United States v. William Harold Johnson, 979 F.2d 396 (6th Cir. 1993). · Go Syfert
United States v. William Harold Johnson, 979 F.2d 396 (6th Cir. 1993). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“both constitutional and supervisory concerns require holding the government to a greater degree of responsibility than the defendant . . . for imprecisions or ambiguities in the plea agreements.”
118 citation events (53 in the last 25 years) across 17 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: United States v. Luebbert (ca6, 2005-06-01)
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discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) United States v. Luebbert
6th Cir. · 2005 · signal: see · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
both constitutional and supervisory concerns require holding the government to a greater degree of responsibility than the defendant . . . for imprecisions or ambiguities in the plea agreements.
cited Cited as authority (rule) State v. Schroer
Ohio Ct. App. · 2026 · confidence medium
Bethel at ¶52 , citing United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir.1992).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. London Vinson
6th Cir. · 2023 · confidence medium
For “imprecisions or ambiguities” in plea agreements, the trial court should hold the government to “a greater degree of responsibility than the defendant.” Id. (quoting United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir. 1992)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Manuel Estrada-Gonzalez
6th Cir. · 2022 · confidence medium
See Warren, 8 F.4th at 448 ; Fitch, 282 F.3d at 367–68; United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir. 1992).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Greiner v. Warden, Belmont Correctional Institution
S.D. Ohio · 2022 · confidence medium
United States v. Harris, 2006 U.S. App. LEXIS 23456 (6th Cir. 2006), citing United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir. 1992).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Keilholtz v. United States
E.D. Tenn. · 2021 · confidence medium
Because of the constitutional and supervisory concerns involved, however, courts “hold[ ] the government to a greater degree of responsibility than the defendant (or possibly than ... either of the parties to commercial contracts) for imprecisions or ambiguities in the plea agreement[ ].” United States v. Harris, 473 F.3d 222, 225 (6th Cir. 2006) (quoting United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir. 1992)) (first alteration in original).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Bryan Presley
6th Cir. · 2021 · confidence medium
We have held that “[b]oth constitutional and supervisory concerns require holding the government to a greater degree of responsibility than the defendant . . . for imprecisions or ambiguities in . . . plea agreements.” Fitch, 282 F.3d at 367–68 (alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir. 1992)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Jesus Flores, III
5th Cir. · 2018 · confidence medium
Sys. v. Bridgestone Corp., 399 F.3d 651 , 655 n.1 (6th Cir. 2005) (taking judicial notice of a term defined on the website of the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc.); United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 401 (6th Cir. 1992) (taking judicial notice of a definition of “Adjustment Disorder” in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to help determine whether the defendant qualified for downward departure from the sentencing guidelines); 2 MCCORMICK ON EVID. § 330, FACTS CAPABLE OF CERTAIN VERIFICATION (7th ed. 2016) (“…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Todd Bryant (2×)
6th Cir. · 2016 · confidence medium
Plea agreements are “contractual in nature” but also “implicate[] concerns in addition to those pertaining to the formation and interpretation of commercial contracts between private parties.” United States v. Randolph, 230 F.3d 243, 249 (6th Cir. 2000) (quoting United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir. 1992)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Martin Lewis
6th Cir. · 2014 · confidence medium
In general, the trial court should hold the government to “a greater degree of responsibility than the defendant ... for im-precisions or ambiguities in ... plea agreements.” United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir.1992) (citation and quotation omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) State v. Love
Ohio Ct. App. · 2014 · confidence medium
As we should construe any ambiguity against the State, State v. Bethel, 110 Ohio St.3d 416 , 2006-Ohio-4853 , ¶ 52, citing United -18- Case No. 9-13-09 States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (C.A.6, 1992), we therefore evaluate this case in that light and accordingly we proceed with our allied offenses analysis using the victims as mentioned in the Indictment/Bill of Particulars. {¶37} Thus ultimately the victims of the counts that Love pled guilty to are as follows: Count 1, Servex, Count 3, various (being those individuals at a substantial risk of serious physical harm—those named in the B…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Smith v. Anderson
6th Cir. · 2011 · confidence medium
In so holding, the state appeals court relied heavily on previous decisions of this Court, and rightfully so, as this Court “has consistently held that a defendant’s plea agreement consists of the terms revealed in open court.” United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 398 (6th Cir.1992) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Bowman
6th Cir. · 2011 · confidence medium
“But because plea agreements’ constitutional and supervisory implications raise concerns over and above those present in the traditional contract context, in interpreting such agreements we ‘hold the government to a greater degree of responsibility than the defendant ... for imprecisions or ambiguities in the plea agreements.’ ” Id. (alterations omitted) (quoting United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir.1992)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) O'Donnabhain v. Commissioner
unknown court · 2010 · confidence medium
See, e.g., United States v. Long, 562 F.3d 325 , 334-335 & n.22 (5th Cir.2009); United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 401 (6th Cir. 1992).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Jones (2×)
6th Cir. · 2009 · confidence medium
See, e.g., Caruthers, 458 F.3d at 470 ; United States v. Fitch, 282 F.3d 364, 367-68 (6th Cir.2002); United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir.1992).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Christopher Hodge
6th Cir. · 2009 · confidence medium
United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir.1992) (“By failing to object at the crucial moment when the trial court inquired as to terms of its agreement, the government has waived its claims.”); Baker v. United States, 781 F.2d 85, 90 (6th Cir. 1986) (“The defendant’s failure to object to the government’s statement at sentencing constitutes waiver in this situation.”).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Cole v. State (4×)
Del. · 2007 · confidence medium
See, United States v. Feigenbaum, 962 F.2d 230, 234 (2d Cir.1992); United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir.1992); Craig v. People, 986 P.2d 951 (Colo.1999); State v. Wills, 244 Kan. 62 , 765 P.2d 1114, 1120 (1988); State v. Bethel, 110 Ohio St.3d 416 , 854 N.E.2d 150, 167 (2006); State v. Mares, 119 N.M. 48 , 888 P.2d 930, 934 (1994) (allowing ambiguities to be resolved in favor of the defendant but limiting doctrine); State v. Bis-son 156 Wash.2d 507 , 130 P.3d 820, 827 (2006); People v. Toscano, 124 Cal.App.4th 340, 345 , 20 Cal.Rptr.3d 923 (Cal.App.2004); State v. Rosado, 92 Co…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Jayson Harris (2×)
6th Cir. · 2006 · confidence medium
But because plea agreements’ constitutional and supervisory implications raise concerns over and above those present in the traditional contract context, in interpreting such agreements we “hold[] the government to a greater degree of responsibility than the defendant (or possibly than would be either of the parties to commercial contracts) for impre-cisions or ambiguities in the plea agreements.” United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir.1992), quoting United States v. Harvey, 791 F.2d 294, 300 (4th Cir.1986).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Harris
6th Cir. · 2006 · confidence medium
But because plea agreements’ constitutional and supervisory implications raise concerns over and above those present in the traditional contract context, in interpreting such agreements we “hold[ ] the government to a greater degree of responsibility than the defendant (or possibly than would be either of the parties to commercial contracts) for imprecisions or ambiguities in the plea agreements.” United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir. 1992), quoting United States v. Harvey, 791 F.2d 294, 300 (4th Cir. 1986).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Caruthers
6th Cir. · 2006 · confidence medium
See, e.g., United States v. Fitch, 282 F.3d 364, 367-68 (6th Cir. 2002); United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir. 1992); United States v. Gebbie, 294 F.3d 540, 551-52 (3d Cir. 2002) (collecting cases).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Ricky A. Caruthers (2×)
6th Cir. · 2006 · confidence medium
See, e.g., United States v. Fitch, 282 F.3d 364, 367-68 (6th Cir.2002); United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir.1992); United States v. Gebbie, 294 F.3d 540, 551-52 (3d Cir.2002) (collecting cases).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Dellheim (2×)
6th Cir. · 2006 · confidence medium
A. Robert Dellheim’s waiver Robert waived the “right to appeal and the right to attack collaterally . . . any lawful sentence.” The material difference between Brianna and Robert’s waiver is the adjective “lawful.” -4- Nos. 04-5811 & 04-5812 USA v. Dellheim Because Robert’s waiver is effectively nugatory, we consider the merits of Robert’s appeal to determine if his sentence was “lawful.” See United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir.1992) (stating that “ambiguity [in a plea agreement] must be construed against the government”).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Turner
6th Cir. · 2006 · confidence medium
E.g., United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399-400 (6th Cir. 1992) (“[B]oth constitutional and supervisory concerns require holding the government to a greater degree of responsibility than the defendant ... for imprecisions or ambiguities in the plea agreements.” (internal quotation marks and citations omitted)); United States v. Gebbie, 294 F.3d 540, 551-52 (3d Cir.2002) (citing cases); Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 206 (1981) (“In choosing among the reasonable meanings of a promise or agreement or a term thereof, that meaning is generally preferred which operates against the…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Kirby, Troy
6th Cir. · 2005 · confidence medium
The Court must hold the government to “a greater degree of responsibility than the defendant ... for imprecisions or ambiguities in ... plea agreements.” United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir.1992) (citation and quotation omitted).
examined Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Virginia Cockett (4×) also: Cited "see"
6th Cir. · 2003 · signal: cf. · confidence medium
Cf. Johnson, 979 F.2d at 401 (finding that the letters attesting to the defendant's upstanding qualities and seeming "normality" undermined any contention that his psychological infirmity was significant).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Williams v. United States
6th Cir. · 2002 · confidence medium
With a plea agreement, “the trial court should hold the government to ‘a greater degree of responsibility than the defendant ... for imprecisions or ambiguities in ... plea agreements.’ ” United States v. Wells, 211 F.3d 988, 995 (6th Cir.2000) (quoting United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir.1992)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Cogley
6th Cir. · 2002 · confidence medium
Wells, 211 F.3d at 995 (citing United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir.1992)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. El-Sadig
N.D. Ohio · 2001 · confidence medium
See United States v. Johnston, 199 F.3d 1015, 1020 (9th Cir.1999) (plea agreement to be construed against the government); United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir.1992) (the government is held to a greater degree of responsibility than the defendant for imprecisions and ambiguities in plea agree *610 ments); Thomas v. Immigration and Naturalization Service, 35 F.3d 1332, 1337 (9th Cir.1994) (“The government is held to the literal terms of the agreement, and ordinarily must bear responsibility for any lack of clarity.”); United States v. McBride, 571 F.Supp. 596, 605 (S.D.Tex.1…
examined Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Melvin Lee Randolph, Jr. (98-5334) Angela Ballard (98-5335) Anthony Pettis (98-6040) and Cedric Johnson (98-6049) (3×) also: Cited "see"
6th Cir. · 2000 · confidence medium
Therefore, “[b]oth constitutional and supervisory concerns require holding the government to a greater degree of responsibility than the defendant (or possibly than would be either of the parties to commercial contracts) for imprecisions or ambiguities in the plea agreements.” Johnson, 979 F.2d at 399 (citations omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Olakunle A. Osoba (2×) also: Cited "see"
6th Cir. · 2000 · confidence medium
We have previously found that even suicidal tendencies do not justify such a departure, and that defendants should not be allowed departures for hardships, misfortune, or defeat, which are “inescapable aspect[s] of human existence.” United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 401 (6th Cir.1992).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Osoba
6th Cir. · 2000 · confidence medium
Defendant argues that the district court’s Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 401 (6th Cir. 1992).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Gregory Wells, M.D. (98-6010) Ronald Lee Dillion (98-6011)
6th Cir. · 2000 · confidence medium
The trial court should hold the government to “a greater degree of responsibility than the defendant ... for imprecisions or ambiguities in ... plea agreements.” United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir.1992) (citation and quotation omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Wells
6th Cir. · 2000 · confidence medium
When, later in the trial, the degree of responsibility than the defendant . . . for defense asked its expert, Dr. Walker, whether Tylenol No. 4 imprecisions or ambiguities in . . . plea agreements.” United (i.e., acetaminophen with codeine) would be an appropriate States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir. 1992) (citation medication for someone with back pain, the government and quotation omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Perry
4th Cir. · 1999 · confidence medium
This court went on to hold that such a finding was unwarranted when the defendant "`displayed considerable mental agility in his professional and personal affairs, both legal and illicit.'" Id. (quoting United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 401 (6th Cir. 1991)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Woodworth
N.D. Ind. · 1998 · confidence medium
However, the guidelines also state that “[mjental and emotional conditions are not ordinarily relevant in determining whether a sentence should be outside the applicable guideline range ...” U.S.S.G. § 5H1.3, accordingly, courts have held that in order to qualify- for a departure under § 5K2.13 a defendant must be suffering from something greater than “emotional problems,” United States v. Gentry, 925 F.2d 186, 188 (7th Cir.1991), reh’g denied, or “hardship,” United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 401 (6th Cir.1992), reh’g denied; see also United States v. Withers, 100 F.3d …
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Szarwark
N.D. Ind. · 1998 · confidence medium
Accordingly, courts have held that in order to qualify for a departure under § 5K2.13 a defendant must be suffering from something greater than “emotional problems,” United States v. Gentry, 925 F.2d 186, 188 (7th Cir.1991), reh’g denied, or “hardship,” United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 401 (6th Cir.1992), reh’g denied.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. McBroom (2×)
3rd Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
The court then noted that "courts have found that a downward departure is unavailable where there was `no indication that [the defendant] was unable to process information or to reason.' " Slip Op. at 10 (quoting United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 401 (6th Cir. 1992)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Kenneth McBroom (2×)
3rd Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
The court then noted that “courts have found that a downward departure is unavailable where there was ‘no indication that [the defendant] was unable to process information or to reason.’” Op. at 538 (quoting United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 401 (6th Cir.1992)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. David A. Veri
10th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
Veri’s cite to United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396 (6th Cir. 1992), is inapposite; in Johnson , the Sixth Circuit construed an ambiguous plea agreement as constituting a sentencing recommendation under Rule 11(e)(1)(B), see id. at 398, 399 ; see also United States v. Rutter, 897 F.2d 1558, 1564-65 (10th Cir.1990) (noting Rule 11(e)(1)(B) agreement is nonbinding recommendation), not a binding plea agreement under Rule 11(e)(1)(C), cf. United States v. Libretti, 38 F.3d 523, 529 (10th Cir.1994) (holding defendant is bound by lawful plea agreement under Rule 11(e)(1)(C)), aff'd, - U.S. -, 11…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Veri
10th Cir. · 1997 · confidence medium
Veri’s cite to United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396 (6th Cir. 1992), is inapposite; in Johnson, the Sixth Circuit construed an ambiguous plea agreement as constituting a sentencing recommendation under Rule 11(e)(1)(B), see id. at 398, 399 ; see also United States v. Rutter, 897 F.2d 1558, 1564-65 (10th Cir. 1990) (noting Rule 11(e)(1)(B) agreement is nonbinding recommendation), not a binding plea agreement under Rule 11(e)(1)(C), cf. United States v. Libretti, 38 F.3d 523, 529 (10th Cir. 1994) (holding defendant is bound by lawful plea agreement under Rule 11(e)(1)(C)), aff’d, 116 S. Ct…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Renee Withers, United States of America v. Renee Withers
4th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
Accordingly, courts have held that in order to qualify for a departure under this section a *1148 defendant must be suffering from something greater than “emotional problems,” United States v. Gentry, 925 F.2d 186, 188 (7th Cir.1991), or “hardship,” United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 401 (6th Cir.1992).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Withers
4th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
Accordingly, courts have held that in order to qualify for a departure under this section a defendant must be suffering from some- thing greater than "emotional problems," United States v. Gentry, 925 F.2d 186, 188 (7th Cir. 1991), or "hardship," United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 401 (6th Cir. 1992).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. David John MURDOCH, Defendant-Appellant. (Two Cases) (2×)
9th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
See U.S. v. Cantu, 12 F.3d 1506, 1509, n. 1 (9th Cir.1993) (taking judicial notice that a condition listed in the DSM is a recognized psychiatric condition); U.S. v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 401 (6th Cir.1992) (taking judicial notice of an earlier edition of the DSM). 5 The DSM IV defines a personality disorder as “an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture [which] is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable over time, and leads to distress or impairment.” DSM IV at…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Toufic Nagi v. United States (2×)
6th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 398 (6th Cir.1992).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Jeffrey Caslow
6th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
DISCUSSION 5 * The first issue is whether the district court erred in increasing the offense level for possession of a firearm during the offense. 6 We apply a three-part test in reviewing departures from the guideline range: 7 (1) whether the case is sufficiently unusual to warrant departure, a legal question subject to de novo review; (2) whether the circumstances, if legally sufficient, are actually present, a factual question subject to a clearly erroneous standard of review; [and] (3) whether the direction and degree of departure is reasonable. 8 United States v. Johnson, 71 F.3d 539, 544…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Francisco Javier Barajas-Nunez (2×)
6th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 401 (6th Cir.1992); United States v. Hamilton, 949 F.2d 190, 193 (6th Cir.1991) (per curiam).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Michael John Goossens (2×) also: Cited "see"
4th Cir. · 1996 · confidence medium
Cf. United States v. Sammoury, 74 F.3d 1341, 1346 (D.C.Cir.1996) (concluding evidence that defendant’s offense required extensive planning and that defendant had exercised sound judgment in other matters was sufficient to support finding by district court that defendant did not suffer from a reduced mental capacity); Johnson, 979 F.2d at 401 (reversing diminished mental capacity departure in part on the basis that defendant, who was a bank vice president, demonstrated mental agility in professional affairs). *702 Moreover, even if Goossens suffered from diminished mental capacity, no evidenc…
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. John F. Barton, Jr.
2d Cir. · 1996 · signal: cf. · confidence medium
Cf. United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 401 (6th Cir.1992).
cited Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Keithley Johnson, M.D., Cross-Appellee
6th Cir. · 1995 · confidence medium
United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 400 (6th Cir.1992) (citations omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) United States v. Richard Dale Cullens
6th Cir. · 1995 · confidence medium
United States v. Beatty, 9 F.3d 686, 691 (8th Cir.1993) (failure to object to an alleged breach of a plea agreement results in a waiver); United States v. Johnson, 979 F.2d 396, 399 (6th Cir.1992) (failure to object to departure motion at sentencing hearing results in a waiver).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
William Harold JOHNSON, Defendant-Appellee
92-5172.
Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.
Jan 21, 1993.
979 F.2d 396
Cam Towers Jones, Asst. U.S. Atty. (argued & briefed), Memphis, Tenn., for U.S., Bruce Brooke (argued & briefed), Neely, Green, Fargarson & Brooke, Memphis, Tenn., for defendant-appellee.
Martin, Suhrheinrich, Wellford.
Cited by 82 opinions  |  Published
Reporter's Syllabus — editorial summary, not part of the Court's opinion

Cam Towers Jones, Asst. U.S. Atty. (argued & briefed), Memphis, Tenn., for U.S.

Bruce Brooke (argued & briefed), Neely, Green, Fargarson & Brooke, Memphis, Tenn., for defendant-appellee.

Before: MARTIN and SUHRHEINRICH, Circuit Judges; and WELLFORD, Senior Circuit Judge.

SUHRHEINRICH, Circuit Judge.

Lead Opinion

SUHRHEINRICH, Circuit Judge.

Defendant William Harold Johnson pled guilty pursuant to a plea agreement to one count of bank fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1344, and one count of mail fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1341. At sentencing, the district court granted a downward departure based on alleged diminished mental capacity due to a mental disorder known as Severe Adjustment Disorder. The government appeals, claiming that the lower court improperly deviated from the written plea agreement; and. that the basis for departure, that defendant’s actions were “out of character for a person of Mr. Johnson’s standing,” is not a permissible basis for departure under U.S.S.G. § 5K2.13 p.s. For the reasons that follow, we conclude that while the court did not err in allowing defendant to attempt to establish a downward departure under § 5K2.13 p.s., the circumstances of this case do not warrant one. We therefore VACATE and REMAND for resentencing.

I,

As part of his job duties as Senior Vice President of Information Services at the First Tennessee National Bank in Memphis, Tennessee, defendant was responsible for interbank wire transfers and communications, which gave him access to millions of dollars in the bank’s system. Johnson devised a scheme to defraud First Tennessee by submitting fictitious invoices from real and imaginary companies to the bank. Johnson, in his capacity as bank official, would then authorize the requests for pay[*398] ment. The cheeks were later deposited in one of his accounts at Deposit Guaranty National Bank, Corporate Headquarters, in Jackson, Mississippi.

Two of the names utilized by defendant as authorized signers at Deposit Guaranty were “Eugene Keller” and “Keith Nichols.” Johnson claimed that he got the idea to use their names after Keller and Nichols allegedly defrauded defendant in a real estate transaction which resulted in litigation over property lines. Neither individual had authorized Johnson to use their names and neither profited thereby.

First Tennessee eventually learned of the fraud and criminal proceedings were instituted. Defendant entered into a written plea agreement with the government pursuant to Fed.R.Crim.P. 11(e)(1)(B). The district court accepted defendant’s guilty plea and the written agreement. A presen-tence report was prepared, indicating a guideline range of 16, a term of 21 to 27 months imprisonment. Defendant filed a response, stating that the total offense level should be 13, and in combination with a criminal history category of I, a guideline range of 12 to 18 months imprisonment. Attached to defendant’s response was the affidavit of psychologist, Dr. John Cooper, who treated Johnson for adjustment disorder.

Dr. Cooper testified at the sentencing hearing on behalf of the defendant. The district court granted a downward departure for defendant’s “diminished mental capacity” reducing his sentence below the guidelines range of 21 to 27 months to 12 months, followed by a three-year term of supervised release. The government appeals.

II.

A.

The government contends that the district court's grant of a downward departure was impermissible since the parties had not agreed to such a departure; and that the written plea agreement by its terms did not allow the district court to modify the agreement. The government therefore argues that the district court exceeded its statutory authority under Fed. R.Crim.P. 11(e)(3),[1] which prohibits a district court from sentencing a defendant to a sentence more favorable than that provided for in the plea agreement and accepted by the court. United States v. Semler, 883 F.2d 832, 833 (9th Cir.1989).

This court has consistently held that “a defendant’s plea agreement consists of the terms revealed in open court....” Baker v. United States, 781 F.2d 85, 90 (6th Cir.) (where district court followed Rule 11 procedures, defendant was bound by his statements in response to district court’s inquiries at sentencing hearing and would not be allowed to attempt to prove that agreement was otherwise than it appeared on unambiguous record), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 1017, 107 S.Ct. 667, 93 L.Ed.2d 719 (1986); United States v. Herrera, 928 F.2d 769, 771-72 (6th Cir.1991) (defendant was not allowed to establish existence of separate agreement where neither defendant nor his attorney mentioned any additional terms when asked about their understanding of the written agreement submitted to court; citing Baker). Further, failure to object to a defendant’s statements at sentencing constitutes waiver of any objection. Baker, 781 F.2d at 90. See also Herrera, 928 F.2d at 771-72.[2]

[*399] At the sentencing hearing, the court asked the government to describe the contents of the plea agreement. The government explained that the sentencing would be “within the guideline language.” • Defense counsel agreed with the characterization, but then asked the court if it had the right to establish a basis for a deviation. The government made no objection to the request. The court allowed defense counsel to proceed with proofs as to defendant’s diminished mental capacity. By failing to object at the crucial moment when the trial court inquired as to terms of the agreement, the government has waived its claim. Herrera, 928 F.2d at 772; Baker, 781 F.2d at 90. To rule otherwise would thwart the sentencing court in the proper administration of the plea agreement procedure. Id.

Additionally, we note an ambiguity in the written plea agreement itself. The pertinent language provides:

This Plea Agreement is entered pursuant to the provisions of Rule 11(e)(1)(B) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, it being the intent of the parties that the Court may accept or reject this agreement immediately or after it has: an opportunity to consider the presentence report, but may not modify the agreement.
The defendant will receive a sentence within the range of the Sentencing Guidelines, as established by the Probation Office of the Court.

The government argues that the stated terms in the agreement that the court may accept or reject the agreement operates to make it a Rule 11(e)(1)(C)[3] plea, except that a specific sentence was not agreed upon. On the other hand, the descriptive paragraph of the written agreement characterizes it as a Rule (e)(1)(B)[4] agreement, wherein the plea agreement makes a recommendation or agrees not to oppose the defendant’s request for a particular sentence with the understanding that such recommendation shall not be binding upon the court. Given the “hybrid” nature of the written agreement, it was not unreasonable for the sentencing court to assume from the government’s silence that it had “agree[d] not to oppose the defendant’s request for a downward departure.” If that were the case, the court would not be altering the terms agreed to by the parties in granting a downward departure.

This ambiguity must be construed against the government. Although plea agreements are contractual in nature, Herrera, 928 F.2d at 771; a defendant’s underlying right of contract is constitutional, and therefore implicates concerns in addition to those pertaining to the formation and interpretation of commercial contracts between private parties. United States v. Harvey, 791 F.2d 294, 300 (4th Cir.1986). Therefore,

[bjoth constitutional and supervisory concerns require holding the government to a greater degree of responsibility than the defendant (or possibly than would be either of the parties to commercial contracts) for imprecisions or ambiguities in the plea agreements. See, e.g., United States v. Bowler, 585 F.2d 851, 854 (7th Cir.1978) (plea agreement not appropriate context for “rigidly literal” construction of language); Palermo v. Warden, 545 F.2d 286, 295 (2d Cir.1976) (government invocation of restrictive contract principles “disingenuous”); United States v. Crusco, 536 F.2d 21, 26 (3rd Cir.1976) (government’s “strict and nar[*400] row interpretation of its commitment ... untenable”); Correale v. United States, 479 F.2d 944, 947 (1st Cir.1973) (government held to “meticulous standards of both promise and performance”).

Id. at 300-01 (cited favorably in Herrera, 928 F.2d at 772). See also Carnine v. United States, 974 F.2d 924 (7th Cir.1992) (“Our cases firmly establish an expectation that the government draft plea agreements with particular care and precision to avoid exactly the type of definitional pitfalls we encounter here.”). The government in this case has failed to live up to its “primary responsibility of insuring precision in the agreement.” Id. at 301. Thus, for the foregoing reasons we hold that the district court did not err in allowing evidence establishing the basis for a downward departure under U.S.S.G. § 5K2.13 p.s.

B.

The government next argues that the district court abused its discretion in making a downward departure for diminished mental capacity under U.S.S.G. § 5K2.13 p.s. At the sentencing hearing defendant introduced the testimony of a psychologist with whom defendant had treated. Dr. Cooper diagnosed Johnson as suffering from Severe Adjustment Disorder, a mental condition brought on by an identifiable psycho-social stressor. Dr. Cooper theorized the psycho-social stressor as the receipt of a registered letter advising Johnson that the cabin he. had recently purchased from Nichols and Keller was over the property line. The doctor testified that a personality like Johnson’s—“very perfec-tionistic,” “very compatible with high levels, of achievement in business”—has “not as much energy available to deal with emotion.” The doctor opined that as a result, defendant had less psychological skill in handling the rage and anger over “being duped,” which he “ventilated” in illegal activity.

On the basis of this testimony and letters from friends and associates of Johnson, attesting to his integrity, the district court stated:

The court is going to give Mr. Johnson some benefit flowing from the concept of diminished capacity based upon the court’s finding that this was so out of character for a person of Mr. Johnson’s standing in the community and the kind of life he has lived, and based upon all the testimony the court has heard and the letters that were submitted ... and what the court is going to do is deviate downwards from the guidelines....

We review[5] downward departures from the federal sentencing guidelines under a three-part test: (1) whether the case is sufficiently unusual to warrant departure, .a legal question subject to de novo review; (2) whether the circumstances, if legally sufficient, are actually present, a factual question subject to a clearly erroneous standard of review; and (3) whether the direction and degree of departure is reasonable. United States v. Harpst, 949 F.2d 860, 862 (6th Cir.1991).

Mental and emotional conditions are not ordinarily relevant in determining whether a sentence should be outside the guidelines. U.S.S.G. § 5H1.3 p.s. However, § 5K2.13 p.s. allows a downward departure for diminished mental capacity:

If the defendant committed a non-violent offense while suffering from significantly reduced mental capacity not resulting from voluntary, use of drugs or other intoxicants, a lower sentence may be warranted to reflect the extent to which reduced mental capacity contributed to the commission of the offense, provided that the defendant’s criminal history does'not indicate a need for incarceration to protect the public.

Our initial inquiry is whether a diagnosed condition of adjustment disorder is “sufficiently unusual to warrant departure.” This court has rejected suicidal tendencies as a basis for permitting departures under § 5K2.13 p.s., United States v. Harpst, 949 F.2d at 863; and a gambling disorder, United States v. Hamilton, 949 F.2d 190, 193 (6th Cir.1991). In Harpst, we[*401] found “a rule permitting departures on the basis of defendants’ avowed self-déstruc-tive tendencies ill-advised,” since such claims might become virtual boilerplate in defendants’ arguments before sentencing judges. 949 F.2d at 863. We also noted that the defendant’s claim in that case was “particularly weak,” since there had been testimony that Harpst’s suicidal tendency had abated and that his prognosis for dealing with self-destructive tendencies was “good”. Id. at 863-64. In Hamilton, this court rejected the defendant’s argument that his gambling disorder caused him to suffer a “significantly reduced mental capacity” within the meaning of § 5K2.13 p.s. since the defendant “was able to absorb information in the usual way and to exercise the power of reason.” 949 F.2d at 193. The court concluded there that the defendant took to selling drugs illegally not because of any inability to understand his situation, but because he needed money, “hardly an unusual motive.” Id.

Similarly, we believe that the instant case does not present a situation “sufficiently unusual” to justify departure. Like the defendants in Harpst and Hamilton, there is no indication that Johnson was unable to process information or to reason;[6] To the contrary, from all accounts, defendant displayed considerable mental agility in his professional and personal affairs, both legal and illicit. Like the defendant in Hamilton, Johnson’s “behavior” is easily explained by greed, which is not a sufficient basis for departure. The many letters attesting to Johnson’s upstanding qualities and seeming “normality” also belie any contention that his psychological infirmity was “significant.” Moreover, we also think it “ill-advised” to excuse a defendant’s unlawful conduct merely because he has suffered insult or hardship and experienced frustration and anger as a result. Such a ruling would entitle virtually every defendant to a downward departure, since an inescapable aspect of human existence is misfortune or defeat.

Furthermore, assuming without deciding that in a given instance a Severe Adjustment Disorder diagnosis would satisfy § 5K2.13 p.s., the defendant failed to establish the existence of such a condition. We take judicial notice of the American, Psychiatric Association’s ‘Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3d ed. rev. 1987), which defines an Adjustment Disorder as “a maladaptive reaction to an identifiable psycho-social stressor, or stressors, that occurs within three-months after onset of the stressor and has persisted no longer than six months.” Id. at 329. The alleged “triggering event,” in this case, receipt of the registered letter, occurred in August of 1990. On the other hand, the indictment alleges, the government offered supporting documentation establishing, that as early as September 19, 1988, defendant submitted fictitious invoices from the Mitchell Group to First Tennessee. Thus, the illegal activity cannot reasonably be described as a “reaction” to the real estate fraud. Similarly, there is no basis for finding that the “reduced mental capacity contributed to the commission of the offense.” U.S.S.G. § 5K2.13 p.s. (emphasis added). Finally, the fact that the fraudulent scheme lasted for over two years also precludes it from being characterized as an Adjustment Disorder as defined.

In sum, we conclude that the district court erred in finding that defendant’s situation presented a sufficient basis for downward departure. Therefore, we VACATE and REMAND for resentencing with instructions • to recalculate defendant’s sentence in light of this ruling.

1

Fed.R.Crim.P. 11(e)(3) provides:

(3) Acceptance of a Plea Agreement. If the court accepts the plea agreement, the court shall inform the defendant that it will embody in the judgment and sentence the disposition provided for in the plea agreement.
2

The Guidelines make acceptance of the plea agreement necessarily contingent upon the preparation and consideration of the presen-tence report, U.S.S.G. § 6Bl.l(c) & comment. See also Fields v. United States, 963 F.2d 105 (6th Cir.1992) (rejecting defendant's argument that once the district court unqualifiedly agreed to accept the initial guilty plea, it was bound by that bargain); United States v. Kemper, 908 F.2d 33 (6th Cir.1990) (same). Therefore, after the Guidelines, a court' may not accept the plea agreement until it has considered the presen-tence report.

3

Fed.R.Crim.P. 11 provides in relevant part: (e) Plea Agreement Procedure.

(1) In General. The attorney for the government and the attorney for the defendant, or the defendant when acting pro se may engage in discussions with a view toward reaching an agreement that, upon the entering of a plea of guilty or nolo contendere to a charged offense or to a lesser or related offense, the attorney for the government will do any of the following:
(A)move for dismissal of other charges; or
(B) make a recommendation, or agree not to oppose the defendant’s request, for a particular sentence, with the understanding that such recommendation or request shall not be binding upon the court; or
(C) agree that a specific sentence is the appropriate disposition of the case.

The court shall not participate in any such discussions.

4

See id.

5

We have jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3742(b).

6

Defendant’s reliance on United States v. Glick, 946 F.2d 335 (4th Cir.1991) is misguided. In Glick, a psychiatrist testified that "Glick had no conscious control over the things that were going on inside him to a certain limit,” and that the disorder impaired his ability to cope with stress. Id. at 339. Here, in contrast, Dr. Cooper testified that as far as Johnson’s general character was concerned, he was in complete control and knew what he was doing.

Concurrence

BOYCE F. MARTIN, JR., Circuit Judge,

concurring.

This case presents an unusual situation because of the introduction of testimony[*402] regarding the defendant’s mental state at the time the offense was committed. I join with Judge Suhrheinrich in his majority opinion because I think in light of all the circumstances of this case the result he reaches is fair and just under the Sentencing Guidelines. I therefore join in the whole of the majority opinion agreeing that the case should be remanded to the district court for resentencing with the understanding that on this record the defendant has not met his burden of proving that there is a sufficient departure from normal mental capacity to warrant a reduction from the guideline range of twenty-one to twenty-seven months in prison.

Concurrence in Part

WELLFORD, Senior Circuit Judge,

concurring in part and dissenting in part.

I am in agreement with part II.B. of Judge Suhrheinrich’s opinion and would therefore concur in the reversal and remand for resentencing based on the district court’s erroneous acceptance of the belated claim of “diminished mental capacity” under U.S.S.G. § 5K2.13, p.s. Whether the district court’s action in departing downward on this basis was an abuse of discretion or merely an erroneous determination unsupported by the evidence is not important — the result is the same. I agree with the conclusion that there was no adequate medical or expert diagnosis to support defendant’s claim of diminished mental capacity over the extended period of time he was devising, executing, and concealing a complicated fraudulent scheme against the bank in which he served as a responsible officer.

I would not adopt the rationale of part II.A. of the opinion. If there were an ambiguity in the plea agreement, I could not find on this record a reasonable basis for district court to assume that the government somehow “agree[d] not to oppose the defendant’s request for a downward departure.” It seems clear that the parties agreed that Johnson would “receive a sentence within the range of the Sentencing Guidelines.” (emphasis added).

I concur, then, in the result reached that the matter of sentencing within the guideline range be remanded to the district court. '