Cluster 109490

As this Court has recognized, Congress in 1952 “relinquished its control over [the Commonwealth’s] local affairs[,] grant[ing] Puerto Rico a measure of autonomy comparable to that possessed by the States.” Examining Bd. of Engineers, Architects and Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U. S. 572, 597 (1976); see id., at 594 (“[T]he purpose of Congress in the 1950 and 1952 legislation was to accord to Puerto Rico the degree of autonomy and independence normally associ­ ated with …

As this Court has recognized, Congress in 1952 “relinquished its control over [the Commonwealth’s] local affairs[,] grant[ing] Puerto Rico a measure of autonomy comparable to that possessed by the States.” Examining Bd. of Engineers, Architects and Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U. S. 572, 597 (1976); see id., at 594 (“[T]he purpose of Congress in the 1950 and 1952 legislation was to accord to Puerto Rico the degree of autonomy and independence normally associ­ ated with …

Véase, de nuevo, Examining Bd. v. Flores de Otero, 426 US 572, 594 (1976) (“[T]he purpose of Congress in the 1950 and 1952 legislation was to accord to Puerto Rico the degree of autonomy and independence normally associated with States of the Union [...]”)• Además, este Tribunal consistentemente ha reconocido que el ELA posee poder de razón de Estado para vindicar sus propios intereses en atención a sus asuntos internos.

Pomeroy, supra, at 4; see also Examining Board of Engineers, Architects and Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U. S. 572, 596 (1976) ("Congress . . . lacked effective control over actions taken by territorial officials, although its authority to govern was plenary").

Docket No. 11 at 17-18; see also Examining Bd. of Eng'rs, Architects and Surveyors v. Flores de Otero , 426 U.S. 572 , 600, 96 S.Ct. 2264 , 49 L.Ed.2d 65 (1976) ("[T]he Federal and Puerto Rico Constitutions contain analogous provisions protecting an individual's right to Due Process of Law.").

See Examining Board of Engineers, Architects and Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572 , 594, 96 S.Ct. 2264 , 49 L.Ed.2d 65 (1976) ("the purpose of Congress in the 1950 and 1952 legislation was to accord to Puerto Rico the degree of autonomy and independence normally associated with a State"); Barnhart v. Sigmon Coal Co., 534 U.S. 438 , 452, 122 S.Ct. 941 , 151 L.Ed.2d 908 (2002) (holding when "Congress includes particular language in one section of a statute but omits …

See Examining Bd. of Engineers, Architects & Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572 , 590 n. 21, 96 S.Ct. 2264 , 49 L.Ed.2d 65 (1976) (“[T]he Court in Dorr v. United States, 195 U.S. 138, 143 , 24 S.Ct. 808 , 49 L.Ed. 128 (1904) ... [held] that the Constitution, except insofar as required by its own terms, did not extend to the Philippines.”) (emphasis added).

See, e.g., Examining Bd. of Eng’rs v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 595 , 96 S.Ct. 2264 , 49 L.Ed.2d 65 (1976) (“the purpose of Congress in the 1950 and 1952 legislation was to accord to Puerto Rico the degree of autonomy and independence normally associated with States”).

Cf. Examining Bd. of Eng’rs v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572 , 601 n. 33, 96 S.Ct. 2264 , 2281 n. 33, 49 L.Ed.2d 65 (1976) (“[W]e do not imply that [due process and equal protection] are always interchangeable phrases.

Although, as the majority points out, there is no question but that in enacting P.L. 600 Congress intended to grant Puerto Rico autonomy over local matters, Examining Board v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 594 , 96 S.Ct. 2264, 2277 , 49 L.Ed.2d 65 (1976) (“[a] degree of autonomy and independence normally associated with States of the Union”), and “sovereignty over matters not ruled by the Constitution”; Rodriguez v. Popular Democratic Party, 457 U.S. 1, 8 , 102 S.Ct. 2194, …

The Supreme Court has stated that "abstention is not required for interpretation of parallel state constitutional provisions." Hawaii Housing Authority v. Midkiff, 467 U.S. 229 , 237 n. 4, 104 S.Ct. 2321 , 2327 n. 4, 81 L.Ed.2d 186 (1984); see also Examining Board of Engineers, Architects and Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 598 , 96 S.Ct. 2264, 2279 , 49 L.Ed.2d 65 (1976) ("[T]o hold that abstention is required because [a state statute] might conflict with the [s…

See Examining Board of Engineers, Architects and Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 594 , 96 S.Ct. 2264, 2277 , 49 L.Ed.2d 65 (1976) (“the purpose of Congress in the 1950 and 1952 legislation was to accord to Puerto Rico the degree of autonomy and independence normally associated with a State”); Calero-To-ledo v. Pierson Yacht Leasing Co., 416 U.S. 663, 671-73 , 94 S.Ct. 2080, 2085-86 , 40 L.Ed.2d 452 (1974); Cordova & Simonpietri Insurance Agency, Inc. v. Chase Man…

And when a state treats people differently under the law based on their status as a citizen or noncitizen (in other words, based on alienage), that classification is “inherently suspect and subject to close judicial scrutiny.” Graham v. Richardson, 403 U.S. 365, 372 (1971); see also Ber- nal v. Fainter, 467 U.S. 216, 219 , 227–28 (1984) (applying strict scru- tiny to alienage classification); Examining Bd. of Eng’rs, Architects & Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 602 …

See Rodríguez v. Popular Democratic Party, 457 U.S. 1, 7 (1982); Examining Bd. of Eng'rs, Architects & Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 599-601 (1976).

And the Court has also recognized that abstention is not justified when “the plaintiffs might have sought relief under a similar provision of the state constitution.” See Examining Bd. of Engr’s, Architects, and Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 598 (1976); see also Wisconsin v. Constantineau, 400 U.S. 433, 439 (1971); Midkiff, 467 U.S. 229 , 237 n.4.

The most burdensome for the state—strict scrutiny—is reserved for unequal treat- ment on the basis of race and national origin, see, e.g., Wygant v. Jackson Bd. of Educ., 476 U.S. 267 , 273–74 (1986), and (gener- ally) alienage, Examining Bd. of Eng’rs, Architects & Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 602 (1976).

The most burdensome for the state—strict scrutiny—is reserved for unequal treat- ment on the basis of race and national origin, see, e.g., Wygant v. Jackson Bd. of Educ., 476 U.S. 267 , 273–74 (1986), and (gener- ally) alienage, Examining Bd. of Eng’rs, Architects & Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 602 (1976).

The most burdensome for the state—strict scrutiny—is reserved for unequal treat- ment on the basis of race and national origin, see, e.g., Wygant v. Jackson Bd. of Educ., 476 U.S. 267 , 273–74 (1986), and (gener- ally) alienage, Examining Bd. of Eng’rs, Architects & Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 602 (1976).

The most burdensome for the state—strict scrutiny—is reserved for unequal treat- ment on the basis of race and national origin, see, e.g., Wygant v. Jackson Bd. of Educ., 476 U.S. 267 , 273–74 (1986), and (gener- ally) alienage, Examining Bd. of Eng’rs, Architects & Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 602 (1976).

Congress approved Puerto Rico's Constitution, duly enacted by its People, in 1952 to "accord to [it] the degree of autonomy and independence normally associated with States of the Union." Examining Bd. of Eng'rs, Architects & Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 594 (1976).

However, even if the work circumstances of plaintiffs Mr. Céspedes, Ms. Vázquez, and Ms. Pacheco applied to all Plaintiff Employees, it would not make a difference to Plaintiff Employees’ claims as the analysis will subsequently show. 3 “Puerto Rico is considered a state for Fourteenth Amendment purposes.” Camacho-Morales v. Caldero, 68 F. Supp. 3d 261, 292 (D.P.R. 2014) (citing Examining Bd. of Eng'rs, Architects & Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 599 (1976)).

The Supreme Court has determined that in establishing the organic laws of Puerto Rico, “[t]he purpose of Congress . . . was to accord to Puerto Rico the degree of autonomy and independence normally associated with States of the Union . . . .” Bd. of Eng’rs, Architects and Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 594 (1976) (citing Calero-Toledo v. Pearson Yacht Leasing, 416 U.S. 663, 671 (1974)).

Congress ratified that understanding when it approved the Puerto Rico constitution and passed the PRFRA, acts which (according to the Supreme Court) "relinquished [Congress's] control over [Puerto Rico's] local affairs" and granted the island "a measure of autonomy comparable to that possessed by the States." Sánchez Valle, 136 S. Ct. at 1874 (quoting Examining Bd. of Eng'rs, - 15 - Architects and Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 597 (1976)); see also Calero-Toled…

Of critical import here, the Federal Government “relin- quished its control over [Puerto Rico’s] local affairs[,] Cite as: 590 U. S. ____ (2020) 5 SOTOMAYOR, J., concurring in judgment grant[ing] Puerto Rico a measure of autonomy comparable to that possessed by the States.” Examining Bd. of Engi- neers, Architects and Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U. S. 572, 597 (1976).

Of critical import here, the Federal Government “relin- quished its control over [Puerto Rico’s] local affairs[,] Cite as: 590 U. S. ____ (2020) 5 SOTOMAYOR, J., concurring in judgment grant[ing] Puerto Rico a measure of autonomy comparable to that possessed by the States.” Examining Bd. of Engi- neers, Architects and Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U. S. 572, 597 (1976).

Of critical import here, the Federal Government “relin- quished its control over [Puerto Rico’s] local affairs[,] Cite as: 590 U. S. ____ (2020) 5 SOTOMAYOR, J., concurring in judgment grant[ing] Puerto Rico a measure of autonomy comparable to that possessed by the States.” Examining Bd. of Engi- neers, Architects and Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U. S. 572, 597 (1976).

Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle, supra, pág. 1874; Rodriguez v. Popular Democratic Party, 457 US 1, 8 (1982); Examining Bd. of Engineers, Architects and Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 US 572, 597 (1976); Calero-Toledo v. Pearson Yacht Leasing Co., 416 US 663, 673-674 (1974); Pueblo v. Sánchez Valle et al., supra, pág. 635.

Véase, e.g., Examining Bd. v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 600 (1976).

When the Supreme Court held in 1976 that Puerto Rico has "[t]he degree of autonomy and independence normally associated with States of the Union,"45 it reaffirmed this proposition, which had longstanding vitality even before the 1984 Amendments or the 45 Examining Bd. of Eng'rs, Architects & Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 594 (1976). -63- enactment of the Federal Relations Act46 and the creation of the so- called "Commonwealth status." See Puerto Rico v. Shell C…

See, e.g., Bernal v. Fainter, 467 U.S. 216 , 217–18 (1984); Nyquist v. Mauclet, 432 U.S. 1, 12 (1977); Examining Bd. of Eng’rs, Architects, & Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 601 (1976); Sugarman v. Dougall, 413 U.S. 634, 643 (1973).6 In the context of eligibility for the federal Medicare program, in Mathews v. Diaz, 426 U.S. 67, 82 (1976), the Court considered the constitutionality of congressional distinctions on the basis of alienage.

Rodríguez v. Popular Democratic Party, supra; Examining Board v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 600-601 (1976); Calero-Toledo v. Pearson Yacht Leasing Co., 416 U.S. 663, 668-669 (1974).

The Supreme Court has described Puerto Rico as having “a relationship to the United States ‘that has no parallel in our history.’” Califano v. 3 See 2011 Task Force Report, supra note 2, at 26. 94 Altering Puerto Rico’s Relationship with the United States Through Referendum Torres, 435 U.S. 1 , 3 n.4 (1978) (per curiam) (quoting Examining Bd. of Eng’rs, Architects & Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 596 (1976)).

States — and Puerto Rico is for this purpose the functional equivalent of a state, see Exam'g Bd. of Eng'rs, Architects & Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 600-01 (1976) — have a profound interest in assuring the health of the public and, thus, in regulating the practice of medicine.

Allowing these antiquated rules to remain in place, long after the unequal treatment of American citizens has 23 Cf. Califano v. Gautier Torres, 435 U.S. 1 , 3 n.4 (1978) ("Puerto Rico has a relationship to the United States 'that has no parallel in our history.'") (citing Examining Bd. of Engineers, Architects and Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 596 (1976)); Boumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. 723, 758 (2008) ("It may well be that over time the ties between the United …

Puerto Rico v. Branstad, 483 U.S. 219, 229-230 (1987); Rodríguez v. Popular Democratic Party, 457 U.S. 1, 8 (1982); Examining Board v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 594 (1976); Calero-Toledo v. Pearson Yacht Leasing Co., supra, pág. 673.

E.g., Examining Board, 426 U.S. at 597 (defining “State” to include Puerto Rico for purposes of 42 U. S. C. §1983 and 28 U. S. C. §1343 (3)); Americana of Puerto Rico, Inc., 368 F. 2d, at 437 (federal statute that referred to the proceedings of any “State, Territory, or Possession,” applied to Puerto Rico even though Puerto Rico was not a State, Territory, or Possession); U.S.I.

Citizens, Page 6 et al. v. Bredesen, et al. legitimate and substantial” and “whether the means adopted to achieve the goal are necessary and precisely drawn.” Nyquist v. Mauclet, 432 U.S. 1, 7 (1977) (quoting Examining Board v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 605 (1976)).

Instead, Puerto Rico possesses “a measure of autonomy comparable to that possessed by the States.” Examining Bd. of Eng’rs, Architects & Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 594, 597 , 96 S.Ct. 2264 , 49 L.Ed.2d 65 (1976) (stating that the purpose of the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act was “to accord to Puerto Rico the degree of autonomy and independence normally associated with States of the Union”); see also United States v. Acostar-Martinez, 252 F.3d 13, 18 (1st…

Véanse: Examining Bd. v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 595 (1976); Calero-Toledo v. Pearson Yacht Leasing Co., 416 U.S. 663, 671 (1974).

Bd. Eng’rs v. De Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 602 , 96 S. Ct. 2264, 2281 (applying “strict judicial scrutiny” and striking a law of Puerto Rico that prevented “resident aliens” from obtaining engineering licenses); Nyquist v. Mauclet, 432 U.S. 1, 7 , 97 S. Ct. 2120, 2124 (1977) (applying "close judicial scrutiny" and striking a state law that prevented “permanent resident aliens” from receiving state financial assistance for higher education).

Examining Bd. v. Flores de Otero , 426 U.S. 572, 598 (1976).

Puerto Rico v. Branstad, 483 U.S. 219, 230 (1987); Rodríguez v. Popular Democratic Party, 457 U.S. 1 (1978); Examining Board of Engineers, Architects and Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 594 (1976) Por lo tanto, no es de extrañar que Puerto Rico esté expresamente incluido dentro de la definición de “estado” que provee la “Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act” e incluso en el propio estatuto de California.

But such abstention is limited to application of a specialized state constitutional provision with no clear counterpart in the federal constitution."), rev'd on other grounds, 467 U.S. 229 (1984); Pue v. Sillas , 632 F.2d 74, 80 (9th Cir. 1980) ("The Court reaffirmed the distinction . . . between state constitutional provisions which are integrally related to the challenged state statutory scheme and those which simply mirror the federal constitution in Examining Board of En…

For we conclude that regardless whether this distinction is appropriately analyzed under rational basis review or intermediate scrutiny, or under some alternative analytic framework independent of the three-tier standard that has been established in Equal Protection cases, see Gautier Torres, 435 U.S. at 3 n.4 ("Puerto Rico has a relationship with the United States `that has no parallel in our history.'" (quoting Examining Bd. v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 596 (1976))), …

Examining Bd. of Engineers, Architects and Surveyors v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 594 [, 96 S.Ct. 2264 , 49 L.Ed.2d 65 (1976)] ... 4 In agreeing with the Supreme Court and the First Circuit Court of Appeals, this Court concluded that “[e]ver since [1952], a dual-sovereignty relationship has been established, whereby the Federal Government exercises its sovereignty within its reserved sphere of power, and the Commonwealth government, acting not unlike a state government,…

The principle that has been declared by the Supreme Court has been “where the State chooses to discriminate against permanent resident aliens, ‘the governmental interest claimed to justify the discrimination is to be carefully examined in order to determine whether that interest is legitimate and substantial, and inquiry must be made whether the means adopted to achieve the goal are necessary and precisely drawn.’ ” Cabell v. Chavez-Salido, 454 U.S. 432, 450 (1982) (dissent)…

Assocs. v. Tourism Co. of P.R., 478 U.S. 328 , 331 n.1 (1985) (citing Examining Bd. v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 599-601 (1976)); Zappa, 30 F. Supp. 2d. at 128.

See generally INS v. Pangilinan, 486 U.S. 875, 883-85 (1988); Examining Bd. of Engineers, Architects & Surveyors v. de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 605 (1976).

II El derecho a trabajar en una de las profesiones u oficios disponibles en una comunidad, según el Tribunal Supremo de los Estados Unidos, es una de las libertades personales protegidas por la Constitución, Examining Board v. Flores, 426 US 572, 604 (1976); Truax v. Raich, 239 US 33, 41 (1915); Amy v. Adm. Deporte Hípico, 116 D.P.R. 414 (1985).

En particular, citamos en Pueblo v. Castro García, supra, las contundentes manifestaciones del Tribunal Supremo de Estados Unidos en Puerto Rico v. Branstad, 483 U.S. 219, 230 (1987), y en Examining Board v. Flores de Otero, 426 U.S. 572, 594 (1976), de que al crearse la entidad política del E.L.A. la intención había sido la de, “to accord to Puerto Rico the degree of autonomy and independence normally associated with States of the Union, y la manifestación más tajante aun e…