Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270 (Colo. 1991). · Go Syfert
Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270 (Colo. 1991). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“it is . . . clearly within the legislature's domain to amend statutes of limitations to shorten or lengthen the time after which certain actions shall not be brought.”
92 citation events (27 in the last 25 years) across 5 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Robertson v. REP Processing, LLC. d/b/a Rimrock Energy Partners (cod, 2020-09-24)
Treatment trajectory · 1991 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1991 2008 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 43 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Robertson v. REP Processing, LLC. d/b/a Rimrock Energy Partners
D. Colo. · 2020 · signal: see also · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
the doctrine of estoppel is not favored . . . and will be applied only when all of the elements constituting an estoppel are clearly shown.
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) v. Sims
Colo. Ct. App. · 2019 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
it is . . . clearly within the legislature's domain to amend statutes of limitations to shorten or lengthen the time after which certain actions shall not be brought.
discussed Cited as authority (quoted) Santich v. VCG Holding Corp.
Colo. · 2019 · signal: see · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
the doctrine of estoppel is not favored ... and will be applied only when all of the elements constituting an estoppel are clearly shown.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Alexander Rudnicki and Francis Rudnicki as parents, guardians, and nextfriends and Pamela Rudnicki, as parents, guardians, and next friends v. Peter Bianco, D.O.
Colo. Ct. App. · 2023 · confidence medium
Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1273-74 (Colo. 1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Wilkins v. American Family Mutual Insurance Company, SI
D. Colo. · 2022 · confidence medium
Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1275 (Colo. 1991) (finding “reliance on settlement discussion with [the] insurer to be an unreasonable justification for failing to file within the requisite period of time”); see also Brown, 989 P.2d at 198 (“Further, if we were to hold that the statute is triggered only when the carrier refuses payment, such would allow the claimant to present his demand at any time after the settlement.”).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Tara Woods Ltd. Partnership v. Fannie Mae
10th Cir. · 2014 · confidence medium
Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1274 (Colo.1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Hickerson v. Vessels
Colo. · 2014 · confidence medium
Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1274-75 (Colo.1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) In Re SD
Colo. Ct. App. · 2010 · confidence medium
"The purpose of a statute of limitations is to promote justice, discourage unnecessary delay, and forestall the prosecution of stale claims." Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1274 (Colo. 1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) In re S.D.
Colo. Ct. App. · 2010 · confidence medium
"The purpose of a statute of limitations is to promote justice, discourage unnecessary delay, and forestall the prosecution of stale claims." Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1274 (Colo.1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Patterson v. BP America Production Co.
Colo. Ct. App. · 2010 · confidence medium
Co., 174 P.3d 849, 858 (Colo.App.2007) (citing Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1275 (Colo.1991)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) GOGNAT v. Ellsworth
Colo. Ct. App. · 2009 · confidence medium
Id. (citing Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1275 (Colo.1991)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Olson v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co.
Colo. Ct. App. · 2007 · confidence medium
Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1275 (Colo.1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Norris v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.
10th Cir. · 2005 · confidence medium
Taylor v. Goldsmith, 870 P.2d 1264, 1266 (Colo.App.1994); see also Jones v. Cox, 828 P.2d 218 , *888 224 (Colo.1992); Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1273 (Colo.1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Cacioppo v. Eagle County School District Re-50J
Colo. · 2004 · confidence medium
Additionally, we hold that the five-day time limit imposed by section 1-11-208.5 is also not "manifestly so limited as to amount to a denial of justice." Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1273 (Colo.1991) (quoting Oberst v. Mays, 148 Colo. 285, 292 , 365 P.2d 902, 905 (1961)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Cacioppo v. EAGLE COUNTY SCHOOL DIS.
Colo. · 2004 · confidence medium
Additionally, we hold that the five-day time limit imposed by section 1-11-203.5 is also not "manifestly so limited as to amount to a denial of justice." Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1273 (Colo.1991) (quoting Oberst v. Mays, 148 Colo. 285, 292 , 365 P.2d 902, 905 (1961)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Nicholls v. Zurich American Insurance Group
D. Colo. · 2003 · confidence medium
Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1275 (Colo.1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Huizar v. Allstate Insurance Co. (2×)
Colo. · 1998 · confidence medium
Partnership I, 817 P.2d 527, 533 (Colo.1991); Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1275 (Colo.1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Lorenz v. State
Colo. · 1996 · confidence medium
People v. Young, 859 P.2d 814, 818 (Colo.1993) (substantive due process analysis); Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1274 (Colo.1991) (equal protection analysis).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Board of County Commissioners v. Sundheim
Colo. · 1996 · confidence medium
Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1275 (Colo.1991); Curtiss v. GSX Corp. of Colorado, 774 P.2d 873, 876 (Colo.1989); O’Quinn v. Walt Disney Prods., Inc., 177 Colo. 190, 195 , 493 P.2d 344, 346 (1972).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) People v. Black (2×)
Colo. · 1996 · confidence medium
In the absence of a classification that infringes on a fundamental right, creates a suspect class, or creates a classification subject to an intermediate level of scrutiny, such as illegitimacy and gender, "persons may be treated differently without violating equal protection guarantees if the statutory classification has some reasonable basis in fact and bears a rational relationship to a legitimate state purpose." Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1274 (Colo. 1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Regional Transportation District v. Voss (2×)
Colo. · 1995 · confidence medium
Indeed, we recently upheld the constitutionality of a two year limitations period based on our view that the statute properly "promote[d] justice, discourage[d] unnecessary delay, and forestall[ed] the prosecution of stale claims." See Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1274 (Colo.1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Computer Associates International, Inc. v. American Fundware, Inc.
D. Colo. · 1993 · confidence medium
Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1275 (Colo.1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Western Metal Lath v. Acoustical & Construction Supply, Inc. (2×)
Colo. · 1993 · confidence medium
In the absence of a classification (1) infringing on a fundamental right; (2) creating a suspect class; or (3) creating a classification subject to an intermediate level of scrutiny, such as illegitimacy and gender, "persons may be treated differently without violating equal protection guarantees if the statutory classification has some reasonable basis in fact and bears a rational relationship to a legitimate state purpose." Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1274 (Colo.1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Estate of Stevenson Ex Rel. Talovich v. Hollywood Bar & Cafe, Inc. (2×)
Colo. · 1992 · confidence medium
Charlton v. Kimata, 815 P.2d 946, 949 (Colo.1991); Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1273 (Colo.1991); Palmer v. A.H.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Smith v. Colorado Interstate Gas Co.
D. Colo. · 1992 · confidence medium
Morrison v. Goodspeed, 100 Colo. 470, 477-478 , 68 P.2d 458, 462 (1937) (fraud); Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1275 (Colo.1991) (estoppel).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Jones v. Cox (4×) also: Cited "see"
Colo. · 1992 · confidence medium
Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1273 (Colo. 1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jefferson County School District No. R-1 v. Shorey (2×)
Colo. · 1992 · confidence medium
E.g., Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1275 (Colo.1991); Department of Health v. Donahue, 690 P.2d 243, 247 (Colo.1984).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Moffitt v. Barr
Utah Ct. App. · 1992 · confidence medium
Becton Dickinson & Co. v. Reese, 668 P.2d 1254, 1257 (Utah 1983); Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1274 (Colo.1991).
discussed Cited "see" Lewis v. Taylor (2×)
Colo. · 2016 · signal: see · confidence high
See Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1273 (Colo. 1991); 51 Am.
discussed Cited "see" Brodeur v. American Home Assurance Co.
Colo. · 2007 · signal: see · confidence high
See Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1274 (Colo.1991) (holding that the plaintiff's uncertainty as to the extent of her damages did not prevent the filing of her complaint within the two-year limitations period where the fact of injury was known since the date of her accident). .
cited Cited "see" White v. Pierson-Andersen
Colo. Ct. App. · 2002 · signal: see · confidence high
See Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270 (Colo.1991).
cited Cited "see" Spencer v. Board of County Commissioners
Colo. Ct. App. · 2001 · signal: see · confidence high
See Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270 (Colo.1991).
discussed Cited "see" Denver Water Department Credit Union v. Estate of Ongaro (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
Colo. · 2000 · signal: see · confidence high
See id.
cited Cited "see" Shell Western E&P, Inc. v. Dolores County Board of Commissioners
Colo. · 1997 · signal: see · confidence high
See Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1275 (Colo.1991); Department of Health v. Donahue, 690 P.2d 243, 247 (Colo.1984).
discussed Cited "see" Duell v. United Bank of Pueblo, N.A. (2×)
Colo. Ct. App. · 1994 · signal: see · confidence high
See Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270 (Colo.1991).
cited Cited "see" Whalen v. United Air Lines, Inc.
Colo. Ct. App. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270 (Colo.1991).
cited Cited "see" Mountain States Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. State Department of Highways
Colo. Ct. App. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270 (Colo.1991); Roberts-Henry v. Richter, 802 P.2d 1159 (Colo.App.1990).
cited Cited "see" Burtkin Associates v. Tipton
Colo. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270, 1273 (Colo.1991); People v. Fuller, 791 P.2d 702, 705 (Colo.1990).
cited Cited "see" Van Waters & Rogers, Inc. v. Keelan
Colo. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270 , 1273 n. 3 (Colo.1991) ("[g]enerally, issues not presented in the trial court are deemed waived and cannot be raised on appeal”).
cited Cited "see" Public Service Co. of Colorado v. Blue River Irrigation Co.
Colo. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270 , 1273 n. 3 (Colo.1991) (“Generally, issues not presented in the trial court are deemed waived and cannot be raised on appeal.”).
discussed Cited "see" Flickinger v. Ninth District Production Credit Ass'n of Wichita (2×)
Colo. Ct. App. · 1991 · signal: see · confidence high
See Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270 (Colo.1991).
discussed Cited "see" Flickinger v. NINTH DIST. PROD. CREDIT (2×)
Colo. Ct. App. · 1991 · signal: see · confidence high
See Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270 (Colo.1991).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Wishbone, Inc. v. Eppinger
Colo. Ct. App. · 1991 · signal: see also · confidence low
See Texaco, Inc. v. Short, supra; see also Dove v. Delgado, 808 P.2d 1270 (Colo.1991) (two-year period for filing negligence action not so short as to deny due process).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Maureen L. DOVE, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
Laura L. DELGADO, Defendant-Appellee
90SA307.
Supreme Court of Colorado.
Apr 15, 1991.
808 P.2d 1270
Malman & Malman, P.C., Jerome S. Mal-man, Denver, for plaintiff-appellant., Creamer and Seaman, P.C., Thomas J. Seaman and Thomas J. Jirak, Denver, for defendant-appellee.
Vollack.
Cited by 60 opinions  |  Published
1 passage pin-cited by 1 case
Pinpoint authority: bottom 70%
Citer courts: Supreme Court of Colorado (1)
Justice VOLLACK

delivered the Opinion of the Court.

The plaintiff, Maureen L. Dove (Dove), appeals the trial court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of defendant, Laura L. Delgado (Delgado). We affirm.

I.

On January 27, 1987, an automobile accident occurred between Dove and Delgado, resulting in injuries to Dove. Soon after the accident, Dove notified Delgado and Delgado’s insurer of her injuries and claim.

On March 23, 1989, Dove filed this action in the District Court for the City and County of Denver. In her complaint, she alleged that Delgado “negligently and carelessly drove a vehicle into an automobile driven by the plaintiff.” Dove further claimed that she sustained serious injuries as a direct and proximate result of Delgado’s negligence, and that her damages exceeded the threshold amount of $2,500 as required under section 10-4-714(l)(e), 4A C.R.S. (1987), of the Colorado Auto Accident Reparations Act.

Delgado answered, citing the two-year statute of limitations under section 13-80-102(l)(a), 6A C.R.S. (1987), as a bar to Dove’s negligence claim. On May 23,1989, Delgado filed a motion for summary judgment, seeking dismissal of Dove’s tort action because more than two years had elapsed between the date of the accident and the filing of the lawsuit in violation of section 13-80-102(l)(a). In her response to Delgado’s motion for summary judgment, Dove argued that section 13-80-102(l)(a) was unconstitutional because it violated due process and equal protection of the laws. Dove further argued that Delgado must be equitably estopped from asserting section 13-80-102(l)(a) as a bar to her cause of action.

The trial court granted the defendant’s motion for summary judgment, finding that the case had not been filed within the two-year statute of limitations and that section 13-80-102(l)(a) was not unconstitutional. Dove appealed to the court of appeals, and, based on the constitutional issues raised, the appeal was transferred to this court pursuant to sections 13 — 4—102(l)(b) [1] and 13-4-110(l)(a), [2] 6A C.R.S. (1987).

[*1273] II.

On appeal, Dove contends that section 13-80-102(l)(a) violates due process; denies her equal protection under the law; and violates article II, section 6, of the Colorado Constitution. Dove further argues that Delgado should be equitably es-topped from raising the statute of limitations as a defense. [3]

The principal question for our review is whether section 13-80-102(l)(a) is constitutional. That statute provides that tort actions, including actions for negligence, “shall be commenced within two years after the cause of action accrues, and not thereafter.” Moreover, section 13-80-108(1) provides that a cause of action for personal injury “shall be considered to accrue on the date both the injury and its cause are known or should have been known by the exercise of reasonable diligence.” We note at the outset that a statute is presumed to be constitutional, and the burden is on the party attacking the statute to establish its unconstitutionality beyond a reasonable doubt. Palmer v. A.H. Robins Co., 684 P.2d 187, 214 (Colo.1984); People in the Interest of C.M., 630 P.2d 593, 594 (Colo.1981).

A.

Dove first argues that section 13-80-102(l)(a) is so unreasonably short as to deny due process. U.S. Const, amends. V and XIV; Colo. Const, art. II, § 25. The general rule is that a statute of limitations does not violate due process “unless the time fixed by the statute is manifestly so limited as to amount to a denial of justice.” Oberst v. Mays, 148 Colo. 285, 292, 365 P.2d 902, 905 (1961). “The legislature is the primary judge of whether the time allowed by a statute is reasonable.” Id.; see also Mishek v. Stanton, 200 Colo. 514, 518, 616 P.2d 135, 138 (1980). Under the facts presented, we do not find that the two-year limitation for filing a negligence action is so unreasonably short as to amount to a denial of justice.

Dove does not dispute that her cause of action accrued on January 27, 1987, the date of the accident. Essentially, she asserts that she was unable to file her claim within the requisite two-year limitations period for tort actions because she had not, in her words, reached “maximum medical improvement” at the time she was required to file her action and was therefore unable to assess with accuracy at that time the extent of her potential future damages. We consider Dove’s argument to be without merit.

Dove does not argue that she was unable to ascertain whether she had sustained any damage as a result of the accident. In fact, she asserts in her complaint that she incurred damages in excess of $2,500. We fail to see how Dove’s uncertainty as to the[*1274] extent of her damages prevented the filing of her complaint within the two-year limitations period where the fact of injury was known since the date of her accident. The amount of damages is a matter to be determined at trial, and uncertainty as to the proper award of damages is a question for the trier of fact to resolve. See Peterson v. Colorado Potato Flake & Mfg. Co., 164 Colo. 304, 309-10, 435 P.2d 237, 239 (1967). It is the plaintiffs responsibility to gather sufficient evidence from which the trier of fact can calculate a reasonable award of damages. Dove’s failure to reach “maximum medical improvement” is a damages problem to be resolved at trial and in no way affected her ability to file a complaint within the two-year limitations period when she admittedly knew of her injuries since the date of the accident. We therefore hold that section 13-80-102(l)(a) is not unreasonably short so as to violate due process.

B.

Dove next contends that section 13-80-102(l)(a) violates her right to equal protection of the law. U.S. Const, amend. XIV; Colo. Const, art. II, § 25. She argues that the applicable statute of limitations was shortened from six years to two years only eight months prior to her accident; therefore, by virtue of the date on which her accident occurred, Dove became a member of a class of individuals burdened by the shorter limitations period. We find no merit in this constitutional challenge.

For the purposes of equal protection analysis in Colorado, where a legislative enactment impacts on a fundamental right or creates a suspect classification, the state has the burden of establishing that the statute is necessarily related to a compelling governmental interest. Austin v. Litvak, 682 P.2d 41, 49 (Colo.1984); Lujan v. Colorado State Bd. of Educ., 649 P.2d 1005, 1015 (Colo.1982). In the absence of a statutory infringement on a fundamental right or creation of a suspect class, classes of persons may be treated differently without violating equal protection guarantees if the statutory classification has some reasonable basis in fact and bears a rational relationship to a legitimate state purpose. Austin, 682 P.2d at 49; Yarbro v. Hilton Hotels Corp., 655 P.2d 822, 827 (Colo.1982); Lujan, 649 P.2d at 1016. The party challenging the statutory classification bears the burden of proving beyond a reasonable doubt that the statutory classification is unreasonable or, if reasonable, is unrelated to any legitimate governmental objective. Persichini v. Brad Ragan, Inc., 735 P.2d 168, 174-75 (Colo.1987); Lee v. Colorado Dep’t of Health, 718 P.2d 221, 227 (Colo.1986).

The creation of a suspect class is not involved here, and, contrary to Dove’s assertions, the right to recover damages in tort is not a fundamental right. Austin, 682 P.2d at 49-50. We therefore reject the strict scrutiny test and apply instead the rational basis test.

In essence, Dove argues that it is unconstitutional for the legislature ever to reduce a statute of limitations since such an amendment would create a class of persons who would no longer be affected by the repealed statute. It is, however, clearly within the legislature’s domain to amend statutes of limitations to shorten or lengthen the time after which certain actions shall not be brought. Edelstein v. Carlile, 33 Colo. 54, 57, 78 P. 680, 681 (1904). Moreover, as previously stated, it is for the legislature to determine whether the time allowed by a statute is reasonable. Mishek v. Stanton, 200 Colo. 514, 518, 616 P.2d 135, 138 (1980); Oberst v. Mays, 148 Colo. 285, 292, 365 P.2d 902, 905 (1961). The purpose of a statute of limitations is to promote justice, discourage unnecessary delay, and forestall the prosecution of stale claims. Colorado State Bd. of Medical Examiners v. Jorgensen, 198 Colo. 275, 279, 599 P.2d 869, 872 (1979). In our view, the two-year limitations period under section 13-80-102(l)(a) is reasonably related to these legitimate governmental purposes. Indeed, the shorter time period not only compels parties to move their cases through the court system in a more timely manner, but it reduces the possibility that intervening factors will arise to cloud the[*1275] issues of causation and damages. By forcing parties to use diligence in pursuit of their claims, the two-year limitations period meets the purposes served by statutes of limitations. Dove, in our view, has failed to demonstrate that the two-year period is unreasonable. We therefore find that section 13-80-102(l)(a) does not violate equal protection guarantees.

C.

Dove next contends that section 13-80-102(l)(a) deprives her of access to the courts in violation of article II, section 6, of the Colorado Constitution, which provides that “[c]ourts of justice shall be open to every person, and a speedy remedy afforded for every injury to person, property or character.” We hold that section 13-80-102(l)(a) does not violate the equal justice provision. That provision merely provides that if a right does accrue under the law, the courts must be available to effectuate that right. O'Quinn v. Walt Disney Prods., 177 Colo. 190, 195, 493 P.2d 344, 346 (1972); Goldberg v. Musim, 162 Colo. 461, 469, 427 P.2d 698, 703 (1967); Vogts v. Guerrette, 142 Colo. 527, 532, 351 P.2d 851, 854 (1960). Dove was not denied access to the courts; rather, she failed to pursue her vested right in a timely manner. We therefore refuse to invalidate the statute on this basis.

D.

Finally, Dove argues that Delgado should be equitably estopped from raising the statute of limitations as a defense. Dove maintains that, while the limitations period was running, Delgado’s insurer communicated a desire to settle Dove’s claim and that these settlement discussions led Dove to believe that litigation would be unnecessary.

The doctrine of estoppel is not favored, University of Colorado v. Silverman, 192 Colo. 75, 79, 555 P.2d 1155, 1158 (1976), and will be applied only when all of the elements constituting an estoppel are clearly shown. Susman v. Exchange Nat'l Bank, 117 Colo. 12, 15, 183 P.2d 571, 573 (1947). There are four basic elements to an estoppel: (1) The party to be estopped must know the facts; (2) this party also must intend that her conduct be acted on or must so act that the party asserting the estoppel has a right to believe the other party’s conduct is so intended; (3) the party asserting the estoppel must be ignorant of the true facts; and (4) the party asserting the estoppel must rely on the other party’s conduct to her injury. Department of Health v. Donahue, 690 P.2d 243, 247 (Colo.1984).

Dove has wholly failed to demonstrate how each of these elements applies in the present case. Moreover, we consider Dove’s reliance on settlement discussions with Delgado’s insurer to be an unreasonable justification for failing to file within the requisite period of time. See Silverman, 192 Colo. at 79, 555 P.2d at 1158. We therefore reject Dove’s contention that Delgado must be estopped from raising the statute of limitations as a defense.

Judgment affirmed.

1

. 13-4-102. Jurisdiction. (1) Any provision of law to the contrary notwithstanding, the court of appeals shall have initial jurisdiction over appeals from final judgments of the district courts, ..., except in:

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(b) Cases in which the constitutionality of a statute, a municipal charter provision, or an ordinance is in question!.]
2

. 13-4-110. Determination of jurisdiction— transfer of cases. (l)(a) When a party in interest alleges, or the court is of the opinion, that a case before the court of appeals is not properly within the jurisdiction of the court of appeals, the court of appeals shall refer the case to the supreme court. The supreme court shall decide the question of jurisdiction[*1273] in a summary manner, and its determination shall be conclusive.

3

. After the parties had submitted their appellate briefs in the present action, the Colorado Court of Appeals issued an opinion in Cox v. Jones, 802 P.2d 1125 (Colo.App.1990), on June 7, 1990, in which the court held that the three-year statute of limitations under § 13 — 80—101(l)(j), 6A C.R.S. (1987), governed the plaintiffs tort action arising from an automobile accident. Section 13 — 80—101(l)(j) provides that "[a]ll actions under the 'Colorado Auto Accident Reparations Act’, part 7 of article 4 of title 10, C.R.S.” shall be filed within three years after the cause of action accrues.

Following the issuance of the Cox opinion, Dove filed a motion requesting permission to file a supplemental brief addressing the applicability of § 13-80-101(l)(j) to her tort action. This court granted the motion on November 2, 1990. Both parties filed supplemental briefs on November 29, 1990. On December 24, 1990, we granted the petition for writ of certiorari in Cox to review whether a plaintiff filing a general negligence claim may use the three-year statute of limitations contained in the Colorado Auto Accident Reparations Act, or whether the plaintiff must use the two-year statute of limitations for tort actions contained in § 13-80-102(l)(a).

Generally, issues not presented in the trial court are deemed waived and cannot be raised on appeal. E.g., Paine, Webber, Jackson & Curtis, Inc. v. Adams, 718 P.2d 508, 509 (Colo.1986); Christensen v. Hoover, 643 P.2d 525, 531 (Colo.1982); Matthews v. Tri-County Water Conservancy Dist., 200 Colo. 202, 206, 613 P.2d 889, 892 (1980); City of Aurora v. Aurora Firefighters' Protective Ass’n, 193 Colo. 437, 441, 566 P.2d 1356, 1358 (1977). Because Dove failed to argue at the trial level the applicability of § 13 — 80—101(l)(j), we decline to consider that issue on appeal.