A & a Concrete, Inc. v. The White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330 (9th Cir. 1982). · Go Syfert
A & a Concrete, Inc. v. The White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330 (9th Cir. 1982). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
32 citation events (22 in the last 25 years) across 10 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Doe v. City of Hayward (cand, 2024-04-18)
Treatment trajectory · 1983 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1983 2004 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 30 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Doe v. City of Hayward
N.D. Cal. · 2024 · confidence medium
Plaintiff’s complaint likewise does not plead facts sufficient 22 to allege that a municipal policy was the moving force behind defendants’ actions, whether or 23 not those actions resulted in a constitutional violation. 24 Sixth, plaintiff’s Section 1985 claim fails to allege the deprivation of a legally protected 25 right on the basis of “invidiously discriminatory class-based animus.” A & A Concrete, Inc. v. 26 White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1982).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Mintun v. Davis
D. Idaho · 2024 · confidence medium
To state a claim under Section 1985(2) or (3), a plaintiff must allege a racial or class-based discriminatory animus behind the conspirators’ actions.2 See Burns v. Cnty. of King, 883 F.2d 819 , 821 (9th Cir. 1989); A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1982) (claims under sections 1985(2) and 1985(3) require the element of class-based animus).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Neustein v. Orbach
E.D.N.Y · 1990 · confidence medium
A claim under § 1985(2)(II) requires the plaintiff allege “that [s]he was a member of a protected class, that the [Defendants conspired to deprive [her] of [her] constitutional rights, that the defendants acted with class-based, invidiously discriminatory animus, and that [s]he suffered damages as a result of the defendants’ actions.” Gleason v. McBride, 869 F.2d 688, 694-95 (2d Cir.1989); Zemsky v. City of New York, 821 F.2d 148, 151 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 965 , 108 S.Ct. 456 , 98 L.Ed.2d 396 (1987); A & A Concrete, Inc., v. The White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 13…
cited Cited as authority (rule) Aldabbagh v. Arizona Department of Liquor Licenses & Control
Ariz. Ct. App. · 1989 · confidence medium
A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir.1982).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Highland Petroleum, Inc. v. United States Department of Energy
Temp. Emerg. Ct. App. · 1986 · confidence medium
While other issues were addressed by the parties in their cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court did not rule on these issues and on appeal appellants address themselves exclusively to the standing issues. 7 See A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir.1982) (appellate court refused to consider grounds not ruled upon by the district court or briefed to the appellate court).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Mark v. Furay
7th Cir. · 1985 · confidence medium
See Monroe v. Pape, 365 Ú.S. 167, 184, 81 S.Ct. 473, 482 , 5 L.Ed.2d 492 (1961) (“Misuse of power, possessed by virtue of state law and made possible only because the wrongdoer is clothed with the authority of state law, is action taken ‘under color of’ state law.”) (quoting United States v. Classic, 313 U.S. 299, 326 , 61 S.Ct. 1031, 1043 , 85 L.Ed. 1368 (1941)), overruled in part on other grounds, Monell v. New York City Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658 , 98 S.Ct. 2018 , 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978); A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1332-33 (9t…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Joseph Mark v. Daniel Furay, Richard J. Kooyenga and the City of Blue Island, a Municipality, Joseph Mark v. John Rita, Lawrence Petta and Patricia Maly
7th Cir. · 1985 · confidence medium
See Monroe v. Pape, 365 U.S. 167, 184 , 81 S.Ct. 473, 482 , 5 L.Ed.2d 492 (1961) ("Misuse of power, possessed by virtue of state law and made possible only because the wrongdoer is clothed with the authority of state law, is action taken 'under color of' state law.") (quoting United States v. Classic, 313 U.S. 299, 326 , 61 S.Ct. 1031, 1043 , 85 L.Ed. 1368 (1941)), overruled in part on other grounds, Monell v. New York City Department of Social Services, 436 U.S. 658 , 98 S.Ct. 2018 , 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978); A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1332-33 (9th Cir.19…
cited Cited "see" Frumento v. West Haven, No. Cv 98 0417928 S (Nov. 7, 2002)
Conn. Super. Ct. · 2002 · signal: see · confidence high
See AA Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe , 676 F.2d 1330 (9th Cir. 1982); Hutchens v. Beckham , 521 F. Sup. 426 (D.Ga. 1981); Sappington v. Pennsylvania , 535 F. Sup. 429 (D.
cited Cited "see" Flanagan v. State, C.H.R.O., No. Cv96 0563942s (Jan. 30, 1997)
Conn. Super. Ct. · 1997 · signal: see · confidence high
See A A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe , 676 F.2d 1330 (9th Circ. 1982); Hutchens v. Beckham, , 521 F. Sup. 426 (D.Ga 1981); Sappington v. Pennsylvania , 535 F. Sup. 429 (D.Pa. 1982).
cited Cited "see" Fetterman v. University of Connecticut
Conn. · 1984 · signal: see · confidence high
See A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330 (9th Cir. 1982); Hutchens v. Beckham, 521 F. Sup. 426 (D.
discussed Cited "see" Rose Ann Wilkerson, Ray Wilkerson and Sharon Sutton v. Harold Johnson, Fred Bush, Roy \Bud\" Nail
unknown court · 1983 · signal: see · confidence high
See A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330 (9th Cir.1982) (allegations that a sheriff conspired with defendants to put plaintiffs out of business by fraudulent service of process states a § 1983 cause of action).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Bryan Sentell McLeod v. Shoshone County, Idaho; Shoshone County Prosecuting Attorney’s Office; Shoshone County Sheriff’s Office and Jail; Shoshone County Courthouse and Clerk of Court’s Office; Jackson County, Oregon; Jackson County Sheriff’s Office and Jail; King County, Washington; Port of Seattle Police Dept.; John Does 1-20.
D. Idaho · 2026 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See Burns v. County of King, 883 F.2d 819, 821 (9th Cir. 1989); see also A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1982) (holding that claims under §§ 1985(2) and 1985(3) require the element of class- based animus).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Amy Dawn Yorgeson-Mickelsen on behalf of Madison K. Law v. Jerry D. Law, Jr., et al.
D. Idaho · 2025 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See Burns v. Cnty. of King, 883 F.2d 819 , 821 (9th Cir. 1989); see also A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1982) (claims under sections 1985(2) and 1985(3) require the element of class-based animus).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." McCoy v. King, et .
D. Idaho · 2025 · signal: see also · confidence medium
Burns v. County of King, 883 F.2d 819, 821 (9th Cir. 1989); see also A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1982) (§ 1985 claims require the element of class-based animus).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Sturgeon v. Welsh
D. Idaho · 2025 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See Burns v. County of King, 883 F.2d 819, 821 (9th Cir. 1989); see also A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1982).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Scott v. Clifford
D. Idaho · 2024 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See Burns v. Cnty. of King, 883 F.2d 819 , 821 (9th Cir. 1989); see also A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1982) (claims under sections 1985(2) and 1985(3) require the element of class-based animus).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Wintrode v. Hogan
D. Idaho · 2024 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See Burns v. Cnty. of King, 883 F.2d 819 , 821 (9th Cir. 1989); see also A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1982); McCalden v. California Library Ass’n, 955 F.2d 1214, 1223 (9th Cir. 1990), superseded by rule on other grounds as stated in Harmston v. City & Cnty. of San Francisco, 627 F.3d 1273 (9th Cir. 2010).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Wintrode v. Laylanie
D. Idaho · 2024 · signal: see also · confidence medium
To state a claim under Section 1985(2) or (3), a plaintiff must allege a racial or class-based discriminatory animus behind the conspirators’ actions.2 See Burns v. Cnty. of King, 883 F.2d 819 , 821 (9th Cir. 1989); see also A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1982) (claims under sections 1985(2) and 1985(3) require the element of class-based animus).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Wintrode v. Twin Falls County Jail
D. Idaho · 2024 · signal: see also · confidence medium
To state a claim under Section 1985(2) or (3), a plaintiff must allege a racial or class-based discriminatory animus behind the conspirators’ actions.2 See Burns v. Cnty. of King, 883 F.2d 819 , 821 (9th Cir. 1989); see also A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1982) (claims under sections 1985(2) and 1985(3) require the element of class-based animus).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Wintrode v. Hogan
D. Idaho · 2024 · signal: see also · confidence medium
To state a claim under Section 1985(2) or (3), a plaintiff must allege a racial or class-based discriminatory animus behind the conspirators’ actions.2 See Burns v. Cnty. of King, 883 F.2d 819 , 821 (9th Cir. 1989); see also A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1982) (claims under sections 1985(2) and 1985(3) require the element of class-based animus).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Rackham v. State of Idaho
D. Idaho · 2024 · signal: see also · confidence medium
To state a claim under Section 1985(2) or (3), a plaintiff must allege a racial or class- based discriminatory animus behind the conspirators’ actions.2 See Burns v. County of King, 883 F.2d 819, 821 (9th Cir. 1989); see also A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1982) (claims under sections 1985(2) and 1985(3) require the element of class-based animus). 2 Subsection (1) of 42 U.S.C. § 1985 does not apply, because that section prohibits conspiracies to prevent a federal officer from performing his or her duties.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Wintrode v. Twin Falls County Jail Administrators
D. Idaho · 2024 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See Burns v. County of King, 883 F.2d 819, 821 (9th Cir. 1989); see also A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1982) (claims under sections 1985(2) and 1985(3) require the element of class-based animus).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Wintrode v. Stoutin
D. Idaho · 2024 · signal: see also · confidence medium
To state a claim under Section 1985(2) or (3), a plaintiff must allege a racial or class-based discriminatory animus behind the conspirators’ actions.1 See Burns v. Cnty. of King, 883 F.2d 819 , 821 (9th Cir. 1989); see also A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1982) (claims under sections 1985(2) and 1985(3) require the element of class-based animus).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Wintrode v. Twin Falls County Jail
D. Idaho · 2024 · signal: see also · confidence medium
To state a claim under Section 1985(2) or (3), a plaintiff must allege a racial or class-based discriminatory animus behind the conspirators’ actions.1 See Burns v. Cnty. of King, 883 F.2d 819 , 821 (9th Cir. 1989); see also A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1982) (claims under sections 1985(2) and 1985(3) require the element of class-based animus).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Lippert v. Caballos-Galendo
D. Idaho · 2021 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See Burns v. County of King, 883 F.2d 819, 821 (9th Cir. 1989); see also A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1982).
cited Cited "see, e.g." Ogden v. Ontario Oregon City Police Dept
D. Or. · 2021 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See Burns v. County of King, 883 F.2d 819, 821 (9th Cir. 1989); see also A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1982).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Matthews v. Craven
D. Idaho · 2021 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See Burns v. County of King, 883 F.2d 819, 821 (9th Cir. 1989); see also A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1982) (claims under sections Constitution or created by federal statute proximately caused by conduct of a person acting under color of state law.
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Peterson v. IMSI Medical
D. Idaho · 2020 · signal: see also · confidence medium
To state a claim under Section 1985(2) or (3), a plaintiff must allege a racial or class-based discriminatory animus behind the conspirators’ actions.2 See Burns v. County of King, 883 F.2d 819, 821 (9th Cir. 1989); see also A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1982) (claims under sections 1985(2) and 1985(3) require the element of class-based animus).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Peterson v. IMSI Medical
D. Idaho · 2020 · signal: see also · confidence medium
To state a claim under Section 1985(2) or (3), a plaintiff must allege a racial or class-based discriminatory animus behind the conspirators’ actions.2 See Burns v. County of King, 883 F.2d 819, 821 (9th Cir. 1989); see also A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1982).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Peterson v. IMSI Medical
D. Idaho · 2020 · signal: see also · confidence medium
To state a claim under Section 1985(2) or (3), a plaintiff must allege a racial or class-based discriminatory animus behind the conspirators’ actions.2 See Burns v. County of King, 883 F.2d 819, 821 (9th Cir. 1989); see also A & A Concrete, Inc. v. White Mountain Apache Tribe, 676 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir. 1982) (claims under sections 1985(2) and 1985(3) require the element of class-based animus).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
A & a CONCRETE, INC., Et Al, Plaintiffs-Appellants,
v.
the WHITE MOUNTAIN APACHE TRIBE, Et Al. Defendants-Appellees
80-5272.
Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
May 13, 1982.
676 F.2d 1330
John P. Otto, Phoenix, Ariz., argued, for plaintiffs-appellants; Philip C. Gerard, Johnson & Gerard, P. C., Phoenix, Ariz., on brief., Stefani Gabroy, Tucson, Ariz., argued, for defendants-appellees; Michael J. Brown, Tucson, Ariz., on brief.
Duniway, Ferguson, Kellam.
Cited by 31 opinions  |  Published
DUNIWAY, Circuit Judge:

Appeal from a judgment dismissing the amended complaint and the action under Rule 12(b) F.R.Civ.P. for “want of jurisdiction.” The first two counts of the complaint, which is in five counts, attempt to state claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (Count I) and § 1985(2) and (3) (Count II). The other three counts attempt to state pendent claims under state law. We reverse as to Count I and affirm as to Count II. We express no opinion about the three pendent claims, leaving it to the district court to decide whether to reinstate any of them.

I. Facts.

The amended complaint, in Count III, states that the plaintiffs Kayle and Sandy Adams, husband and wife, and their corporation A & A Concrete, Inc., are engaged in the manufacture and selling of concrete and cement. They obtain their cement from Phoenix Cement Company which is the only supplier in the state of Arizona large enough to supply their needs. The defendant Charles Patterson is a competitor of the plaintiffs.

Certain defendants, whom we call, collectively, the Apache defendants, are identified in the caption of the amended complaint. These are The White Mountain Apache Tribe, doing business as White Mountain Apache Development Enterprises, Neil Hall and his wife, Ronnie Lupe and his wife, Ramus Albert and Harley Janway, board members of the Enterprises, White Mountain Apache Housing Authority, a corporation, Lela MacCose, Chairperson of the Authority, and her husband, Berlinda Bones, Executive Director of the Authority, and her husband, Leander Massey, Contracting Officer of the Authority, and his wife, Anna L. Goseyun, Tribal Court Judge, and Becky Ethebah, Clerk of the Tribal Court.

With the foregoing information in hand, we summarize the allegations of Count I. Defendant Marlin Gillespie was acting in his capacity as sheriff of Navajo County, Arizona, and defendants Gene Russell, Russell Lupe, and Charles Lane were acting in their capacities as deputy sheriffs of the county. The deputies “acted pursuant to an agreement and an arrangement with Tribal officials and officers and the defendant Patterson whereby off-reservation invalid service of tribal court process and writs of garnishment are served jointly and in concert by tribal officers and members of the Navajo sheriff’s office, on non-Indian, off-reservation parties to purported actions in the tribal court.”

The gist of Count I is that beginning on February 28, 1979, and continuing to the time when the complaint was filed, all of the defendants except the Tribe entered into a conspiracy with the defendants Patterson to injure the plaintiffs in their business activities and drive them out of business and to deprive the plaintiffs of their right to due process of law and to the equal protection of the law and their privileges and immunities as citizens of the United States. Pursuant to the conspiracy, the defendants caused a complaint to be filed in the tribal court, alleging that the plaintiffs were indebted to the White Mountain Apache Development Enterprise in the sum of $250,000. The allegations of this complaint were false and malicious.

In filing the complaint in the tribal court the defendants knew that that court did not have jurisdiction over the plaintiffs in this action or subject matter jurisdiction under the claim stated in the tribal court complaint. The defendants, the sheriff and his[*1332] deputies, served or caused to be served the summons and complaint in the tribal action on the plaintiffs in this action and also served a writ of garnishment in the tribal court action on the Oakland Construction Company, which had a contract with the plaintiffs. As a result, that company has refused to pay the plaintiffs $17,270 that it owes them and has terminated its contract with them to their damage in the sum of $337,500. The defendants have caused judgment in the tribal court action to be entered against the plaintiffs in this case in the sum of $250,000.

Count II of the complaint repeats the allegations of Count I and then alleges that what was done was pursuant to a conspiracy by the defendants, including the defendants Patterson, the purpose of which was hindering, obstructing, and defeating the due course of justice in the state of Arizona and to deprive the plaintiffs of due process and the equal protection of the law in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1985(2) and (3). The plaintiffs allege that they are members of a class “against which the animus of the conspiracy is directed, to wit: non-Indian Defendants sued in the tribal court all of whom are being denied due process of law and the equal protection of the laws” by virtue of “both racial and class-based invidious discrimination against all non-Indian Defendants who are sought to be proceeded against in the White Mountain Apache Tribal Court.”

II. Sufficiency of Count I.

Section 1983 of 42 U.S.Code is applicable only where the person sued acts “under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom or usage of any state or territory or the District of Columbia.” The White Mountain Apache Tribe is certainly not a state or territory or the District of Columbia! The claim, however, is that the sheriff’s deputies who joined the alleged conspiracy and served the papers complained of were acting under color of Arizona law.

If all that was involved were an understanding between the sheriff and his deputies on the one hand and the officials of the Indian tribal court on the other hand that they would render each other mutual assistance in serving court papers, the sheriff agreeing to serve or assist in serving Indian process outside the reservation and the Indians agreeing to serve or assist in serving Arizona process inside the reservation, we would doubt that the requisite action under color of state law would be present. See Torres v. First State Bank of Sierra County, 10 Cir., 1978, 588 F.2d 1322, 1327. Cf. Polk County v. Dodson, 1981, - U.S. -, 102 S.Ct. 445, 70 L.Ed.2d 509, which holds that a deputy public defender, although employed and paid by the bounty, is not acting under color of state law when performing the traditional functions of a lawyer as counsel to an indigent defendant in a state criminal proceeding. The Court pointed out that except for the source of his salary, the public defender performs the same functions as a private attorney retained by the defendant. See also Franklin v. State of Oregon, et al., 9 Cir., 1981, 662 F.2d 1337, 1345, holding that appointed counsel does not act under color of state law. We need not decide this question, however, because the complaint alleges more than carrying out such an agreement for mutual assistance in serving court papers. We suspect that the plaintiffs will not be able to prove anything more than such an agreement, but we are not here dealing with proof.

Here we deal with the allegations of a complaint, which must be taken as true. They also must be construed in a light favorable to the pleader and a judgment of dismissal can be sustained only when it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief. Scheuer v. Rhodes, 1974, 416 U.S. 232, 236, 94 S.Ct. 1683, 1686, 40 L.Ed.2d 90. Here it is alleged that the sheriff and his deputies conspired with the Pattersons and the Apache defendants in a scheme to put the plaintiffs out of business, their part of the scheme being to serve a summons and complaint and garnishment issued out of the tribal court and known by them to be invalid. We think that if the plaintiffs can prove these allegations they will bring themselves within § 1983, because the sheriff and his deputies[*1333] were purporting to act in their official capacities. See Hoffman v. Halden, 9 Cir., 1959, 268 F.2d 280, 292-298; Adickes v. S. H. Kress & Co., 1970, 398 U.S. 144, 150-152, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 1604, 26 L.Ed.2d 142.

In support of their motion to dismiss the complaint, the defendants listed many grounds including tribal immunity, judicial and quasi-judicial immunity, failure to exhaust remedies in the tribal court, and the need for abstention by the federal court. The district court did not rule on these issues, and they were not briefed to this court. Under the circumstances, we do not consider them.

III. Sufficiency of Count II.

In order to make a good claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1985(2) and (3), a complaint must allege invidiously discriminatory class-based animus. Life Insurance Co. of North America v. Reichardt, 9 Cir., 1979, 591 F.2d 499, 502-505. It must allege facts showing this invidiousness. Aldabe v. Aldabe, 9 Cir., 1980, 616 F.2d 1089, 1092. In the present case the complaint contains a bare conclusory allegation of animus directed toward the class of “non-Indian Defendants sued in the tribal court.” In essence, the complaint challenges the attempt of the tribal court to treat non-Indian defendants in the same way as it treats Indian defendants. That is not class-based animus. The district court was right to dismiss Count II.

IV. Conclusion.

The dismissal of Count II is affirmed. In all other respects, the judgment is reversed and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.