prosecution of which is subject to this section.
5

.Criminal Rule 5 provides in pertinent part:

(a) Appearance Before Judge or Magistrate.
(1) Except when the person arrested is issued a citation for a misdemeanor and immediately thereafter released, the arrested person shall be taken before the nearest available judge or magistrate without unnecessary delay. Unnecessary delay within the mean[*436] ing of this section (a) is defined as a period not to exceed twenty-four hours after arrest, including Sundays and holidays. . . .
(c) Statement by Judge or Magistrate — Right to Counsel — Bail. The judge or magistrate
(1) shall inform the defendant of the complaint against him and of any affidavit filed therewith, and
(2) shall require that a copy of the complaint and of any affidavit filed therewith be delivered to the defendant if this has not already been done, and
(3) shall inform the defendant
(i) of his right to retain counsel, and
(ii) of his right to request the assignment of counsel if he is unable to obtain counsel, and
(iii) of his right to have a preliminary examination, and
(4)shall inform the defendant that he is not required to make a statement and that any statement made may be used against him.
The judge or magistrate shall allow the defendant reasonable time and opportunity to consult counsel and shall admit the defendant to bail as provided by law and by these rules.
6

. Alaska Const. art. I, § 11; U.S.Const. amend. VI.

8

. Soolook v. State, 447 P.2d 55 (Alaska 1968).