Cluster 426381

Accord, Lelsz v. Kavanagh, 807 F.2d 1243, 1251 (5th Cir. 1987) (“[T]he federal constitution does not confer … a right to habilitation in the least restrictive environment.”); Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 268, 271 (3d Cir. 1983) (en banc) (plurality and concurring opinions) (acknowledging that Supreme Court declined to adopt a “least intrusive means” analysis in Youngberg).

The State next cites Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 269 (3d Cir. 1983) (plurality opinion), for the premise that “antipsychotic drugs may be constitutionally administered to an involuntarily committed mentally ill patient whenever, in the exercise of professional judgment, such an action is deemed necessary to prevent the patient from endangering himself or others.” However, Rennie’s emphasis on deference to medical professional judgment was in regard to weighing the evidenc…

Romeo[’s guardian] argued that training programs aimed at his self-control and interaction problems would have lessened the need for these restraints.” Bailey v. Gardebring, 940 F.2d 1150, 1154 (8th Cir. 1991) (distinguishing Youngberg and holding that a dangerous psychopath, civilly committed for purposes of safekeeping, did not have a constitutional right to psychiatric treatment to overcome a “sexual offender condition”). 4 environment.”); Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 2…

We essentially held in the Rennie cases that civilly committed psychiatric patients “have a qualified constitutional right to refuse antipsychotic medication” in non-emergency situations and “the procedures set forth in Administrative Bulletin 78-3 accommodate [that right] in a manner consistent with the Due Process Clause.” Rennie II, 720 F.2d at 272 (Seitz, C.J., concurring).

Cf. Def.’s Mot. at 12 (discussing Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 269 (3d Cir.1983) (en banc) (Garth, J.) (approving of the administration of anti-psychotic drugs to involuntary patients where “such an action is deemed necessary to prevent the patient from endangering himself or others ” (emphasis added))).

Id. at 269-70. 10 *477 Although Rennie upheld the Non-Emergency Procedure in Administrative Bulletin 78-3, it did not approve Administrative Bulletin 78-3 in its entirety.

See, e.g., United States v. Charters, 863 F.2d 302, 312-13 (4th Cir.1988); Johnson v. Silvers, 742 F.2d 823, 825 (4th Cir.1984); Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 269 (3d Cir. 1983) (plurality opinion).

On remand, the Third Circuit recognized that the Supreme Court "declined to adopt a 'least intrusive means' analysis." Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 268 (3rd Cir.1983) [.Rennie II]. 4 .

Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 273 (3d Cir.1983) (Judge Seitz concurring). ‘The two [powers] often overlap.’ Rennie v. Klein, 653 F.2d 836, 845 (3d Cir.1981), vac’d and remanded on other grounds, 458 U.S. 1119 , 102 S.Ct. 3506 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1381 (1982) ....

Still yet, even as of 1989 the courts having concluded that under certain circumstances the involuntary administration of antipsy-chotic drugs were violative of due process, did so with an “emergency exception.” See, e.g., United States v. Charters, 829 F.2d 479, 484 (4th Cir.1987) (“[T]he present situation does not present an emergency situation in which violence or the imminent deterioration of a patient will occur in the absence of forcible medication_”);' Rennie v. Klein…

Similarly, in Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 269 (3d Cir.1983) (en banc) a three-judge plurality of the Third Circuit wrote that “antipsy-chotic drugs may be constitutionally administered to an involuntarily committed mentally ill patient whenever, in the exercise of professional judgment, such an action is deemed necessary to protect the patient from endangering himself or others.” See also id. at 274 (Seitz, C.J., concurring).

Case after case has stated that a significant liberty interest is threatened by the unwanted administration of medical treatment such as antipsychotic drugs, see, e.g., Vitek v. Jones, 445 U.S. 480, 491-94 (1980); see also Washington v. Harper, 494 U.S. 210 , ----, 110 S.Ct. 1028, 1036 (1990) (citing cases pre-dating Kalish's actions); Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 268 (3d Cir.1983) (en banc) (plurality).

Rennie, 720 F.2d at 273 (Seitz, C.J. concurring).

Rennie, 720 F.2d at 273 (Seitz, C.J. concurring).

See, e.g., United States v. Charters, 863 F.2d 302, 305-06 (4th Cir.1988) (en banc), petition for cert. filed, stay granted, 57 U.S.L.W. 3545 (Feb. 14, 1989) (No. 88-5525); Bee v. Greaves, 744 F.2d 1387, 1393 (10th Cir.1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1214 , 105 S.Ct. 1187 , 84 L.Ed.2d 334 (1985); Johnson v. Silvers, 742 F.2d 823, 825 (4th Cir.1984); Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 268 (3d Cir.1983) (en banc); United States v. Bryant, 670 F.Supp. at 843-44 . 11 We agree with thi…

See S.H. v. Edwards, 860 F.2d 1045, 1046 (11th Cir.1988), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 109 5.Ct. 3187, 105 L.Ed.2d 696 (1989), vacated, reh'g en bane granted, 880 F.2d 1203 (11th Cir.1989); Lelsz v. Kavanagh, 807 F.2d 1243, 1247, 1251 (5th Cir.), cert. dismissed, 483 U.S. 1057 , 108 S.Ct. 44 , 97 L.Ed.2d 821 (1987); Society for Goodwill to Retarded Children, Inc. v. Cuomo, 737 F.2d 1239 , 1248-49 (2d Cir.1984); Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 269, 271 (3d Cir.1983) (en banc) (plur…

These retained interests must yield to the legitimate government interests that are incidental to the basis for legal institutionalization, see Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 273 (3d Cir.1983) (Seitz, J., concurring), and are only afforded protection against arbitrary and capricious government action.

“A ‘professional judgment’ based primarily on administrative convenience or the purely economic interest of the state does not pass muster.” Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 276 (3d Cir.1983) (Weis, J., concurring).

Bee v. Greaves, 744 F.2d 1387, 1396, n. 7 (10th Cir.1984) ("Romeo is distinguishable ... because it involved temporary physical restraints rather than mental restraints with potentially long term effects____"); Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 276 (3d Cir.1983) (Weis, J., concurring) (“Unlike the temporary and predictable effects of bodily restraints, the permanent side effects of antipsychotic drugs induce conditions that cannot be corrected simply by cessation of the regimen.

Clark v. Cohen, 794 F.2d 79 , 93 n. 9 (3d Cir.1986) (en banc) (Becker, J., concurring); Society for Good Will to Retarded Children v. Cuomo, 737 F.2d 1239 , 1249 (2d Cir.1984); Ren-nie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 268-69 (3d Cir. 1983); Phillips v. Thompson, 715 F.2d 365, 368 (7th Cir. 1983).

Clark v. Cohen, 794 F.2d 79 , 93 n. 9 (3d Cir.1986) (en banc) (Becker, J., concurring); Society for Good Will to Retarded Children v. Cuomo, 737 F.2d 1239 , 1249 (2d Cir.1984); Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 268-69 (3d Cir.1983); Phillips v. Thompson, 715 F.2d 365, 368 (7th Cir.1983) The Supreme Court also declined to adopt the "least intrusive" alternative analysis when it defined the liberty interests of the mentally retarded who are under state care and control.

After that court decided Youngberg v. Romeo (1982) 457 U.S. 307 , 102 S.Ct. 2452 , 73 L.Ed.2d 28 , also a Third Circuit case, the Supreme Court remanded Rennie "specifically for reconsideration in light of the Supreme Court's opinion in Youngberg." Rennie, 720 F.2d at 268.

See, e.g., Youngberg v. Romeo, 457 U.S. 307, 315-19 , 102 S.Ct. 2452, 2457-60 , 73 L.Ed.2d 28 (1982) (discussing the state’s duty to care for institutionalized individuals); Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 268-70 (3d Cir. 1983) (en banc) (discussing the right of involuntarily committed mentally ill patients to refuse antipsychotic drugs); see also O’Connor, 422 U.S. at 576 , 95 S.Ct. at 2494 (holding that a state may not constitutionally confine a nondangerous individual who …

Id. at 1249; Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 269 (3d Cir.1983) (en banc); Johnson v. Brelje, 701 F.2d 1201 , 1210 (7th Cir.1983).

Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d at 269. .

Cf. Youngberg v. Romeo, 457 U.S. 307, 321-23 , 102 S.Ct. 2452, 2461-62 , 73 L.Ed.2d 28 (1983); Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 269 (3rd Cir.1983).

See Project Release v. Prevost, 722 F.2d 960, 980 (2nd Cir.1983); Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 269 (3rd Cir.1983) (en banc).

Although a majority of the judges of the Third Circuit would require a higher due process standard for forcible medication of the mentally ill than the “professional judgment” standard of Youngberg , which applied to treatment of the mentally retarded, see Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d at 720-72 (Adams, J., concurring in the result) (joined by Becker, J.); id. at 275-77 (Weis, J., concurring) (joined by Higginbotham, J., and Sloviter, J.); id. at 277 (Gibbons, J., dissenting), e…

More generally, post-Youngberg courts have held that there is no constitutional right to a "least restrictive environment." See Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 269, 271 (3d Cir.1983) (en banc) (plurality and concurring opinions); Johnson v. Brelje, 701 F.2d 1201 , 1210 (7th Cir.1983); Association for Retarded Citizens of North Dakota v. Olson, 561 F.Supp. 473, 486 (D.N.D.1982), aff'd on other grounds, 713 F.2d 1384 (8th Cir.1983).

More generally, post-Youngberg courts have held that there is no constitutional right to a “least restrictive environment.” See Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 269, 271 (3d Cir.1983) (en banc) (plurality and concurring opinions); Johnson v. Brelje, 701 F.2d 1201, 1210 (7th Cir.1983); Association for Retarded Citizens of North Dakota v. Olson, 561 F.Supp. 473, 486 (D.N.D.1982), aff'd on other grounds, 713 F.2d 1384 (8th Cir.1983).

Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 273 (3d Cir.1983) (Judge Seitz concurring).

It is unclear to what extent any or all of these approaches retains vitality in light of the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Youngberg v. Romeo, 457 U.S. 307 , 102 S.Ct. 2452 , 73 L.Ed.2d 28 (1982), discussed infra. For differing views on that point, see Rennie v. Klein, supra, 720 F.2d at 268, 271 (Adams, J., concurring in the result), and 275-77 (Weis, J., concurring). 8 .

See Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266 (3d Cir.1983) (“Rennie Consent Order”). 2 In support of its motion, DHS admitted that the involuntary medication procedures in place were undermined by a subsequent Supreme Court ruling in Washington v. Harper, 494 U.S. 210 , 110 S.Ct. 1028 , 108 L.Ed.2d 178 (1990) and its progeny.

See Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266 (3d Cir.1983) (“Rennie Consent Order”).

United States v. Charters, 863 F.2d 302, 307-309 (4th Cir.1988) (en banc); see Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 269 (3rd Cir.1983) (en bane).

See Rennie v. Klein, 462 F.Supp. 1131, 1144-45 (D.N.J.1978), 476 F.Supp. 1294, 1307 (D.N.J.1979), modified and remanded on other grounds, 653 F.2d 836, 844, 847 (3d Cir.1981) (en banc) (quoting with approval In re K.K.B.), vacated and remanded for further consideration, 458 U.S. 1119 , 102 S.Ct. 3506 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1381 (1982), re affirmed on remand, 720 F.2d 266, 269 (3d Cir.1983) (en banc); Rogers v. Okin, 478 F.Supp. 1342, 1369 (D.Mass.1979), aff'd in part and rev’d in part…

See Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266 (3d Cir.1983) (en banc).

See Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266 (3d Cir.1983) (en banc).

See Rennie, 720 F.2d at 269 (decision to administer medication presumed valid if based on professional judgment); Johnson, 701 F.2d at 1209 (“The Constitution only requires us [to determine that] a professional judgment was exercised.”); Association for Retarded Citizens, 561 F.Supp. at 488 (court bound by Court’s mandate to defer to professional judgment); Phillips, 715 F.2d at 368 (approving finding that class members receiving adequate training prescribed in exercise of p…

(West 1981 & Supp.1985) (governing civil commitment); see generally Rennie v. Klein, 653 F.2d 836 (3d Cir.1981) (en banc), vacated, 458 U.S. 1119 , 102 S.Ct. 3506 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1381 (1982), on remand, 720 F.2d 266 (3d Cir.1983).

See also Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 269 (3d Cir.1983).

See also Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266, 269 (3d Cir.1983).

See, e.g., Rennie v. Klein, 720 F.2d 266 (3d Cir.1983) (en banc).

See also Rennie v. Klein, 653 F.2d 836, 843-45 (3d Cir.1981) (en banc), vacated and remanded for further consideration, 458 U.S. 1119 , 102 S.Ct. 3506 , 73 L.Ed.2d 1381 (1982), on remand 720 F.2d 266 (3d Cir.1983) (en banc).

See also Rennie, 720 F.2d at 269 .