Adsitt v. State, 282 S.E.2d 305 (Ga. 1981). · Go Syfert
Adsitt v. State, 282 S.E.2d 305 (Ga. 1981). Cases Citing This Book View Copy Cite
142 citation events (40 in the last 25 years) across 3 distinct courts.
Strongest positive: Patterson v. State (ga, 2016-07-14)
Treatment trajectory · 1983 → 2026 · click a year to view as-of
1983 2004 2026
Top citers, strongest first. 38 distinct citers. How cited ↗
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Patterson v. State
Ga. · 2016 · confidence medium
Accord Jackson v. State, 276 Ga. 408, 412 (2) (fn. 5) ( 577 SE2d 570 ) (2003) (overruled on other grounds, State v. Springer, 297 Ga. 376 ( 774 SE2d 106 ) (2015)); Dunagan v. State, 269 Ga. 590, 594 (2) ( 502 SE2d 726 ) (1998); Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 (6) (282 SE2d risk of injury to the same person, property, or public interest or a lesser kind of culpability suffices to establish its commission. 5 305) (1981).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Patterson v. State (2×)
Ga. · 2016 · confidence medium
Accord Jackson v. State, 276 Ga. 408, 412 (2) n. 5 ( 577 SE2d 570 ) (2003) (overruled on other grounds, State v. Springer, 297 Ga. 376 ( 774 SE2d 106 ) (2015)); Dunagan v. State, 269 Ga. 590, 594 (2) ( 502 SE2d 726 ) (1998); Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Shivers v. State
Ga. · 2010 · confidence medium
See Wyman v. State, 278 Ga. 339, 341 ( 602 SE2d 619 ) (2004); Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Chappell v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2008 · confidence medium
Miller and Ellington, JJ., concur. 1 Short v. State, 234 Ga. App. 633, 634 (1) ( 507 SE2d 514 ) (1998). 2 OCGA § 16-5-21 (a) (2). 3 Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240-241 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981). 4 Brown v. State, 211 Ga. App. 267, 267-268 ( 438 SE2d 713 ) (1993). 5 Wyman v. State, 278 Ga. 339, 341 (4) ( 602 SE2d 619 ) (2004). 6 Diaz v. State, 255 Ga. App. 288, 290 (3) ( 564 SE2d 872 ) (2002). 7 Veal v. State, 191 Ga. App. 445, 446 (2) ( 382 SE2d 131 ) (1989).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Wyman v. State
Ga. · 2004 · confidence medium
Diaz v. State, supra; Green v. State, supra. See also Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Williams v. State (2×)
Ga. · 2003 · confidence medium
Riddle v. State, 145 Ga.App. 328, 331 (1), 243 S.E.2d 607 (1978), overruled on other grounds, Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 (6), 282 S.E.2d 305 (1981).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Wade v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2003 · confidence medium
Williams v. State, 254 Ga. App. 8 ( 561 SE2d 149 ) (2002). 443 U. S. 307 (99 SC 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979); Williams, supra. Williams, supra. See Jackson, supra; OCGA § 16-8-41 (a); Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240-241 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981); Williams, supra at 10 ; Short v. State, 234 Ga. App. 633, 634-635 (1) (a) ( 507 SE2d 514 ) (1998).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Bogan v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2001 · confidence medium
Watkins v. State, 254 Ga. 267, 269 ( 328 SE2d 537 ) (1985); Riddle v. State, 145 Ga. App. 328, 329-330 ( 243 SE2d 607 ) (1978), overruled on other grounds, Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Stobbart v. State
Ga. · 2000 · confidence medium
Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Lovelace v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 2000 · confidence medium
Pope, P. J., and Smith, J., concur. 1 Roberts v. State, 149 Ga. App. 667, 668 (5) ( 255 SE2d 126 ) (1979); Caldwell v. State, 139 Ga. App. 279, 286-287 (2) ( 228 SE2d 219 ) (1976) (physical precedent only). 2 Roberts, supra. 3 Pickstock v. State, 235 Ga. App. 451 (1) ( 509 SE2d 717 ) (1998). 4 Edgehill v. State, 253 Ga. 343, 345 (3) ( 320 SE2d 176 ) (1984); Miller v. State, 226 Ga. App. 509, 510 (1) ( 486 SE2d 911 ) (1997); Arnold v. State, 167 Ga. App. 720 (1) ( 307 SE2d 526 ) (1983). 5 Hillery v. State, 236 Ga. App. 819, 820 (2) ( 513 SE2d 527 ) (1999). 6 See OCGA § 16-5-20 (a). 7 (Citation…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Favors v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 1999 · confidence medium
Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981); Veal v. State, 191 Ga. App. 445, 446 (2) ( 382 SE2d 131 ) (1989). “[T]here is no requirement that the victim actually be injured by the deadly weapon before a conviction for aggravated assault is authorized.” Gilbert v. State, 209 Ga. App. 483, 484 (1) ( 433 SE2d 664 ) (1993).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Jones v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 1996 · confidence medium
Additionally, although venue must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt (Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 239 ( 282 SE2d 305 )), if venue is not contested at trial, slight proof of venue will suffice.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Brown v. State (2×) also: Cited "see"
Ga. Ct. App. · 1993 · confidence medium
“A shotgun used in the manner established by the evidence in [this case] is a ‘deadly weapon’ as a matter of law within the meaning of our aggravated assault statute. [OCGA § 16-5-21.]” Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ); Watts v. State, supra; see Clark v. State, supra. A jury issue was not, in fact, presented whether the shotgun used in the averred aggravated assault was a “deadly weapon.” See Adsitt, supra; see also Moody v. State, 258 Ga. 818, 820 (1) ( 375 SE2d 30 ).
cited Cited as authority (rule) McGee v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 1993 · confidence medium
Additionally, although venue must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt (Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 239 ( 282 SE2d 305 )), if venue is not contested at trial, slight proof of venue will suffice.
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Guzman v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 1992 · confidence medium
Appellant knew she could not complete the act of possessing cocaine by buying it from a dealer, which was the manner of commission the State alleged, and thus there was no overt act done with “apparent possibility to commit the crime in the manner proposed.” Fears, supra. Compare Howell, supra; Riddle v. State, 145 Ga. App. 328, 333 (2) ( 243 SE2d 607 ) (1978), overruled in part on other grounds, Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981) (impossibility not a defense when battery was avoided only because victim was able to get away). “[W]hen there is no conflict in the…
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Veal v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 1989 · confidence medium
A pistol used in the manner established by the evidence in the instant case is a “deadly weapon” within the meaning of OCGA § 16-5-21 (a) as a matter of law even though it was loaded only with blanks, see Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981), and thus there was no fatal variance between the allegata and the probata.
cited Cited as authority (rule) Parrott v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 1989 · confidence medium
Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 239 (2) ( 282 SE2d 305 ).
discussed Cited as authority (rule) Moody v. State
Ga. · 1989 · confidence medium
Hence, armed robbery now can be committed either with a real weapon or with a toy or replica weapon having the appearance of being real. [Emphasis supplied.] Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Taylor v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 1987 · confidence medium
Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 239 (3) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981); Bundren v. State, 247 Ga. 180 (1) ( 274 SE2d 455 ) (1981).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Daughtry v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 1986 · confidence medium
Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981).
cited Cited as authority (rule) Thomas v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 1984 · confidence medium
Under the facts of this case there was ample evidence to support the determination that the weapon used was a “deadly weapon.” See Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 ( 282 SE2d 305 ). 2.
cited Cited as authority (rule) McGahee v. State
Ga. Ct. App. · 1984 · confidence medium
Riddle v. State, 145 Ga. App. 328 (1) ( 243 SE2d 607 ), overruled on other grounds, Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 ( 282 SE2d 305 ).
examined Cited as authority (rule) Moore v. State (3×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 1983 · confidence medium
In Watts v. State, 142 Ga. App. 857, 858 (4), 859 ( 237 SE2d 231 ), this court held that “if [the weapon] reasonably appeared to the victim to be deadly, then the [defendant] should be held to the consequences of using a ‘deadly weapon.’ ” See also Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ).
discussed Cited "see" Darryl Byrd v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2013 · signal: see · confidence high
See Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981); Morris v. State, 149 Ga. App. 21 ( 253 SE2d 421 ) (1979); Watts v. State, 142 Ga. App. 857, 858-859 (4) ( 237 SE2d 231 ) (1977).
discussed Cited "see" Byrd v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2013 · signal: see · confidence high
See Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981); Morris v. State, 149 Ga. App. 21 ( 253 SE2d 421 ) (1979); Watts v. State, 142 Ga. App. 857, 858-859 (4) ( 237 SE2d 231 ) (1977).
discussed Cited "see" Morey v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2011 · signal: see · confidence high
See Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 (4) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981). (b) Both Morey and Evans contend there was insufficient evidence to corroborate Brandon Forbes’s testimony that they were involved in the crimes.
examined Cited "see" Flores v. State (4×)
Ga. · 2004 · signal: see · confidence high
See Mitchell v. State, 222 Ga. App. 866, 867 (1) ( 476 SE2d 639 ) (1996), citing Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981).
discussed Cited "see" Diaz v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 2002 · signal: see · confidence high
See Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981).
discussed Cited "see" Franklin County v. Ayers (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 1997 · signal: see · confidence high
See generally Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 239 (2) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981) (jury not obligated to accept opinion evidence of surveyors and reject opinion evidence of law enforcement officials concerning location of county line); Ford Motor Co. v. Hanley, 128 Ga. App. 311, 315 (2) ( 196 SE2d 454 ) (1973).
discussed Cited "see" Mitchell v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 1996 · signal: see · confidence high
See Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ), approving of the holding in Watts v. State, 142 Ga. App. 857, 858 (4) ( 237 SE2d 231 ).
discussed Cited "see" Green v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 1993 · signal: see · confidence high
See Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981).
discussed Cited "see" Collins v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 1991 · signal: see · confidence high
See Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981).
discussed Cited "see" Willis v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ); Zachery v. State, 158 Ga. App. 448, 449 (3), 450 ( 280 SE2d 860 ); Watts v. State, 142 Ga. App. 857, 858 (4), 859 ( 237 SE2d 231 ); Bentley v. State, 131 Ga. App. 425, 427 (3) ( 205 SE2d 904 ).
discussed Cited "see" Munoz v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 1989 · signal: see · confidence high
See generally Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981).
discussed Cited "see" Adams v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 1986 · signal: accord · confidence high
Accord Riddle v. State, 145 Ga. App. 328, 332 (2) ( 243 SE2d 607 ) (1978), overruled on other grounds, Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981). b) “Substantial step.” “ ‘In order to constitute the offense of attempt to commit a crime, the accused must do some act towards its commission.
discussed Cited "see" Bowers v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 1985 · signal: see · confidence high
See Riddle v. State, 145 Ga. App. 328 ( 243 SE2d 607 ) (1978), overruled on other grounds Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237 ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981); Jones v. State, 154 Ga. App. 806, 808 (5) ( 270 SE2d 201 ) (1980); Merrell v. State, 162 Ga. App. 886, 887 (2) ( 293 SE2d 474 ) (1982).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Clark v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 1989 · signal: see also · confidence medium
See also Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237, 240 (6) ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981).
discussed Cited "see, e.g." Prater v. State (2×)
Ga. Ct. App. · 1984 · signal: see, e.g. · confidence low
See, e.g., Riddle v. State, 145 Ga. App. 328 (2) ( 243 SE2d 607 ) (1978), overruled on other grounds, Adsitt v. State, 248 Ga. 237 ( 282 SE2d 305 ) (1981).
Retrieving the full opinion text from the archive…
Adsitt
v.
the State
37750.
Supreme Court of Georgia.
Sep 29, 1981.
282 S.E.2d 305
Brimberry, Kaplan & MacDougald, Jerry W. Brimberry, Dan MacDougald, for appellant., Thomas H. Pittman, District Attorney, C. Paul Bowden, Assistant District Attorney, for appellee.
Jordan, Hill, Marshall, Clarke, Smith, Gregory.
Cited by 70 opinions  |  Published
Jordan, Chief Justice.

State and federal due process challenges to a subsection of our criminal venue statute, specifically, to Code Ann. § 26-302 (h), bring to this court Adsitt’s appeal from his convictions for possession of cocaine and aggravated assault upon a law enforcement officer.

[*238] A combined force of officers from the Albany Metro Drug Squad and the Worth and Irwin County Sheriffs’ Departments went to Adsitt’s home to arrest him on a warrant issued in Worth County. Adsitt was not home. While driving away from Adsitt’s home, the officers saw Adsitt driving toward his home and blocked the road with one of their vehicles. Adsitt was observed by the officers throwing out of his automobile a package containing a substance which later was identified as cocaine. Agent Stephens approached Adsitt’s blocked automobile while displaying his GBI badge on his belt and while yelling to Adsitt that he was a GBI agent. Adsitt pointed a twelve gauge pump shotgun at Agent Stephens’ chest. Agent Stephens wrestled the weapon from Adsitt’s hands and completed the arrest. The shotgun subsequently was found to be unloaded.

The arrest was consummated on a road locally referred to by some persons as “County Line Road” at a point approximately seven-tenths of a mile north of highway thirty-two. The Irwin County Sheriff and the Irwin County District Attorney’s Investigator testified that in their opinions the point where Adsitt was arrested was in Irwin County, whereas the Coffee County and Irwin County surveyors testified that in their opinions the point of arrest was about 1000 feet inside of Coffee County.

Investigator Lanny Dean testified that he was a resident of Irwin County, had been an Irwin County Deputy Sheriff for nine years before joining the District Attorney’s staff, that he had been in law enforcement for about thirteen years, and that his knowledge about the location of the Irwin-Coffee County Line was derived from his experience as an Irwin County Deputy Sheriff and from the former and present sheriffs of Irwin County. Sheriff Pope testified that he had lived for fifty-six years in an area of Irwin County lying a short distance from “County Line Road”, that the roadway always to his knowledge had been the line between the two counties, and that Coffee County officers always had answered police calls to locations on the east side of the road whereas Irwin County officers always had answered calls to locations on. the west side of the road. Sheriff Pope also testified that he understood that the two counties split the costs of bridges and sewers on the road.

Rhett Royal, who had been the Irwin County Surveyor for approximately nine years, was called by the defense and testified that in his opinion the Irwin-Coffee County Line lay approximately 1000 feet west of the road at the point of Adsitt’s arrest, thereby placing the entire road at that point within Coffee County. He admitted that the road was referred to as the “Coffee-Irwin Public Road” in a lot of old deeds.

[*239] Carlton Evans, the Coffee County Surveyor, testified that he had “run” the county line himself, and that in his opinion the point of arrest lay approximately 1000 feet within Coffee County.

Additional facts will be stated as necessary for consideration of the enumerations of error.

1. Adsitt objected to the opinion evidence of Investigator Lanny Dean, placing the point of arrest within Irwin County, on the ground that present-day, as distinguished from ancient, reputation about the location of the county line is not admissible. Moore v. McAfee, 151 Ga. 270 (6) (106 SE 274) (1920); Code Ann. § 38-313. No similar objection was interposed to Sheriff Pope’s opinion that the point of arrest lay within Irwin County.

Investigator Dean testified that he learned the location of the county line from the present and former sheriffs of Irwin County. Sheriff Pope testified that he had lived nearby for fifty-six years, and that to his knowledge the road always had been the county boundary. Investigator Dean’s opinion therefore was not based upon present-day reputation. Rather, it was based upon long-standing, community reputation. Green v. State, 123 Ga. App. 286 (3) (180 SE 2d 564) (1971). The seventh enumeration of error, argued by Adsitt first, is without merit.

2. Adsitt next contends that the evidence relating to proof of venue is insufficient to sustain the convictions. When the evidence as to venue is conflicting, the State must prove venue as a jurisdictional • fact beyond a reasonable doubt. See Johns v. State, 239 Ga. 681, 682 (1) (238 SE2d 372) (1977); Green v. State, supra. However, it is not the law that the jury was obligated to accept the opinion evidence of the surveyors and to reject the opinion evidence of the law enforcement officers relating to the location of the county line. Boyd v. State, 207 Ga. 567 (1) (63 SE2d 394) (1961); Rouse v. State, 135 Ga. 227 (1) (69 SE 180) (1910); Ford Motor Co. v. Hanley, 128 Ga. App. 311, 315 (2) (196 SE2d 454) (1973). The evidence as to venue was sufficient to sustain the convictions. The first and second enumerations of error are without merit.

3. Adsitt argues that Code Ann. § 26-302 (b), establishing venue when the crime is committed on or immediately adjacent to the boundary line between two counties, and Code Ann. § 26-302 (h), establishing venue when the crime is committed in more than one county, should not have been given in the court’s charge to the jury because the evidence proved that the point of his arrest lay 1000 yards within Coffee County. The jury was not obligated to accept the defense’s evidence that the arrest situs lay within Coffee County. Division 2, supra. The trial court did not err by charging the two sections. The third and fifth enumerations of error are without merit.

[*240] 4. We adhere to the opinion expressed in Bundren v. State, 247 Ga. 180 (1) (274 SE2d 455) (1981), that Code Ann. § 26-302 (b), establishing venue when the crime is committed on or immediately adjacent to the boundary line between two counties, is not in violation of the constitutional mandate that criminal trials be held in the county in which the crime was committed. Art. VII, Sec. XIV, Par. VI, Constitution of Georgia (Code Ann. § 2-4306). The fourth enumeration of error lacks merit.

5. We hold that Code Ann. § 26-302 (h) is not unconstitutionally vague or indefinite so as to violate state and federal concepts of due process. Rather, that it adequately provides a mechanism to carry into effect the mandate of our state’s constitution that criminal trials be held in the county in which the crime was committed. Bundren v. State, supra. The sixth enumeration of error is without merit.

6. The remaining enumerations of error individually and collectively raise the issue of whether or not an unloaded shotgun which is intentionally pointed at another in a threatening manner, rather than being used as a bludgeon or club, can be a “deadly weapon” within the meaning of the aggravated assault statute. Code Ann. § 26-1302. Adsitt contends that the reasonable apprehensions of the victim are irrelevant; that the fact the weapon was unloaded proves he had no intention to kill or to injure Agent Stephens.

We agree with and adopt the reasoning of Judge Smith (now Justice Smith) in Watts v. State, 142 Ga. App. 857 (4) (237 SE2d 231) (1977). We hold that if it reasonably appears to the assault victim that the firearm is or might be loaded then the assailant should be held to the consequences of using a deadly weapon whether or not the weapon in fact is loaded. A shotgun used in the manner established by the evidence in Watts or in the present case is a “deadly weapon” as a matter of law within the meaning of our aggravated assault statute. Code Ann. § 26-1302.

The case of Riddle v. State, 145 Ga. App. 328, 333 (3) (243 SE2d 607) (1978), and like cases are overruled to the extent that they hold or suggest that on facts as in the present case the issue of whether the instrument was a “deadly weapon” within the meaning of Code Ann. § 26-1302 properly is for the jury’s determination. The trial court did not err in its instructions by taking the “deadliness” issue from the jury.

Another result is not suggested by the recent armed robbery “toy pistol cases” decided by the Court of Appeals. Choate v. State, 158 Ga. App. 8 (279 SE2d 459) (1981) (cap pistol); Fann v. State, 153 Ga. App. 634 (266 SE2d 307) (1980) (starter’s pistol). See, Pettiford v. State, 235 Ga. 622 (221 SE2d 43) (1975) (cap pistol and a stick). As the Court of Appeals pointed out in Choate and Fann, the 1968 revision[*241] of the armed robbery statute deleted from the former law all reference to “any replica, article or device having the appearance of such weapon.” The effect of Choate and Fann was to exclude from consideration under Code Ann. § 26-1902 the reasonable apprehension of the victim concerning the true nature of the weapon-like object being pointed at him or her. See Watts, supra, at 858. On the other hand, the reasonable apprehensions of the victim regarding the device being pointed at him or her do matter for purposes of the aggravated assault statute. Code Ann. § 26-1302. Watts, supra. We note that the General Assembly has amended Code Ann. § 26-1902 effective April 9, 1981, so as to reinstate the “toy pistol” aspect of the former law. Ga. L. 1981, p. 1266. Hence, armed robbery now can be committed either with a real weapon or with a toy or replica weapon having the appearance of being real. Choate and Fann no longer are authority to the contrary.

Decided September 29, 1981. Brimberry, Kaplan & MacDougald, Jerry W. Brimberry, Dan MacDougald, for appellant. Thomas H. Pittman, District Attorney, C. Paul Bowden, Assistant District Attorney, for appellee.

The eighth, ninth and tenth enumerations of error are without merit.

Judgment affirmed.

Hill, P. J, Marshall, Clarke, Smith and Gregory, JJ., concur.