DIETZ, Judge.

¶1 For much of our State’s history, a title search in North Carolina was a costly, often risky endeavor. Buyers—typically through their real estate attorneys—had to carefully comb back through deeds and other property records, sometimes going back for centuries, to ensure they found every recorded interest in the property, including things like easements and restrictive covenants attached to the land.

¶2 In the early 1970s, our State enacted the Real Property Marketable Title Act

to simplify these title searches and reduce the costs they imposed on our society. Now, if a property owner has an unbroken chain of title dating back thirty years, earlier rights and interests in the land are extinguished, barring a few narrow exceptions.

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Opinion of the Court

¶3 This case involves one of these statutory exceptions. The Marketable Title Act does not extinguish a covenant that is part of a scheme of development and that restricts the property to residential use only, or more narrowly to multi-family or single-family residential use only. ¶4 The parties in this case own property in a residential subdivision created in the 1950s. The lots are subject to a restrictive covenant limiting them to residential use only, as well as a number of other covenants that govern the number, size, location, and various design elements of structures located on each lot. The trial court entered a declaratory judgment holding that only the first covenant—the one restricting the properties to residential use—survives under the Marketable Title Act and that the remaining challenged covenants were extinguished. ¶5 We affirm the trial court’s order. Applying the plain and unambiguous language of the Act, the covenants governing the type of structures that can be erected on the property, where they are located, and what they look like are not covenants concerning residential use or, more narrowly, multi-family or single-family residential use. This is confirmed by long-standing precedent from our Supreme Court interpreting language in covenants nearly identical to those at issue in this case. ¶6 Defendants urge this Court to depart from the Act’s plain language—to, in essence, rewrite the statute—because, in their view, our General Assembly could not

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have intended this result. This is so, Defendants argue, because following the Act’s plain language would destroy the character of many older neighborhoods that have long been governed by these types of aging restrictive covenants. ¶7 What Defendants ask of us is beyond the role of the judicial branch. We interpret statutes as they are written; we do not rewrite statutes to ensure they achieve what we believe is the legislative intent. If our interpretation of the plain language of a statute yields unintended results, the General Assembly can amend the statute to ensure it achieves the intent of the legislative branch of our government. Facts and Procedural History ¶8 Country Colony is a residential subdivision in Mecklenburg County developed in the 1950s. In 1952, before selling any lots, the developer recorded nine restrictive covenants. The covenants limit the properties to residential use only and provide further restrictions on the number, size, location, and design elements of the structures located on each lot: 1. All lots in the tract shall be known and described and used for residential lots only. ^[2]. No structure shall be erected, altered, placed or permitted to remain on any residential building plot other than one detached single-family dwelling not to exceed two and one-half stories in height and a private garage, and other outbuildings incidental to residential use of the plot. 3. No building shall be erected on any residential building

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Opinion of the Court

plot nearer than 100 feet to the front lot line nor nearer than 20 feet to any side line. 4. No noxious or offensive trade or activity shall be carried on upon any lot nor shall anything be done thereon which may be or become an annoyance or nuisance to the neighborhood. 5. No trailer, basement, tent, shack, garage, barn or other outbuilding erected in the tract shall at any time be used as a residence temporarily or permanently, nor shall any structure of a temporary character be used as a residence. 6. No dwelling costing less than $10,000.00 shall be permitted on any lot in the tract. The ground floor area of the main structure, exclusive of one story open porches and open car ports, shall be not less than 1200 square feet in case of a one story structure. In the case of a one and one-half, two or two and one-half story structure, the ground floor area of the main structure, exclusive of one-story open porches or open car ports, shall not be less than nine hundred square feet. (It being the intention to require in each instance the erection of such a dwelling as would have cost not less than the minimum cost provided if same had been erected in January, 1952.) 7. A right of way is and shall be reserved along the rear of each lot and along the side line of each lot where necessary, for pole lines, pipes and conduits for use in connection with the supplying public utilities service to the several lots in said development. 8. In the event of the unintentional violation of any of the building line restrictions herein set forth, the parties hereto reserve the right, by and with the mutual written consent of the owner or owners, for the time being of such lot, to change the building line restrictions set forth in this instrument; provided, however, that

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Opinion of the Court

such change shall not exceed ten percent of the original requirements of such building line restrictions. 9. None of the lots shown on said plat shall be subdivided to contain less than two acres, and only one residence shall be erected on each of said lots. ¶9 Plaintiff is the owner of seven of the lots. Defendants are the owners of the other lots. Plaintiff brought a declaratory judgment action seeking to extinguish many of these covenants based on our State’s Marketable Title Act. The trial court entered summary judgment declaring that the first covenant, which restricts the lots to residential use, is enforceable but the remaining covenants challenged by Plaintiff are extinguished by operation of the Marketable Title Act. Defendants appealed. Analysis ¶ 10 Under the common law, owners of real property acquired and held title to their real property subject to any covenants and other nonpossessory interests that appeared in their property’s chain of title. As a result, owners and prospective owners of real property, typically through their real estate attorneys, were required to trace the title to property back for centuries to ensure all enforceable interests in that property were identified. This was often a complicated and time-consuming process that injected significant cost, delay, and uncertainty into our State’s real property market. ¶ 11 In 1973, our General Assembly passed the Real Property Marketable Title Act

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Opinion of the Court

to simplify title searches and render our State’s real estate more marketable. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 47B-1 et seq. The Marketable Title Act functions by creating “marketable record title” to real property upon a showing of an unbroken, thirty-year chain of title to real property. Hill v. Taylor, 174 N.C. App. 415, 420–21, 621 S.E.2d 284, 288–89 (2005). Once the owner establishes marketable record title, the Act extinguishes “all rights, estates, interests, claims or charges whatsoever, the existence of which depends upon any act, title transaction, event or omission that occurred prior to such 30–year period,” including restrictive covenants like the ones at issue in this case, unless those restrictive covenants fall within the exceptions to the Act contained in Section 47B-3. Id. (citing N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 47B-2(c), 47B-3). ¶ 12 The crux of this case is the proper interpretation of one of the exceptions in Section 47B-3, which provides that the Act does not extinguish a covenant applicable to a general or uniform scheme of development which restricts the property to residential use, or more narrowly to multi-family or single-family residential use: Such marketable record title shall not affect or extinguish the following rights: ... (13) Covenants applicable to a general or uniform scheme of development which restrict the property to residential use only, provided said covenants are otherwise enforceable. The excepted covenant may restrict the property to multi-family or single-family residential use or simply to residential use. Restrictive covenants other than

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Opinion of the Court

those mentioned herein which limit the property to residential use only are not excepted from the provisions of Chapter 47B. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 47B-3(13). ¶ 13 The trial court declared that the first challenged covenant, providing that all “lots in the tract shall be . . . used for residential lots only” fell within the exception of Section 47B-3(13) and was not extinguished. The court declared that the other challenged covenants—those restricting the size and number of structures erected on lots, establishing setbacks on the property, barring further subdivision of lots, and imposing various other architectural limitations on structures built upon the lots— did not fall within Section 47B-3(13) and were extinguished under the Act. ¶ 14 On appeal, Defendants contend that the trial court erred in its interpretation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 47B-3(13) and that all of the challenged covenants survive under this exception to the Marketable Title Act. We thus begin our analysis by interpreting the language of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 47B-3(13). ¶ 15 “The intent of the General Assembly may be found first from the plain language of the statute, then from the legislative history, the spirit of the act and what the act seeks to accomplish.” State v. Lemus, __ N.C. App. __, 848 S.E.2d 239, 242 (2020). “But, if the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, then the statutory analysis ends and the court gives the words in the statute their plain and definite meaning.” Id.

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Opinion of the Court

¶ 16 Defendants argue that, under N.C. Gen. Stat. § 47B-3(13), if a collection of covenants governing a uniform scheme of development include a restriction on residential use only, the Marketable Title Act exempts all covenants applying to that uniform scheme of development. This is so, Defendants argue, because the phrase “which restrict the property to residential use only” modifies the immediately preceding phrase “general or uniform scheme of development”: (13) Covenants applicable to a general or uniform scheme of development which restrict the property to residential use only, provided said covenants are otherwise enforceable. ... N.C. Gen. Stat. § 47B-3(13) (emphasis added). ¶ 17 The flaw in this argument is that the verb “restrict” is in its plural form, which means that, in the phrase “Covenants applicable to a general or uniform scheme of development which restrict the property to residential use only,” the phrase “which restrict” is modifying the plural “covenants” and not the singular “scheme of development.” We thus reject Defendants’ proposed interpretation and hold that this exception in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 47B-3(13) applies only to “covenants . . . which restrict the property to residential use only” and not to other covenants that are part of a general or uniform scheme of development and merely accompany a covenant restricting the property to residential use only. ¶ 18 Defendants next argue that, even if the statute applies only to “covenants . . .

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Opinion of the Court

which restrict the property to residential use only,” that phrase should be read broadly to include accompanying covenants relating to the residential use of the property, such as those governing the size and number of structures erected on lots and imposing various architectural limitations on structures built upon the lots. ¶ 19 But again, this proposed interpretation cannot be squared with the statute’s plain language. The next two sentences of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 47B-3(13) further define the types of covenants that are subject to the statutory exception and expressly state that the exception is limited solely to those covenants restricting property to residential use, or more narrowly to multi-family or single-family residential use, and that it does not apply to other, related covenants: (13) Covenants applicable to a general or uniform scheme of development which restrict the property to residential use only, provided said covenants are otherwise enforceable. The excepted covenant may restrict the property to multi-family or single-family residential use or simply to residential use. Restrictive covenants other than those mentioned herein which limit the property to residential use only are not excepted from the provisions of Chapter 47B. Id. (emphasis added). ¶ 20 By stating that the excepted covenant “may restrict the property to multi- family or single-family residential use or simply to residential use,” the statute indicates that it applies solely to these specific covenants, not to other, related ones that might accompany these specific covenants as part of a uniform scheme of - 10 - C INVS. ^[2], LLC V. AUGER [do not modify this line] Opinion of the Court development. Defendants’ proposed interpretation would render the second sentence superfluous by broadening the exception for residential use to include many other forms of covenants. ¶ 21 The same is true of the third sentence, which again expressly indicates that the statute should not be read broadly and that it excepts only those covenants “which limit the property to residential use.” Id. This language, too, would be superfluous if we adopted Defendants’ proposed interpretation. Settled principles of statutory construction require us to follow a statute’s plain language and avoid interpretations that render meaningless the words chosen by our legislature. State v. Beck, 359 N.C. 611, 614–15, 614 S.E.2d 274, 277 (2005). ¶ 22 The dissent also contends that, by using the phrase “general or uniform scheme of development,” the General Assembly signaled that this provision might exempt covenants concerning how a planned community is developed, not merely how the properties within it are used. Thus, the dissent reasons, the phrases “residential use” and “multi-family or single-family residential use” are ambiguous and can be read more broadly than their plain language requires. But the limiting phrase “general or uniform scheme of development” serves a plain and unambiguous purpose: it restricts the exemption to these sorts of planned communities and not to a covenant attached only to a single property. There is nothing ambiguous about this statutory language. ¶ 23 Accordingly, we reject Defendants’ arguments and hold that the exception in - 11 - C INVS. ^[2], LLC V. AUGER [do not modify this line] Opinion of the Court Section 47B-3(13) applies only to covenants applicable to a general or uniform scheme of development that either restrict the property to residential use only, or more narrowly restrict the property to multi-family or single-family residential use only. ¶ 24 Having interpreted this provision of the Marketable Title Act, we turn to its application in this case. We agree with the trial court that the first covenant, stating that all “lots in the tract shall be . . . used for residential lots only” survives under the Marketable Title Act. The parties concede that all of the challenged covenants are ones applicable to a general or uniform scheme of development. This particular covenant restricts the properties to residential use only. It is therefore excepted from extinguishment under the Marketable Title Act by the plain terms of Section 47B- 3(13). ¶ 25 We likewise agree with the trial court that the remaining challenged covenants are not subject to the exception in Section 47B-3(13) and are extinguished. Most of the provisions in these covenants quite plainly fall outside the exception: the setback requirements, the restrictions on subdividing lots, and the various architectural limitations. None of these provisions restrict the property to residential use, or more narrowly to multi-family or single-family residential use, and therefore are - 12 - C INVS. ^[2], LLC V. AUGER [do not modify this line] Opinion of the Court extinguished.^[1] ¶ 26 Two remaining provisions in the challenged covenants merit further analysis: (1) the provision that “No structure shall be erected, altered, placed or permitted . . . other than one detached single-family dwelling” and (2) the provision that “only one residence shall be erected on each of said lots.” Defendants contend that these two restrictions, in effect, limit the property to single-family use. But again, Defendants’ argument cannot be squared with the language carefully chosen by our General Assembly. ¶ 27 The General Assembly could have stated that covenants restricting property to single-family or multi-family use and covenants restricting property to single- family or multi-family structures both survive under the Marketable Title Act. But that is not what the legislature said. The Act does not save covenants addressing the type of structure on property; it saves only those covenants restricting how that structure is used: Such marketable record title shall not affect or extinguish the following rights: ... (13) Covenants applicable to a general or uniform scheme

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Dillon, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part.

which burden the use of land are generally disfavored: We begin our analysis of this case with a fundamental premise of the law of real property. While the intentions of the parties to restrictive covenants ordinarily control the construction of covenants . . . such covenants are not favored by the law . . . and they will be construed to the end that all ambiguities will be resolved in favor of the unrestrained use of land. J.T. Hobby & Son, Inc. v. Family Homes of Wake Cty., Inc., 302 N.C. 64, 70, 274 S.E.2d 174, 178 (1981) (citations omitted). ¶ 47 Our Supreme Court, however, mandates a different rule when construing the words in an ambiguous statute. We do not construe ambiguous statutory provisions strictly, as we would the words in a private restrictive covenant, but rather: [In] ascertaining the intent of the Legislature in cases of ambiguity, regard must be had to the subject matter of the statute, as well as its language, i.e., the language must be read not textually, but contextually, and with reference to the matters dealt with, the objects and purposes sought to be accomplished, and in a sense which harmonizes with the subject matter. Victory Cab Co. v. Charlotte, 234 N.C. 572, 576, 68 S.E.2d 433, 436 (1951) (emphasis added); see also Rankin, 371 N.C. at 889, 821 S.E.2d at 792 (“The intent of the General Assembly may be found first from the plain language of the statute, then from the legislative history, the spirit of the act and what the act seeks to accomplish.”). ¶ 48 The majority correctly points out that our Supreme Court has repeatedly held that private restrictive covenants limiting a lot to a single-family structure will not

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Dillon, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part.

be construed to limit the occupancy use of that structure—that is, a private covenant restricting property to a single-family type structure will not be construed to prevent members of different families from using the structure at the same time. See, e.g., Winding Ridge v. Joffe, 362 N.C. 225, 657 S.E.2d 356 (2008) (adopting per curiam the dissenting opinion in 184 N.C. App. 629, 646 S.E.2d 801 (2007)); Hobby, 302 N.C. at 74-75, 274 S.E.2d at 181-82. But in Winding Ridge and Hobby, our Supreme Court held in each case that the covenant language at issue was ambiguous and then resolved the ambiguity by applying the rule “that any doubt arising or ambiguity appearing [in a covenant] will be resolved against the validity of the restriction[.]” Edney v. Powers, 224 N.C. 441, 443, 31 S.E.2d 372, 374 (1944). ¶ 49 For instance, in Hobby, our Supreme Court explained: We disagree with the position taken by plaintiffs [who were seeking a broad interpretation of the covenants] for several reasons. First, plaintiffs’ position is inconsistent with one of the fundamental premises of the law as it relates to restrictive covenants: Such provisions are not favored by the law and they will be construed to the end that all ambiguities will be resolved in favor of the free alienation of land. While it is possible that a restriction as to the type of structure would, in some instances, limit the character of the type of usage to which the building is employed, we conclude that such is not necessarily the case. Hobby, 302 N.C. at 74, 274 S.E.2d at 181. And in Winding Ridge, our Supreme Court

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Dillon, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part.

adopted the reasoning of the dissenting judge in our Court, who reasoned: In any event, in light of Hobby [and another case], the restrictive covenant in this case is at best ambiguous. It cannot be viewed as being “clearly and unambiguously drafted,” as required by Hobby. In the absence of the requisite clarity, the ambiguity must be resolved in favor of free use of property. Winding Ridge, 184 N.C. App. at 641, 646 S.E.2d at 809 (citation omitted). ¶ 50 However, Hobby and Winding Ridge are not directly on point, as those cases concern the interpretation of ambiguous private restrictive covenants, not of an ambiguous statute. Notwithstanding, the reasoning in those decisions does suggest that Chapter 47B-3(13) is ambiguous. Indeed, Winding Ridge stands for the proposition that language referring to the “use of the ‘property,’ [is a] concept equally consistent with both structural and occupancy restrictions.” Id. at 641, 646 S.E.2d at 809. Therefore, the language in Chapter 47B-3(13) referring to covenants restricting property to single-family residential use is equally consistent with both structural and occupancy restrictions. ¶ 51 We must, therefore, look to the context and subject matter of the statute to determine whether our General Assembly intended “single-family residential use” to be read narrowly, to include only covenants restricting how structures are occupied, no matter their design, or whether our General Assembly intended that phrase to be read more broadly to also include structural covenants (i.e., covenants restricting the

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Dillon, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part.

use of the property itself to single-family residential structures). ¶ 52 Again, our Supreme Court instructs that “regard must be had to the subject matter of the statute.” Victory Cab, supra. And in my view, the subject matter of Chapter 47B-3(13) strongly suggests that our General Assembly was, at least in part, concerned with protecting covenants restricting the type of structures developed, as the statutory provision is expressly limited in application to “[c]ovenants applicable to a general or uniform scheme of development[.]” ¶ 53 Also, the statute speaks of covenants restricting how “the property” is used, not merely how “the structures” on those properties are used. As explained in Winding Ridge, a covenant restricting a “property” to “residential use” could reasonably be read to include, not only occupancy restrictions, but also structural restrictions. ¶ 54 Further, the second sentence in Chapter 47B-3(13), contextually, suggests that the General Assembly was concerned, at least in part, with saving structural restrictions. For instance, this sentence which preserves “single-family residential use” covenants also preserves “multi-family [] residential use” covenants. In my view, “multi-family [] residential use” covenants most logically include structural restrictions which only allow multi-family type buildings (duplexes, quadruplexes, and the like) and prohibit single-family residential type structures. Covenants requiring multi-family structures are much more prevalent. I am unaware of any

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private covenant in North Carolina (though they might exist) that restricts the occupancy of a structure to multi-family use, irrespective of the type of structure placed on the property. Indeed, an owner of a duplex subject to a multi-family “occupancy” covenant would be in violation whenever there was a vacancy, as during those times, the duplex structure would only be occupied by a single family. By preserving “multi-family” use covenants, it is logical to surmise that our General Assembly had structural covenants in mind. ¶ 55 I do agree with the majority that our goal is to construe the statute as written and not read in language that is not there. But I am not reading in any language, as covenants restricting the use of property is “a concept equally consistent with both structural and occupancy restrictions.” Winding Ridge, supra. It certainly could be argued that the better policy would be to favor protecting all the Country Colony covenants, to better preserve the character of this older neighborhood. But we are not the General Assembly, and Chapter 47B-3(13) could not be clearer: “Restrictive covenants other than those mentioned herein which limit the property to residential use only are not excepted from the provisions of Chapter 47B.” Accordingly, I agree with the majority that the remaining Country Colony covenants, for instance the covenant limiting the size of each lot, are not protected by Chapter 47B-3(13). ¶ 56 This is not to say that our General Assembly forbids older neighborhoods from retaining their character. Indeed, that body has provided a means within the Act by

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which a lot owner in an older neighborhood may preserve all covenants. Specifically, Section 47B-4 allows any lot owner in an older neighborhood with covenants about to expire by operation of the Act to preserve all the covenants for another thirty (30) years. They do this by simply filing a notice of the covenants in the county’s register of deeds, naming the other lot owners as grantees (so that the notice of the covenants will be discovered during a title search of any of the neighborhood lots going back thirty (30) years). It is simply that our General Assembly has chosen to favor the policy purposes of the Act—to simplify title searches—over the preservation of most types of restrictions which create uniformity within a neighborhood, but which do not appear recently in the chains of title.