Ingrid Yamileth Castro Perez v. Alberto R. Gonzales, Attorney Gen., 409 F.3d 1069 (9th Cir. 2005). · Go Syfert
Ingrid Yamileth Castro Perez v. Alberto R. Gonzales, Attorney Gen., 409 F.3d 1069 (9th Cir. 2005). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
“omestic violence is widespread despite attempts to strengthen domestic abuse law.”
342 citation events (341 in the last 25 years) across 2 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Emilia Velasquez-Gaspar v. William Barr (ca9, 2020-09-30)
Treatment trajectory · 2005 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
2005 2015 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 50 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (verbatim quote) Emilia Velasquez-Gaspar v. William Barr (2×) also: Cited "see"
9th Cir. · 2020 · quote attribution · 1 verbatim quote · confidence high
omestic violence is widespread despite attempts to strengthen domestic abuse law.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Olivarez Morales v. Blanche
9th Cir. · 2026 · confidence medium
Because substantial evidence supports the denial of asylum, Petitioners necessarily failed to meet the higher showing required for withholding of removal. 6 24-7677 See Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005).2 PETITION DENIED. 2 Petitioners did not challenge the denial of CAT relief before the BIA or this court.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Castro Galarraga v. Blanche
9th Cir. · 2026 · confidence medium
While Castro Galarraga asserts that she was a member of the group of “victims who oppose criminals and took steps of filing a complaint against the criminals,” a “desire to be free from harassment by criminals motivated by theft or random violence by gang members bears no nexus to a protected ground.” Zetino v. Holder, 622 F.3d 1007, 1016 (9th Cir. 2010). 2 25-4077 “Because she failed to establish eligibility for asylum, we must also deny her petition for review of the denial of her claim for withholding of removal.” Castro- Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005). 2…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Xocchilt Cortez Quijano v. Pamela Bondi
9th Cir. · 2026 · confidence medium
Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005) (citation modified); see also Cui v. Garland, 13 F.4th 991 , 999 n.6 (9th Cir. 2021) (holding that although the petitioner “set[] out her disagreement with the BIA in her ‘Statement of the Case’ section” on certain issues, she made “no substantive argument” and thus forfeited the issues on appeal).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Camacho-Guerrero v. Bondi
9th Cir. · 2026 · confidence medium
When a petition fails to “specifically and distinctly argue[] and raise[]” issues for relief, “[Petitioner] has waived that claim.” Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Riveros Leon v. Bondi
9th Cir. · 2026 · confidence medium
The IJ concluded that Riveros Leon did not meet his burden to establish that the Colombian government was unable or unwilling to control the men who harmed him, citing Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005), and noting that a “failure to report non-governmental persecution due to [a] belief that [the] police would do nothing” does not meet that burden.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Martinez Rodriguez v. Bondi
9th Cir. · 2026 · confidence medium
Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Pinzon-Caviedes v. Bondi
9th Cir. · 2025 · confidence medium
Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). 2 including: “immediate family member of” Pinzon-Caviedes’s brother; “Colombian national who actively opposes criminal organization by reporting them to the government”; “Colombian national who actively opposes criminal organizations”; and “Colombian national who does not belong to any criminal organization.”2 Pinzon-Caviedes further asserted that his attackers were motivated by his asserted anti-extortion political opinion.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Chavez-Joj v. Bondi
9th Cir. · 2025 · confidence medium
“Because she failed to establish eligibility for asylum, we must also deny her petition for review of the denial of her claim for withholding of removal.” Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005) (citing Ghaly v. INS, 58 F.3d 1425, 1429 (9th Cir. 1995)). 2.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Garcia-Aguilar v. Bondi
9th Cir. · 2025 · confidence medium
Id. (quoting Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005)).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Montano-Mejia v. Bondi
9th Cir. · 2025 · confidence medium
See, e.g., Velasquez-Gaspar v. Barr, 976 F.3d 1062, 1065 (9th Cir. 2020); Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Jimenez-Guzman v. Bondi
9th Cir. · 2025 · confidence medium
Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Coreas-De Morales v. Bondi
9th Cir. · 2025 · confidence medium
Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Valle-Gutierrez v. Garland
9th Cir. · 2025 · confidence medium
See 8 C.F.R. § 1208.18 (a)(7); Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005) (arguments not raised in a petition for review are waived).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Lozano-Membreno v. Garland
9th Cir. · 2024 · confidence medium
See Navas v. INS, 217 F.3d 646 , 655–56 (9th Cir. 2000) (asylum); Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005) (withholding of removal). 2.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Juarez De Leon v. Garland
9th Cir. · 2024 · confidence medium
When a petition fails to “specifically and distinctly argue[] and raise[]” issues for relief, “[petitioner] has waived that claim.” Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005); see also Fed.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Morales Sandoval v. Garland
9th Cir. · 2024 · confidence medium
But even if he did, substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that Morales Sandoval did not establish that persecution would be committed “by forces that the government was unable or unwilling to control.” See Velasquez-Gaspar v. Barr, 976 F.3d 1062 , 1064 (9th Cir. 2020) (citation omitted); Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Pascacio Pacheco v. Garland
9th Cir. · 2024 · confidence medium
Here, the record does not compel the conclusion that it would have been futile for Pascacio Pacheco to report the incidents of domestic violence to the Mexican authorities.1 See Castro- Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Juarez Ribera v. Garland
9th Cir. · 2024 · confidence medium
She has forfeited that claim. 3 Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005) (quoting Arpin v. Santa Clara Valley Transp.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Monroy Monroy v. Garland
9th Cir. · 2024 · confidence medium
Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Miguel Miranda-Santana v. Merrick Garland
9th Cir. · 2023 · confidence medium
Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005) (quoting Arpin v. Santa Clara Valley Transp.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Haro v. Garland
9th Cir. · 2023 · confidence medium
Cui v. Garland, 13 F.4th 991 , 999 n.6. (9th Cir. 2021) (quoting Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005)).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Rogelio Mejia-Rivas v. Merrick Garland (2×) also: Cited "see"
9th Cir. · 2022 · confidence medium
And by failing to mention extraordinary circumstances, Mejia has waived any argument about extraordinary circumstances that would excuse his untimely 2 Mejia also testified that he did not apply for asylum after arriving in the United States in 1990 because he planned to return to El Salvador once the country was doing better, but he decided to stay in the United States in 2003 after the attempted shooting of his brother in El Salvador. 3 asylum application.3 See Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Gopal Khanal v. Merrick Garland
9th Cir. · 2022 · confidence medium
Velasquez-Gaspar v. Barr, 976 F.3d 1062, 1065 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005)).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Fulgencio Castillo Guardardo v. Merrick Garland (3×) also: Cited "see"
9th Cir. · 2022 · confidence medium
See Velasquez-Gaspar, 976 F.3d at 1064-65 (denying petition for review where country reports showed Guatemala was working—albeit unevenly—to combat violence against women, criminalized rape and domestic abuse, and offered shelters for women); Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005) (denying petition for review—despite applicant’s testimony that she was afraid to report to the police because her father may have beaten her—because country reports showed that Honduras tried to strengthen domestic violence laws and had criminalized rape).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Javier Avila v. Merrick Garland
9th Cir. · 2022 · confidence medium
Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Francisco Nunez-Gonzalez v. Merrick Garland
9th Cir. · 2022 · confidence medium
Because issues not raised in an opening brief are deemed abandoned, see Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005); see also Martinez-Serrano v. INS, 94 F.3d 1256 , 1259–60 (9th Cir. 1996) (holding issue waived when petitioner failed to address it the argument portion of his brief), we limit our review to the agency’s adverse credibility determination, its denial of protections under the CAT, and Petitioner’s denial of due process claim. 2 IJ found that Petitioner’s mother was not credible based on inconsistencies between her written declaration and oral testimony, a…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Shumel Kotler v. Merrick Garland
9th Cir. · 2021 · confidence medium
Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1070 (9th Cir. 2005) (quoting Arpin v. Santa Clara Valley Trans.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Haifeng Huang v. Merrick Garland
9th Cir. · 2021 · confidence medium
Castro- Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). 5
cited Cited as authority (rule) Kerob Kocharyan v. Merrick Garland
9th Cir. · 2021 · confidence medium
Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1071 (9th Cir. 2005).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Jose Orellana-Guzman v. Jefferson Sessions
9th Cir. · 2018 · confidence medium
Because Orellana-Guzman failed to establish past persecution and does not “specifically and distinctly” challenge the BIA’s finding that internal relocation was possible, Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005), his claims for asylum and withholding of removal necessarily fail, see 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16 (b)(1)(i)(B), (b)(3)(i); id. § 1208.13(b)(1)(i)(B), (b)(3)(i).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Federico Diego De Diego v. Jefferson Sessions
9th Cir. · 2017 · confidence medium
Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir. 2005) (quoting Arpin v. Santa Clara Valley Transp.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Luis Robles-Uruthia v. Eric Holder, Jr.
9th Cir. · 2013 · confidence medium
Substantial evidence also supports the agency’s determination that Robles-Uruthia’s fear of future persecution was speculative, see Nagoulko v. INS, 333 F.3d 1012, 1018 (9th Cir.2003), and that Robles-Uruthia failed to establish the government was unwilling to control the perpetrators, see Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir.2005) (failure to report non-governmental persecution due to belief that police would do nothing did not establish that government was unwilling or unable to control persecutors).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Angelica Gonzalez Tejada v. Eric Holder, Jr.
9th Cir. · 2011 · confidence medium
Substantial evidence supports the agency’s denial of Tejada’s asylum claim because she failed to demonstrate the Guatemalan government was unable or unwilling to protect her from the gang members that threatened her, see Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir.2005) (noting burden is on the applicant to show the government is unable or unwilling to control the nongovernmental persecutor), and she failed to establish it was not reasonable for her to relocate within Guatemala, see 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13 (b)(3)(I).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Vilma Leiva-Molina v. Eric H. Holder Jr.
9th Cir. · 2011 · confidence medium
Substantial evidence also supports the agency’s finding that Leiva-Molina does not have a well-founded fear of future persecution because she failed to show that the government of El Salvador was unwilling or unable to help her, see Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir.2005), and that she cannot relocate within El Salvador to avoid harm, see Kaiser v. Ashcroft, 390 F.3d 653, 659 (9th Cir.2004) (in the absence of a presumption of a well-founded future fear, the petitioner has the burden of proving that relocation is unreasonable).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Yun Wang v. Eric Holder, Jr.
9th Cir. · 2011 · confidence medium
Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir.2005) (failure to raise a claim results in waiver).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Castro-Martinez v. Holder
9th Cir. · 2011 · confidence medium
Castro’s reasons for not contacting the authorities were similar to those offered by the petitioner in Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir.2005), in which we denied the petition of a young Honduran woman who was raped twice by her boyfriend.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Mario Diaz-Estrada v. Eric Holder, Jr.
9th Cir. · 2011 · confidence medium
Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir.2005).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Manuel Lue-Martinez v. Eric Holder, Jr.
9th Cir. · 2011 · confidence medium
Agency, 261 F.3d 912 , 919 (9th Cir.2001); Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir.2005).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Guillen v. Holder
9th Cir. · 2011 · confidence medium
Agency, 261 F.3d 912 , 919 (9th Cir.2001); Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir.2005).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Lumingkewas v. Holder
9th Cir. · 2011 · confidence medium
Substantial evidence supports the agency’s past persecution finding because the stoning of Lumingkewas’s church did not constitute persecution, see id. at 1059-60 (“discriminatory mistreatment” including two incidents of beating and robbery and being accosted by a hostile mob did not compel a finding of past persecution), and Lumingkewas did not show the government was unable or unwilling to control the men who attacked him on Christmas Eve, see Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir.2005).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Rahimzadeh v. Holder (2×) also: Cited "see, e.g."
9th Cir. · 2010 · signal: cf. · confidence medium
The BIA held that “[although she did not request protection from the government, the evidence convinces us that even if the respondent had turned to the government for help, Moroccan authorities would have been unable or unwilling to control her father’s conduct.” Id. at 1335 ; cf. Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1070-72 (9th Cir.2005) (denying asylum to a Honduran national who not only failed to report being raped twice by her boyfriend but also failed to show otherwise the inability or unwillingness of the Honduran government to control rape, which is classified in Honduras as…
cited Cited as authority (rule) Karapetyan v. Holder
9th Cir. · 2010 · confidence medium
Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir.2005).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Barrios-Aguilar v. Holder
9th Cir. · 2010 · confidence medium
Under these circumstances, petitioner was justified in his belief that the police would do “nothing” if told about the incidents because “[t]hey don’t care.” See Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1070-72 (9th Cir.2005).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Miss v. Holder
9th Cir. · 2010 · confidence medium
Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s finding that petitioner failed to demonstrate the single beating he suffered from Muslim fundamentalists or the beatings he suffered from his father rose to the level of persecution, see Hoxha v. Ashcroft, 319 F.3d 1179, 1182 (9th Cir.2003), or were committed by forces the government was unable or unwilling to control, see Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir.2005).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Tantalis v. Holder
9th Cir. · 2010 · confidence medium
Substantial evidence supports the agency’s determination that petitioners did not suffer past persecution because the rape Tantalis suffered was not on account of a protected ground, see Ochave v. INS, 254 F.3d 859, 865 (9th Cir.2001), Agus failed to establish that the government was unwilling or unable to control his persecutors with respect to the 1996 motorcycle incident, see Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1071-72 (9th Cir.2005), and the remaining incidents did not rise to the level of persecution, see Prasad v. INS, 47 F.3d 336, 339-40 (9th Cir.1995).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Lopez-Samayoa v. Holder
9th Cir. · 2010 · confidence medium
Substantial evidence supports the agency’s denial of Lopez-Samayoa’s asylum claim because, even if credible, the threats against Lopez-Samayoa did not rise to the level of persecution, see Lim, 224 F.3d at 936 , his uncle’s death was unconnected to Lopez-Samayoa, see Arriaga-Barrientos v. INS, 937 F.2d 411, 414 (9th Cir.1991) (requiring that any pattern of persecution against friends or family members be “closely tied to the petitioner”), and Lopez-Samayoa failed to establish he was or *820 would be persecuted by the Guatemalan government or by persons the government was unwilling or…
examined Cited as authority (rule) Rodriguez-Luz v. Holder (3×) also: Cited "see"
9th Cir. · 2010 · confidence medium
Substantial evidence supports the agency’s finding that Rodriguez-Luz failed to establish he was persecuted on account of a protected ground, see Molina-Morales v. INS, 237 F.3d 1048, 1051-52 (9th Cir.2001) (personal retribution is not persecution on account of a protected ground), and the agency’s finding Rodriguez-Luz failed to show he was or would be persecuted by the Brazilian government or by persons the government was unwilling or unable to control, see Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1071-72 (9th Cir.2005).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Tantalis v. Holder
9th Cir. · 2010 · confidence medium
Substantial evidence supports the agency’s determination that petitioners did not suffer past persecution because the rape Tantalis suffered was not on account of a protected ground, see Ochave v. INS, 254 F.3d 859, 865 (9th Cir.2001), Agus failed to establish that the government was unwilling or unable to control his persecutors with respect to the 1996 motorcycle incident, see Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1071-72 (9th Cir.2005), and the remaining incidents did not rise to the level of persecution, see Prasad v. INS, 47 F.3d 336, 339-40 (9th Cir.1995).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Akinshilo v. Holder
9th Cir. · 2010 · confidence medium
See Ornelas-Chavez v. Gonzales, 458 F.3d 1052, 1058 (9th Cir. 2006); Castro-Perez v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 1069, 1072 (9th Cir.2005).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Ingrid Yamileth CASTRO-PEREZ, Petitioner,
v.
Alberto R. GONZALES, Attorney General, Respondent
03-73444.
Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.
Jun 1, 2005.
409 F.3d 1069
Phyllis A. Beech, Fresno, CA, for the petitioner., Shelly R. Goad, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., for the respondent.
Noonan, Thompson, Rymer.
Cited by 253 opinions  |  Published
DAVID R. THOMPSON, Senior Circuit Judge:

Petitioner Ingrid Yamileth Castro-Perez, a young woman from Honduras, petitions for review of the Board of Immigration Appeals’ (“BIA”) summary affirmance without opinion of an Immigration Judge’s (“IJ”) denial of her applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252.

Because the record before us does not compel a reasonable factfinder to find that Castro-Perez established that her ground of alleged persecution, rape by the man she dated in Honduras, is a crime the Honduran government is unable or unwilling to control, we deny her petition for asylum and for withholding of removal. See INS v. Elias-Zaearias, 502 U.S. 478, 481 n. 1, 112 S.Ct. 812, 117 L.Ed.2d 38 (1992). We also deny her claim for relief under the Convention Against Torture, because she has not “specifically and distinctly argued and raised” that issue in her petition to this court. See Arpin v. Santa Clara Valley Trans. Agency, 261 F.3d 912, 919 (9th Cir.2001).

I

BACKGROUND

During late 1998 to 1999, Castro-Perez, then a 17-year-old living in Honduras, was dating a young man named Mario Scott Hernandez, who was a member of a powerful local criminal gang. In October 1998, Hernandez raped Castro-Perez. She did not report the rape to the police because she believed the police would not investí-[*1071] gate a date rape, and because she was afraid of how her father would react. She continued to see Hernandez, feeling obligated to do so and fearing that she could never marry another man because she was no longer a virgin.

Hernandez raped Castro-Perez again and she became pregnant. She did not report that rape either. Instead, she fled to the United States in June 1999 intending to live with her sister, who was residing in Colorado. Castro-Perez was apprehended while entering the United States from Mexico and detained. She was released into the custody of her sister, and while in the United States gave birth to a baby boy in January 2000.

On March 15, 2001, Castro-Perez filed an application for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture. At her hearing she testified she was afraid to return to Honduras for fear that Hernandez and his friends would find her and her son and harm them. She testified she believed the Honduran police would be of no help. She also testified Hernandez had sworn to find her and had attempted to enter the United States on two occasions to do so. In support of her claim, she submitted the U.S. Department of State’s Country Report on Human Rights Practices for 2000 pertaining to Honduras, hereinafter Country Report, which states that the Honduran government outlaws rape, including spousal rape, with punishment ranging from 3 to 9 years’ imprisonment. [1]

While the IJ found Castro-Perez to be credible, he denied her request for asylum, finding that her “fear was arousing from and by an individual with whom she had some kind of relationship,” and that she “failed to demonstrate a country-wide persecution.” The IJ likewise denied her requests for withholding of removal and relief under the Convention Against Torture. The BIA summarily affirmed the IJ’s decision without opinion. Castro-Perez petitions this court for review.

II

DISCUSSION

When, as here, the BIA affirms the IJ’s decision without opinion, the order of the IJ “constitutes the final agency determination,” and it is that decision which we review. Halaim v. INS, 358 F.3d 1128, 1131 (9th Cir.2004). When the IJ expressly determines the petitioner is credible, this court, must accept the petitioner’s testimony as true. Id.

To be eligible for asylum, Castro-Perez must demonstrate she is a refugee. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1). A refugee is defined as a person who is unable or unwilling to return to her home country because of a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A); see INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 428, 107 S.Ct. 1207, 94 L.Ed.2d 434 (1987). “[A]n alien who establishes past persecution is presumed to have a well-founded fear of future persecution.” Prasad v. INS, 101 F.3d 614, 617 (9th Cir.1996).

Castro-Perez asserts that she is a member of a particular social group, and that[*1072] the rapes she suffered constituted past persecution for which the Honduran government is responsible, because it is unable or unwilling to control rape in that country. See Navas v. INS, 217 F.3d 646, 655-56 (9th Cir.2000).

Even if we were to assume, without deciding, that Castro-Perez is a member of a particular social group and that the rapes she suffered were persecution because of her membership in that group, her asylum claim fails because she has not shown that an agent of the government of Honduras committed the rapes, or that the government of Honduras is unable or unwilling to control rape in that country.

Castro-Perez testified that she did not report her rapes to the police because she “thought they were not willing to do anything because they would say that we were boyfriend and girlfriend and that they would not say or think that that was [not] normal.” She also testified she was afraid of how her father, who had beaten her in the past, would react. Apart from this testimony, which does not compel a finding that the Honduran government is unwilling or unable to control rape in that country, the record is limited to the information contained in the Country Report profile of Honduras. That information is not particularly enlightening.

The Country Report contains evidence that domestic violence is widespread despite attempts to strengthen domestic abuse law. However, Honduras appears to treat rape separately from “domestic violence” because domestic violence is defined as “any act harming the bodily integrity of a woman which was not classified as a crime in the Penal Code.” Rape is classified as a crime in the Penal Code. The Country Report states with respect to rape that: “The penalties for rape are relatively light, ranging from 3 to 9 years’ imprisonment. All rapes are considered public crimes, so a rapist can be prosecuted even if he marries his victim.”

Crediting Castro-Perez’s testimony, and considering the other evidence in the record before us, we are unable to conclude that a reasonable trier of fact would be compelled to find that the Honduran government must bear some responsibility for Castro-Perez’s rapes because it is either unable or unwilling to control rape in that country. Castro-Perez bore the burden of establishing that factor. 8 C.F.R. §§ 208.13(a) & 16(b). She did not carry that burden. Accordingly, we must deny her petition for review of the denial of her asylum claim. Because she failed to establish eligibility for asylum, we must also deny her petition for review of the denial of her claim for withholding of removal. Ghaly v. INS, 58 F.3d 1425, 1429 (9th Cir.1995).

Castro-Perez also sought relief under the Convention Against Torture. To obtain such relief, she had to show it is “more likely than not that she would be tortured if removed.” 8 C.F.R. § 1208.16(c)(2). Her only assertion in support of this claim is that “[i]nasmuch as the standard of withholding of removal under the Convention Against Torture is the same as that for restriction on removal, she is likewise entitled to withholding.” This statement is incorrect; this court has specifically stated the standards are distinct. See Kamalthas v. INS, 251 F.3d 1279, 1283 (9th Cir.2001). Because Castro-Perez has not “specifically and distinctly argued and raised” the issue of relief under the Convention Against Torture, she has waived that claim. See Arpin, 261 F.3d at 919.

PETITION DENIED.

1

. The Penal Code of Honduras' definition for violación (rape) is: "Carnal intercourse with a person of one or the other sex by means of violence or by threat of causing a grave and imminent harm [to] a passive subject, that subject's spouse or live-in-companion, or one of his or her relatives to the fourth degree of consanguinity or the second degree of affinity, constitutes the crime of rape.” Código penal de Honduras, Libro II Parte Especial, Titulo II, Articulo 140. We take judicial notice of this law. Cf. Dulles v. Katamoto, 256 F.2d 545, 547 (9th Cir.1958) (taking judicial notice of Japanese law).