City of Chesterfield v. Dir. of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375 (Mo. 1991). · Go Syfert
City of Chesterfield v. Dir. of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375 (Mo. 1991). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
32 citation events (15 in the last 25 years) across 3 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Colleen Spurlock v. City of Columbia, Missouri (moctapp, 2023-04-18)
Treatment trajectory · 1991 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1991 2008 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 21 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Colleen Spurlock v. City of Columbia, Missouri
Mo. Ct. App. · 2023 · confidence medium
See Jackson Cnty., 207 S.W.3d at 614 (finding that Jackson County was not a person under the due process clause and thus could not bring a vagueness challenge to a statute); City of Chesterfield v. Dir. of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375, 377 (Mo. banc 1991) (stating that the city had no “personal” due process or equal protection rights and can thus not meet the standing requirement to challenge the constitutionality of a statute); State ex rel.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Blair v. City of Hannibal
E.D. Mo. · 2016 · confidence medium
City of Chesterfield v. Dir. of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375, 378 (Mo. 1991).
examined Cited as authority (rule) The Metropolitan St. Louis Sewer District v. The City of Bellefontaine Neighbors, Sherrell Construction, Inc. (4×) also: Cited "see"
Mo. · 2016 · confidence medium
Similarly, in City of Chesterfield v. Dir. of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375, 377 (Mo. banc 1991), this Court held municipalities are not "persons" and do not have due process or equal protection rights and noted this was a holding often repeated by both state and federal courts.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Committee for Educational Equality v. State (2×)
Mo. · 2009 · confidence medium
City of Chesterfield v. Dir. of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375, 377 (Mo. banc 1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Jackson County v. State
Mo. · 2006 · confidence medium
City of Chesterfield v. Dir. of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375, 377 (Mo. banc 1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Care and Treatment of Schottel v. State
Mo. · 2005 · confidence medium
City of Chesterfield, v. Dir. of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375, 378 (Mo. banc 1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Rogers
Mo. Ct. App. · 2003 · confidence medium
“Attacks on the constitutionality of a statute are of such dignity and importance that raising such issues as an afterthought in the brief on appeal will not be tolerated.” City of Chesterfield v. Dir. of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375, 378 (Mo. banc 1991) (citation omitted).
cited Cited as authority (rule) State, Department of Social Services, Division of Child Support Enforcement v. Houston
Mo. · 1999 · confidence medium
City of Chesterfield v. Director of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375, 378 (Mo. banc 1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) State Ex Rel. York v. Daugherty
Mo. · 1998 · confidence medium
City of Chesterfield v. Director of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375, 378 (Mo. banc 1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Lucas-Hunt Village Associates, Ltd. Partnership v. State Tax Commission
Mo. Ct. App. · 1998 · confidence medium
City of Chesterfield v. Director of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375, 378 (Mo.1991); Union Elec.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Division of Employment Security v. Taney County District R-III
Mo. · 1996 · confidence medium
City of Chesterfield v. Director of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375, 378 (Mo. banc 1991); Union Electric Co. v. Director of Revenue, 799 S.W.2d 78, 80 (Mo. banc 1990); Citizens Electric Corp. v. Director of Revenue, 766 S.W.2d 450, 452 (Mo. banc 1989).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Berry v. State
Mo. · 1995 · confidence medium
See 1977 Mo.Laws 173; 1979 Mo.Laws 261; 1980 Mo.Laws 260; 1983 Mo.Laws 335; 1984 Mo.Laws 365; 1987 Mo.Laws 444; City of Chesterfield v. Director of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375, 376 (Mo. banc 1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Lemay Building Corp. v. Director of Revenue
Mo. · 1994 · confidence medium
City of Chesterfield v. Director of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375, 377-78 (Mo. banc 1991).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Barham v. Moriarty
Mo. Ct. App. · 1994 · confidence medium
City of Chesterfield v. Director of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375, 378 (Mo. banc 1991).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Committee for Educational Equality v. State (4×)
Mo. · 1994 · confidence medium
City of Chesterfield v. Director of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375, 377 (Mo. banc 1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Hatfield v. McCluney
Mo. Ct. App. · 1994 · confidence medium
Without the court’s express disclaimer, we would examine the personal representative’s contention under the heading of the somewhat dubious “inherency doctrine.” See Ex Parte Bass, 328 Mo. 195 , 40 S.W.2d 457 (banc 1931), concurring opinion by Ellison at p. 459; Kersting v. City of Ferguson, 388 S.W.2d 794, 796 (Mo.1965); Chesterfield v. Director of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375, 378 (Mo. banc 1991).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) School District of Riverview Gardens v. St. Louis County (2×)
Mo. · 1991 · confidence medium
City of Chesterfield v. Director of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375, 377 (Mo. banc 1991); see also State ex rel.
discussed Cited "see" City of Aurora, Missouri, Respondents/Cross-Appellants v. Spectra Communications Group, LLC, d/b/a CenturyLink, Appellants/Cross-Respondents.
Mo. · 2019 · signal: see · confidence high
See City of Chesterfield v. Dir. of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375, 377 (Mo. banc 1991). 8 At least 47 other states apply a version of the reasonable or rational basis test to interpret special laws provisions.
discussed Cited "see" City of Harrisonville, Appellant-Respondent v. McCall Service Stations d/b/a Big Tank Oil, the Missouri Petroleum Storage Tank Insurance Fund (2×)
Mo. · 2016 · signal: see · confidence high
See City of Chesterfield v. Dir. of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375, 377 (Mo. banc 1991) (holding municipalities are not "persons" and do not have due process or equal protection rights and noting this was a holding often repeated by both state and federal courts).
discussed Cited "see" State of Missouri, et rel., Cass County, Missouri v. John R. Mollenkamp, Acting Director of The Missouri Department of Revenue
Mo. Ct. App. · 2015 · signal: see · confidence high
See City of Chesterfield v. Dir. of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375 (Mo. banc 1991)(procedural posture of case where Director of 'Revenue denied city’s request to begin distribution of sales tax receipts to it on point of sale basis as. opposed to population basis was appeal to the AHC under section 621.050 and then judicial review by Missouri Supreme Court under section 621.189). 3 The facts of this cas,e did not demonstrate an extreme necessity for preventative actíón.
cited Cited "see" Sweeten v. Watie
Mo. Ct. App. · 1992 · signal: see · confidence high
See City of Chesterfield v. Director of Revenue, 811 S.W.2d 375, 377 (Mo. banc 1991).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
CITY OF CHESTERFIELD, Appellant,
v.
DIRECTOR OF REVENUE, Respondent
73156.
Supreme Court of Missouri.
Jun 11, 1991.
811 S.W.2d 375
Douglas B. Beach, St. Louis, for appellant., William L. Webster, Atty. Gen., Carole L. lies, Asst. Atty. Gen., Jefferson City, for respondent.
Holstein, Blackmar, Robertson, Rendlen, Higgins, Covington, Breckenridge.
Cited by 28 opinions  |  Published
HOLSTEIN, Judge.

Following an adverse decision of the Administrative Hearing Commission, the City of Chesterfield (City) seeks judicial review. Section 621.189, RSMo 1986. The City attacks the constitutionality of § 66.620, RSMo Cum.Supp.1990. This Court has jurisdiction of the appeal. Mo. Const. art. V, § 3. Affirmed.

Since 1977, the statutes found at § 66.-600, et seq., have provided a mechanism for the collection and distribution of a county sales tax in St. Louis County for the benefit of both incorporated and unincorporated areas of the county. The statutory provision under attack, § 66.620, has been amended on five separate occasions. [1] In its present form the statute divides governmental entities entitled to distributions of the tax into group A and group B. In group A are all cities, towns and villages in St. Louis County that had a city sales tax[*377] approved by the voters of such municipality on the day prior to the effective date of the county sales tax. Group B consists of all cities, towns and villages not having a city sales tax approved by the voters and also consists of unincorporated areas in St. Louis County.

After the taxes are collected, the proceeds of the sales tax are distributed to the group A communities based on the location in which the sale was consummated. The balance is divided among the cities and St. Louis County comprising group B. The amount paid to a city in group B is calculated based upon the ratio that such city’s population bears to the entire group B population. Similarly, the amount paid to St. Louis County is calculated based upon the ratio that the population of unincorporated areas in the county bears to the entire group B population.

Since the 1984 amendment, the statute has also provided that if unincorporated areas were annexed by any city or if a new municipality was incorporated, those areas would remain a part of group B, and their share of the taxes would be computed on a population basis rather than the point of sale basis. § 66.620.3. After the 1984 amendment, no provision existed for a newly incorporated city to become a part of group A, although the statute provides that a group A city may be permitted to move to group B and decennially, beginning in 1980, choose to move back to group A. § 66.620.2.

On June 1, 1988, the City of Chesterfield was incorporated as a third class city. On January 17, 1990, the City of Chesterfield requested the Director to begin distribution to it on a point of sale basis as opposed to a population basis. That request was denied on February 5, 1990. On March 1, 1990 an appeal was filed with the Administrative Hearing Commission. The Commission decided in favor of the Director. City seeks review of the Commission’s decision.

The brief on appeal has one point relied on, but in effect raises two issues. The first is that § 66.620 violates due process and equal protection principles. The second issue is that § 66.620 creates subclasses of municipalities within the same class, in violation of article VI, § 15 of the Missouri Constitution. As intriguing as these questions may be, the answers must await another day.

Both state and federal courts have repeatedly held that municipalities and other political subdivisions established by the state are not “persons” within the protection of the due process and equal protection clauses of the United States Constitution. Williams v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 289 U.S. 36, 40, 53 S.Ct. 431, 432, 77 L.Ed. 1015 (1933); City of Trenton v. State of New Jersey, 262 U.S. 182, 192, 43 S.Ct. 534, 538, 67 L.Ed. 937 (1923); State ex rel. Brentwood School District v. State Tax Comm’n, 589 S.W.2d 613, 615 (Mo. banc 1979); State ex rel. Mehlville Fire Protection Dist. v. State Tax Comm’n, 695 S.W.2d 518, 521 (Mo.App.1985). The City candidly acknowledges this is the law. However, the City responds by arguing that § 621.050, RSMo 1986, gives the City a right of appeal from the Director of Revenue’s decision. Because the statute creates a “legal right,” an invasion of that right creates standing. The argument continues by asserting that standing is established where the party invoking jurisdiction has a “personal stake in the controversy.” See Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S. 83, 101, 88 S.Ct. 1942, 1953, 20 L.Ed.2d 947 (1968). The flaw in the City’s argument is twofold. First, the City’s statutory right to appeal does not extend to the City the constitutional protections ordinarily enjoyed only by individual citizens. Second, the City has no “personal” due process or equal protection rights at stake in the controversy over the distribution of tax receipts. Therefore, the City fails to meet the standing test as described in Flast.

The second question raised in the brief is whether § 66.620 violates the requirement of article VI, § 15 of the Missouri Constitution that there shall be no more than four classes of cities and towns and “municipal corporations of the same class shall possess the same powers and be subject to the same restrictions.” The specific constitutional provision was not men[*378] tioned in the City’s petition before the Administrative Hearing Commission. The stipulation of the parties, transcript and record made before the Administrative Hearing Commission also make no mention of article VI, § 15 of the Missouri Constitution and no reference is made to the language found in that constitutional provision. Finally, the petition for review filed with this Court only complains that the statute in question violates due process and equal protection clauses of the United States Constitution and similar provisions of Missouri’s Constitution. The first mention of Missouri Constitution article VI, § 15 is in the appellant’s brief.

The general rule is that constitutional questions are deemed waived that are not raised at the first opportunity consistent with good pleading and orderly procedure. Union Elec. Co. v. Dir. of Revenue, 799 S.W.2d 78, 80 (Mo. banc 1990). Attacks on the constitutionality of a statute are of such dignity and importance that raising such issues as an afterthought in the brief on appeal will not be tolerated. Land Clearance for Redevelopment Auth. of Kansas City, Missouri v. Kansas Univ. Endowment Ass’n, 805 S.W.2d 173, 176 (Mo. banc 1991).

The City’s response is to invoke an exception that “[w]hen the public interest is involved, these rules [regarding preservation of constitutional claims] do not prevent this Court from deciding constitutional questions,” citing Callier v. Dir. of Revenue, 780 S.W.2d 639, 641 (Mo. banc 1989), and State ex rel. McMonigle v. Spears, 358 Mo. 23, 25, 213 S.W.2d 210, 212 (banc 1948). Appellant's brief fails to elucidate further what compelling public interest justifies abrogation of the rule requiring preservation of constitutional claims at the first opportunity, and no such public interest is readily identifiable.

Even if some public interest were discernible, the exception is not applicable here. The “public interest” exception noted in Callier was not followed in that case. McMonigle was an original prohibition action to halt an election in which a constitutional question arose relating to the validity of the statute that authorized the election. The respondent argued that the constitutionality of the statute should have been raised in an earlier proceeding before the circuit court in which the relators sought to enjoin the election. This Court relied largely on State ex rel. Conran v. Duncan, 333 Mo. 673, 63 S.W.2d 135 (banc 1933), in deciding to consider the constitutional question because “the public interest” was involved. McMonigle, 213 S.W.2d at 212. Conran also applied the “public interest” exception, but in doing so placed great weight on the fact that the proceeding was an original prohibition proceeding and the pleadings of the parties had “joined issue” on the constitutional question. Conran, 63 S.W.2d at 138. The case now under consideration is not an original proceeding involving an extraordinary writ and the pleadings do not mention article VI, § 15 of the Missouri Constitution, much less “join issue” on the question. In addition, the Director’s brief objects to the Court considering a constitutional question raised for the first time in an appellate brief.

Finally, both McMonigle and Conran rely on Judge Ellison’s concurring opinion in Ex parte Bass, 328 Mo. 195, 40 S.W.2d 457 (banc 1931). While the concurring opinion in Bass discusses various rationales for reviewing constitutional questions that are not timely preserved, it relies primarily on the exception known as the “inherency doctrine.” Bass, 40 S.W.2d at 459 (Ellison, J., concurring). The doctrine of inherency has been abolished. Callier, 780 S.W.2d at 641. Therefore, the viability of the “public interest” exception is highly doubtful.

From the above, the Court concludes that the City lacks standing to invoke due process or equal protection provisions of the state and federal constitutions and has failed to preserve its claim that § 66.620 violates article VI, § 15 of the Missouri Constitution. The decision of the Administrative Hearing Commission is affirmed.

BLACKMAR, C.J., ROBERTSON, RENDLEN, HIGGINS, and COVINGTON, JJ., and BRECKENRIDGE, Special Judge, concur.
1

. See L.1977 S.B. 234 § 5, A.L.1979 H.B. 717, A.L.1980 S.B. 693, A.L.1983 H.B. 273, A.L.1984 H.B. 1214 & 1319, A.L.1987 H.B. 210.