green
Positive treatment
Quoted verbatim 2×
10.7 score
“it seems clear that the intentional torts listed under the proviso to section 2680(h) may be committed without any exercise of discretion.”
Treatment trajectory · 1984 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1984
2005
2026
Top citers, strongest first. 48 distinct citers.
How cited ↗
discussed
Distinguished
Barrett v. United States
See Gray v. Bell, 712 F.2d 490, 516 (D.C.Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984) (prosecutor’s decisions during investigation were not meaningfully distinguishable from the ultimate decision to prosecute and his entire course of conduct was protected by the discretionary function exception); Payton v. United States, 679 F.2d 475, 481 (5th Cir.1982) (plaintiff must show defendant breached a duty sufficiently separable from the decision-making function).
discussed
Cited as authority (quoted)
Garcia v. United States
it seems clear that the intentional torts listed under the proviso to section 2680(h) may be committed without any exercise of discretion.
discussed
Cited as authority (quoted)
United States v. Alexander Robert Holzman, United States of America v. James Walsh
evidence of narcotics trafficking
cited
Cited "see"
Tam v. United States
See Gray v. Bell, 712 F.2d 490, 507 (D.C.Cir.1983), ce rt. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Wolfe
See United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984) (upholding a search for records of *640 ownership where multiple defendants were suspected of having utilized the premises as a headquarters for large scale drug operations); United States v. Crozier, 777 F.2d 1376, 1380-81 (9th Cir.1985) (upholding a search of “any indicia of ownership and control of the premises”).
discussed
Cited "see"
Biase v. Kaplan
See Gray v. Bell, 712 F.2d 490, 507-08 (D.C.Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984); Pooler v. United States, 609 F.Supp. 198, 204 (E.D.Pa.1985), aff'd, 787 F.2d 868 (3d Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 849 , 107 S.Ct. 175 , 93 L.Ed.2d 111 (1986).
cited
Cited "see"
United States Ex Rel. Fred's Plumbing & Heating, Inc. v. Small Business Administration
See Gray v. Bell, 712 F.2d 490, 506 (D.C.Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Chen
See United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1009-10 (9th Cir.1983) (no flagrant disregard although agents did not read or fully understand the terms of the warrant), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Chen
See United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1009-10 (9th Cir.1983) (no flagrant disregard although agents did not read or fully understand the terms of the warrant), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984).
discussed
Cited "see"
Johnson v. United States
See generally Gray v. Bell, 712 F.2d 490, 515-16 (D.C.Cir.1983) (allegations of improper preindictment investigation are insufficiently separable from discretionary decision whether to prosecute), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984); Payton v. United States, 679 F.2d 475, 482 (5th Cir.1982) (the manner and degree of consideration with which the Parole Board examines a prisoner's records is inextricably tied to its ultimate discretionary decision whether to grant parole).
discussed
Cited "see"
Johnson ex rel. Estate of Johnson v. United States, Department of Interior
See generally Gray v. Bell, 712 F.2d 490, 515-16 (D.C.Cir.1983) (allegations of improper preindictment investigation are insufficiently separable from discretionary decision whether' to prosecute), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984); Payton v. United States, 679 F.2d 475, 482 (5th Cir.1982) (the manner and degree of consideration with which the Parole Board examines a prisoner’s records is inextricably tied to its ultimate discretionary decision whether to grant parole).
discussed
Cited "see"
McKethean v. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority
Nevertheless, courts faced with that task “generally define ‘discretionary’ acts as those involved in the formulation of policy, while ‘ministerial’ acts are defined as those related to the execution of policy.” Rieser v. District of Columbia, 183 U.S.App.D.C. 375, 388 , 563 F.2d 462, 475 (1977), vacated, 183 U.S.App.D.C. 395 , 563 F.2d 482 , reinstated in pertinent part, 188 U.S.App.D.C. 384 , 393, 580 F.2d 647 , 656 (1978) (en banc); District of Columbia v. Pace, supra, 498 A.2d at 229 ; Elgin v. District of Columbia, supra note 4, 119 U.S.App.D.C. at 118-119, 337 F.2d at 154-155…
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. David L. Harper, United States of America v. Adrian A. Harper
See United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1008 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984); cf. People v. Alders, 87 Cal.App.3d 313 , 151 Cal.Rptr. 77 (1978) (probation search limited to areas and possessions over which the probationer might have exercised dominion or control).
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Daoust
See United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1010 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Ronald v. Cloud
See United States v. Grewal, 825 F.2d 220, 223 (9th *854 Cir.1987) (citing United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1012 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984)). 8 .
discussed
Cited "see"
In Re Willington Convalescent Home, Inc., Debtor. Martin W. Hoffman, Trustee v. State of Connecticut, Department of Income Maintenance and State of Connecticut, Department of Health Services, United States of America, Intervenor-Appellee. In Re Edward Zera, Debtor. Martin W. Hoffman, Trustee v. State of Connecticut, Department of Revenue Services, United States of America, Intervenor-Appellee
See Gray v. Bell, 712 F.2d 490, 508 (D.C.Cir.1983) (citing McMahon v. United States, 342 U.S. 25, 27 , 72 S.Ct. 17, 19 , 96 L.Ed. 26 (1951)), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984). 24 We do not believe that Congress intended to waive eleventh amendment immunity and to authorize suits for money damages against a state by enacting a provision that "binds" governmental units by bankruptcy court "determination[s]." Congress has in no way made "its intention unmistakably clear in the language of the statute" that states are subject to adversarial proceedings in bankru…
discussed
Cited "see"
Hoffman v. Connecticut, Department of Income Maintenance
See Gray v. Bell, 712 F.2d 490, 508 (D.C.Cir.1983) (citing McMahon v. United States, 342 U.S. 25, 27 , 72 S.Ct. 17, 19 , 96 L.Ed. 26 (1951)), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984).
discussed
Cited "see"
Dewey E. Coleman v. Henry Risley, Warden, Montana State Prison, and Michael T. Greely, Attorney General for the State of Montana
(2×)
Accord United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1007 (9th Cir.1983) (evidence for conviction), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984).
discussed
Cited "see"
Josiah Haynesworth and Fred Hancock v. Frank P. Miller, Chief, Law Enforcement Section, Office of the Corporation Counsel, (Two Cases)
(2×)
See note 71 supra. But once that pleading burden is satisfied--as here we conclude it is--the defense of qualified immunity must be raised by the official on a motion for summary judgment 160 Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409 , 419 n. 13, 96 S.Ct. 984 , 989 n. 13, 47 L.Ed.2d 128 , 137 n. 13 (1976); see Gray v. Bell, 229 U.S.App.D.C. 176, 182 , 712 F.2d 490, 496 (1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984) 161 As we cautioned in Gray v. Bell, supra note 160 , it may sometimes be necessary to look beyond the complaint to determine whether absolute immunity obtains,…
discussed
Cited "see"
Morton H. Halperin v. Henry A. Kissinger
Harlow, 457 U.S. at 814 , 102 S.Ct. at 2736 ; see Gray v. Bell, 712 F.2d 490, 496-97 (D.C.Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984); cf. Spalding v. Vilas, 161 U.S. 483, 498 , 16 S.Ct. 631, 637 , 40 L.Ed. 780 (1896).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Todd Kevin Wallace
See United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1012 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984) (holding that errors not raised before the trial court will not generally be considered on appeal).
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Ralph H. Washington
See United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1009 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. William John Sutton, United States of America v. Freddie Goldbaum Ortiz, United States of America v. Valentine Frank Proitte
See United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1012 (9th Cir.1983) (an issue not presented to the trial court cannot be raised for the first time on appeal), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984). 3 .
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Jude R. Hayes
(2×)
See United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1009 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Louis M. Newton
See United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1014 (9th Cir.1983) (A protective search is lawful if officers have a reasonable belief based on specific and articulable facts that dangerous persons may be in the area.), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984); see also United States v. Hill, 730 F.2d 1163, 1169-70 (8th Cir.1984), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 105 S.Ct. 255 , 83 L.Ed.2d 192 (1985).
cited
Cited "see"
Crow v. United States
See Gray v. Bell, 712 F.2d 490, 508 (D.C.Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984); Sottile v. United States, 608 F.Supp. 1040, 1042 (D.D.C.1985).
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Ralph H. Washington
See United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1009 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984).
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Payden
See United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1008 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, — U.S. ---, 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984).
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Daniel Marcus Miller
See United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000,1008 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, — U.S.—, 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984); Whitney, 633 F.2d at 907 n. 3.
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Serafin Alfonso, Humberto Rayo, Fabian Mora, Primo Antonio Serrano-Tellez
See United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1014 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984).
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Susan Ann Vincent
See United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1018 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Raymond Ryan Alexander, United States of America v. Helmur Alfonso Lazarte Vizcarra, United States of America v. Luis Felipe Pino Solari
See United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1008 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984) (Whitten ); United States v. Gilman, 684 F.2d 616, 618 (9th Cir.1982). 22 In this case, probable cause existed to search the whole ranch.
cited
Cited "see"
United States v. Alexander
See United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1008 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984) (Whitten); United States v. Gilman, 684 F.2d 616, 618 (9th Cir.1982).
discussed
Cited "see"
United States v. Mose Holland
(2×)
The Government contends that the arrest was lawful, because appellee then “was as exposed to public view, speech, hearing, and touch as if [he] had been standing completely outside [his] house.” United States v. Santana, 427 U.S. 38, 42 , 96 S.Ct. 2406, 2409 , 49 L.Ed.2d 300 (1976); see United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1015 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984); United States v. Mason, 661 F.2d 45, 47 (5th Cir.1981).
cited
Cited "see"
Daniel Cowin v. Charles S. Bresler
See Gray v. Bell, 712 F.2d 490 , 493 n. 2 (D.C.Cir.1983), cert, denied, — U.S.-, 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984). 4 .
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
State v. Samson
See, e.g., United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1008 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984) (“[A] warrant may authorize a search of an entire street address while reciting probable cause as to only a portion of the premises if they are occupied in common rather than individually. .. .’’) 7 [¶ 14] Because the justice of the peace could reasonably infer that Samson had control over his adjacent buildings described as his “home” and his “residence,” the affidavit contained a sufficiently particularized description of the location to…
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
People v. James
The appellate court affirmed: "Exigent circumstances are `those circumstances that would cause a reasonable person to believe that entry ... was necessary to prevent physical harm to the officers and other persons, the destruction of relevant evidence, the escape of the suspects or some other consequence improperly frustrating legitimate law enforcement efforts.' [Citation.] Included within this definition of exigent circumstances is `[t]he need to protect or preserve life or avoid serious injury....' [Citations.] The record in this case establishes that the existence of an explosive fire haza…
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
People v. James
The appellate court affirmed: “Exigent circumstances are ‘those circumstances that would cause a reasonable person to believe that entry . . . was necessary to prevent physical harm to the officers and other persons, the destruction of relevant evidence, the escape of the suspects or some other consequence improperly frustrating legitimate law enforcement efforts.’ [Citation.] HD Included within this definition of exigent circumstances is ‘[t]he need to protect or preserve life or avoid serious injury. . . .’ [Citations.] The record in this case establishes that the existence of an e…
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Jerry Young A/K/A Ramadan v. Donald Selsky, P. Orengo, R. Althouse, R.J. Cunningham, D. Schaller, L. Jewett
See also Gray v. Bell, 712 F.2d 490, 496-97 (D.C.Cir.1988), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984), and Robichaud v. Ronan, 351 F.2d 533, 535-36 (9th Cir.1965), where the courts listed among the reasons for awarding immunity, (1) the drain on the valuable official time of defending numerous suits, (2) the unfairness of exposing officials to vicarious liability for the acts of their subordinates, and (3) the duty of fairly representing the interests of the public in protecting and preserving the sound and orderly administration of justice.
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Cannaday v. Gibas
See United States v. Higgins, 428 F.2d 232, 235 (7th Cir.1970); United States v. Hinton, 219 F.2d 324, 325 (7th Cir.1955); Bates v. City of Fort Wayne, 591 F.Supp. 711, 721 (N.D.Ind.1983); see also United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000,1008 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984).
cited
Cited "see, e.g."
United States v. Robert Lee Taylor
United States v. Andros, 484 F.2d 531, 533 (9th Cir.1973); see also United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1012 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
United States v. Kenneth Huie Davis
Compare United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1015 (9th Cir.1983) (relying on United States v. Santana, 427 U.S. 38, 42 , 96 S.Ct. 2406, 2409 , 49 L.Ed.2d 300 (1976), court found no warrant required because doorway is a public place), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984), with United States v. Morgan, 743 F.2d 1158, 1166 (6th Cir.1984) (location of arrested person, not arresting officer, determines whether situation is a home arrest), ce rt. denied, — U.S. —, 105 S.Ct. 2126 , 85 L.Ed.2d 490 (1985).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Nos. 85-1085, 85-1086
See also United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1014 (9th Cir.1983) (warrant authorizing search for "evidence of narcotics trafficking" is overbroad), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984). 47 Nevertheless, had the government limited the description in item 15 description to include labeling and other paperwork relating only to those drugs listed in items 1-14, the warrant would unquestionably have been sufficiently particularized.
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
United States v. Storage Spaces Designated Nos. \8\" & \"49\""
See also United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1014 (9th Cir.1983) (warrant authorizing search for “evidence of narcotics trafficking” is overbroad), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
Hooper v. Sachs
See also Gray v. Bell, 712 F.2d 490 (D.C.Cir.), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1100 , 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1983) (adopting a two-step analysis focusing on type of conduct and available deterrents).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
State v. Teague
See also United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1008 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984) ("But a warrant may authorize a search of an entire street address while reciting probable cause as to only a portion of the premises if they are occupied in common rather than individually, if a multiunit building is used as a single entity, if the defendant was in control of the whole premises, or if the entire premises are suspect."). *1317 "To establish probable cause to search a residence, two factual showings are necessaryfirst, that a crime was comm…
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
United States v. James John Roberts
See our discussion of Hinton in United States v. Whitney, 633 F.2d 902 , 907 & n. 3 (9th Cir.1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 1004 , 101 S.Ct. 1717 , 68 L.Ed.2d 208 (1981); see also U.S. v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1008 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984).
discussed
Cited "see, e.g."
United States v. Kornblau
See, e.g., United States v. Whitten, 706 F.2d 1000, 1015 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 104 S.Ct. 1593 , 80 L.Ed.2d 125 (1984); United States v. McGuire, 608 F.2d 1028, 1034 (5th Cir.1979), ce rt. denied, 444 U.S. 1092 , 100 S.Ct. 1060 , 62 L.Ed.2d 782 and 446 U.S. 910 , 100 S.Ct. 1838 , 64 L.Ed.2d 262 (1980); cf., United States v. Salmasian, 515 F.Supp. 685, 689 (W.D.N.Y.1981) (because exigent circumstances were found, court assumed but did not decide that individual arrested in his hotel room is entitled to the same protection as an individual arrested in his dwelling).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Gray
v.
Bell
v.
Bell
No. 83-933.
Supreme Court of the United States.
Mar 19, 1984.
Cited by 1 opinion | Published
Citer courts: Ninth Circuit (1) · E.D. Pennsylvania (1)
C. A. D. C. Cir. Certio-rari denied.