In this interlocutory appeal, plaintiffs challenge the order of the district court which prevents them from offering evidence, at trial, of statements made by attorneys in the course of settling prior related litigation between the same parties.^[1] We believe that Fed.R.Evid. 408, and the public policy of encouraging settlement which underlies that rule, requires exclusion of such testimony. Accordingly, we affirm the order of the district court.

The present litigation^[2] is but the latest manifestation of an acrimonious dispute of long standing between two former business associates, shareholders in a closely held corporation. Howard Krauss and Gerard Dupuy have been embroiled in litigation since the dissolution of their business association. Krauss and Dupuy parted company some time in 1980, and for the last eight years have been adversaries in a variety of lawsuits.^[3] The district court found that the evidence, offered in connection with the several motions made in the course of plaintiffs' attempts to introduce the testimony at issue,^[4] established that "there had been some five or six cases involving these same parties, all arising out of the breakup of a business in the year 1980; and that this litigation has continued from shortly thereafter until the present". It found that, since 1980, successive lawsuits have been filed, and ultimately settled, and that the evidence before the court indicated "that there was ongoing settlement during this entire period of time". Based upon the finding that the statements at issue, if made,^[5] were made by an attorney within the context of settlement negotiations, the district judge ruled that they were inadmissible. The court relied primarily upon the strong public policy of encouraging settlements.

Federal Rule of Evidence 408^[6] is broader than the common law exclusionary rule in many jurisdictions and excludes from evidence all statements made in the course of settlement negotiations. McCormick on Evidence, 3rd Ed. (1984), p. 812. See also McInnis v. A.M.F., Inc., 765 F.2d 240, 251 (1st Cir.1985), in which the court excluded evidence of a settlement plaintiff had made with a joint tortfeasor. To determine whether the statements are covered by the rule, the inquiry is whether the "statements or conduct were intended to be part of the negotiations for compromise". Ramada Dev. Co. v. Rauch, 644 F.2d 1097, 1106 (5th Cir.1981). After consideration of the evidence proffered at four separate hearings, including testimony taken ore tenus in open court, the court determined that the evidence established that these statements, if made, were spoken during settlement discussions. These findings are not clearly erroneous. FRCP 52.

The public policy of favoring and encouraging settlement makes necessary the inadmissibility of settlement negotiations in order to foster frank discussions. Wright & Graham, Federal Practice and Procedure: Evidence, Sec. 5302 (1980); Weinstein & Berger, Weinstein's Evidence, Sec. 408 (1986). "By preventing settlement negotiations from being admitted as evidence, full and open disclosure is encouraged, thereby furthering the policy toward settlement". United States v. Contra Costa County Water Dist., 678 F.2d 90, 92 (9th Cir.1982) (which held inadmissible a settlement by the plaintiff with another defendant of a closely related but separate claim, much, but not the same, as here). Moreover, we agree with the statement of the Fifth Circuit, in a case under a fact situation similar to that of Contra Costa, that the "spectre of a subsequent use to prejudice a separate and discrete claim is a disincentive which Rule 408 seeks to prevent". Branch v. Fidelity & Cas. Co. of New York, 783 F.2d 1289, 1294 (5th Cir.1986). Attorneys must be afforded wide latitude in the conduct of settlement negotiations if the rule is to have any effect.

Plaintiffs contend that even if the statements were made during the course of settlement negotiations, and even if otherwise excludable, they are admissible under the rule, for "other purposes."^[7] The trial court has discretion on the issue of whether to admit such evidence for another purpose under Rule 408, and the court's decision will not be reversed in the absence of an abuse of discretion "amounting to manifest error". Bituminous Const., Inc. v. Rucker Enterprises, Inc., 816 F.2d 965, 968 (4th Cir.1987). We are of opinion the district court did not abuse its discretion in holding the statements to be inadmissible.

Plaintiffs also contend that Rule 408 serves as no bar to the admission of this testimony since the remarks are not offered to prove liability on the claims extinguished by the settlements. See 1616 Reminc Ltd. Ptshp. v. Com. Land Title Ins., 778 F.2d 183, 188 n. 5 (4th Cir.1985). It is true we have said, albeit in dictum, that Rule 408, "which generally forbids testimony regarding compromises or offers to compromise, need not prevent a litigant from offering such evidence when he does not seek to show the validity or invalidity of the compromised claim". Wyatt v. Security Inn Food & Beverage, Inc., 819 F.2d 69, 71 (4th Cir.1987). But the fact that offering an item of evidence is not in terms barred by Rule 408 does not make it otherwise admissible. And while it is true that the instant case is founded in antitrust, and the prior lawsuits were not, the district court emphasized that in the context of this case the claims presented were but another claim "concerning really matters all arising from the same litigation", and represented the continuation of the feud between Krauss and Dupuy. The district court, in its opinion, aptly described the existing situation in the following language: "... since the very outset of this litigation in 1980, that there has been one lawsuit after another, and he [Stanard] has been attempting to settle these lawsuits one after the other; and that he has continued to work with as many as three of them going at one time."

Essentially, the trial judge determined that this case arose out of the same transaction, i.e., the breakup of the business association. The present claims are related to the dissolution of that relationship, just as much as were the claims pursued in the prior lawsuits between the same parties. As Weinstein's Evidence, p 408 p. 408-27 (1986), points out, it is the general practice of the federal courts to hold inadmissible "... the attempted use of a completed compromise of a claim arising out of the same transaction between a third person and a party to the suit being litigated." (Italics added) Since Rule 408 would exclude such evidence, as Weinstein, Contra Costa and Branch we have referred to above point out, we think there is even more reason to exclude such evidence when the settlement or settlement negotiations are between the same parties to the suit at hand. Thus, we are of opinion the strong public policy favoring exclusion was correctly applied by the district court to exclude the statements in question under Rule 408.

In sum, we are of opinion the order of the district court appealed from is free from error. We are also of opinion that the award of sanctions with respect to taking the deposition of Bedsole was not an abuse of discretion.

AFFIRMED.